Comparative animal models for the study of lymphohematopoietic tumors: strengths and limitations of present approaches

References

• Jemal A, Tiwari RC, Murray T, Ghafoor A, Samuels A, Ward E, Feuer EJ, Thun MJ. Cancer statistics 2004. CA: Cancer J Clin 2004;54:8–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landis SH, Murray T, Bolden S, Wingo PA. Cancer statistics 1998. CA: Cancer J Clin 1998;48:6–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skarin AT, Dorfman DM. Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas: current classification and management. CA: Cancer J Clin 1997;47:351–372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris NL, Jaffe ES, Diebold J, Flandrin G, Muller-Hermelink HK, Vardiman J, Lister TA, Bloomfield CD. World Health Organization classification of neoplastic dis-eases of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues: report of the Clinical Advisory Committee meeting-Airlie House, Virginia, November 1997. Am J Clin Oncol 1999;17: 3835–3849.
   Google Scholar
• Boyd MR, Paull KD. Some practical considerations and applications of the National Cancer Institute in vitro antic-ancer drug discovery screen. Drug Dev Res 1995;34:91–109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pantelouris EM. Absence of thymus in a mouse mutant. Nature 1968;217:370–371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rygaard J, Povlsen CO. Heterotransplantation to a human malignant tumour to 'Nude' mice. Acta Pathol et Microbiol Scand 1969;77:758–760.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Steel GG, Courtenay VD, Peckham MJ. The response to chemotherapy of a variety of human tumour xenografts. Br J Cancer 1983;47:1–13.
   Google Scholar
• Winograd B, Boven E, Lobbezoo MW, Pined° HM. Human tumor xenografts in the nude mouse and their value as test models in cancer drug development. In Vivo 1987;1:1–13.
   Google Scholar
• Boven E. Characterization and monitoring. In Boven E, Winograd B, editors. The nude mouse on oncology research. Florida: CRC Press Inc.; 1991. pp. 89–101.
   Google Scholar
• Cattan AR, Douglas E. The C. B.17 scid mouse strain as a model for human disseminated leukemia and myeloma in vivo. Leuk Res 1994;18: 513–522.
   Google Scholar
• Jansen B, Vallera DA, Jaszcz WB, Nguyen D, Kersey JH. Successful treatment of human acute T-cell leukemia in SCID mice using the anti-CD7-deglycosylated ricin A-chain immunotoxin DA7. Cancer Res 1992;52: 1314–1321.
   Google Scholar
• Molthoff CFM, Calame JJ, Pinedo HM, Boven E. Human ovarian xenografts in nude mice: characterization and analysis of antigen expression. Int J Cancer 1991;47:72–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie X, Brunner N, Jensen G, Albrectsen J, Gotthardsen B, Rygaard J. Comparative studies between nude and scid mice on the growth and metastatic behavior of xenografted human tumors. Clin Exp Metast 1992;10:201–210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunner N, Spang-Thomsen M, Skovgaard-Poulsen H, Engelholm SA, Nielsen A, Vindelov L. Endocrine sensitivity of the receptor-positive T61 human breast carcinoma serially grown in nude mice. Int J Cancer 1985;35:59–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osborne CK, Hobbs K, Clark GM. Effect of estrogens and antiestrogens on growth of human breast cancer cells in athymic nude mice. Cancer Res 1985;45:584–590.
   Google Scholar
• Van Steenbrugge GJ, Blankenstein MA, Bolt-de Vries J, Romijn JC, Schroder FH, Vihko P. Effect of hormone treatment on prostatic acid phosphatase in a serially transplantable human prostatic adenocarcinoma (PC-82). J Urol 1983;129: 630–633.
   Google Scholar
• Maruo K, Ueyama Y, Hioki K, Saito M, Nomura T, Tamaoki N. Strain-dependent growth of a human carcinoma in nude mice with different genetic backgrounds: selection of nude mouse strains useful for anticancer agent screening system. Exp Cell Biol 1982;50:115–119.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Epstein AL, Herman MM, Kim H, Dorfman RF, Kaplan HS. Biology of the human malignant lymphomas. III. Intracranial heterotransplantation in the nude, athymic mouse. Cancer 1976;37:2158–2176.
   Google Scholar
• Giovanella BC, Morgan AC, Stehlin JS, Williams LJ, Mimford BC. Development of invasive tumors in 'nude' thymusless mice injected with human cells cultured from Burkitt lymphomas'. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 1973;14:20–28.
   Google Scholar
• Nilsson K, Giovanella BC, Stehlin JS, Klein G. Tumor-igenicity of human hematopoietic cell lines in athymic nude mice. Int J Cancer 1977;19:337–344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Povlsen CO, Fialkow PJ, Klein E, Klein G, Rygaard J, Wiener F. Growth and antigenic properties of a biopsy derived Burkitt's lymphoma in thymusless (nude) mice. Int J Cancer 1973;11:30–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaadt M, Kirchner H, Fonatsch C, Diehl V. Intracranial heterotransplantation of human hematopoietic cells in nude mice. Int J Cancer 1979;23:751–761.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanebe S, Shimosato Y, Kameya T, Kuroki M, Kitahara T, Minato K. Leukemic distribution of a human acute lymphocytic leukemia cell line (Ichikawa strain) in nude mice conditioned with whole body irradiation. Cancer Res 1978;38:3493–3498.
   Google Scholar
• Watanebe S, Shimosato Y, Kuroki M, Sato Y, Nakajima T. The transplantability of human lymphoid cell line, lympho-ma, and leukemia in splenectomized and/or irradiated nude mice. Cancer Res 1980;40:2588–2595.
   Google Scholar
• Hudson WA, Li Q Le C, Kersey JR. Xenotransplantation of human lymphoid malignancies is optimized in mice with multiple defects. Leukemia 1998;12:2029–3203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghetie MA, Gordon BE, Podar EM, Vitetta ES. Effect of sublethal irradiation of SCID mice on growth of B-cell lymphoma xenografts and on efficacy of chemotherapy and/ or immunotoxin therapy. Lab Anim Sci 1996;46:305–309.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haller O, Kiessling R, Orn A, Karre K, Nilsson K, Wigzell H. Natural cytotoxicity to human leukemia mediated by mouse non-T cells. Int J Cancer 1997;20:93–103.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herberman RB, Nunn ME, Lavrin DH. Natural cytotoxic reactivity of mouse lymphoid cells against syngeneic and allogeneic tumors. I. Distribution of reactivity and specificity. Int J Cancer 1975;16:216–229.
   Google Scholar
• Herberman RB, Nunn ME, Holden HT, Stall S, Djeu JY. Augmentation of natural cytotoxic reactivity of mouse lymphoid cells against syngeneic and allogeneic target cells. Int J Cancer 1977;19:555–564.
   Google Scholar
• Klein AS, Plata F, Jackson MJ, Shin S. Cellular tumorigeni-city in nude mice. Role of susceptibility to natural killer cells. Exp Cell Biol 1979;47:430–445.
   Google Scholar
• Kristensen E. Natural cytotoxicity: relationship to tumor-igenicity of human cell lines in nude mice. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med Soc Exp Biol Med NY 1979;162:467–470.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCormick KH, Giovanella BC, Klein G, Nilsson K, Stehlin JS. Diploid human lymphoblastoid and Burkitt lymphoma cell lines: susceptibility to murine NK cells and heterotransplantation to nude mice. Int J Cancer 1981;28:455–458.
   Google Scholar
• Nunn ME, Herberman RB, Holden HT. Natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity in mice against non-lymphoid tumor cells and some normal cells. Int J Cancer 1977;20:381–387.
   Google Scholar
• Warner NL, Woodruff MFA, Burton RC. Inhibition of the growth of lymphoid tumors in syngeneic athymic (nude) mice. Int J Cancer 1977;20:146–155.
   Google Scholar
• Sharp AK, Colston MJ. The regulation macrophage activity in congenitally athymic mice. Eur J Immunol 1984;14:102–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vetvicka V, Fornusek L, Holub M, Zidkova J, Kopecek J. Macrophages of athymic nude mice: Fc receptors, C receptors, phagocytic and pinocytic activities. Eur J Cell Biol 1984;35:35–40.
   Google Scholar
• Faguet GB, Agee JF. Transplantation of human hairy cell leukemia in radiation-preconditioned nude mice: character-ization of the model by histological, histochemical, phenotypic, and tumor kinetic studies. Blood 1988;71: 1511–1517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin WJ, Martin SE. Naturally occurring cytotoxic anti-tumor antibodies in sera of congenitally athymic (nude) mice. Nature 1974;249:564–565.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campanile F, Crino L, Bonmassar E, Houchens E, Goldin A. Radioresistant inhibition of lymphoma growth in con-genitally athymic (nude) mice. Cancer Res 1977;37:394–398.
   Google Scholar
• Arnstein P, Taylor DO, Nelson-Rees WA, Huebner J, Lennette EH. Propagation of human tumors in antithymo-cyte serum-treated mice. J Natl Cancer Inst 1974;52:71–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Detre SI, Gazet JC. Transplantation of human tumour to immune deprived mice treated with anti-thymocyte serum. Br J Cancer 1973;28:412–416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips B, Gazet JC. Effect of antilymphocyte serum on the growth of Hep2 and HeLa cells in mice. Nature 1968;220:1140–1141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cobb LM. The behaviour of carcinoma of the large bowel in man following transplantation into immune deprived mice. Br J Cancer 1973;28:400–411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cobb LM, Mitchley BC. The growth of human tumours in immune deprived mice. Eur J Cancer Chin Oncol 1974;10: 473–476.
   Google Scholar
• Franks CR, Perkins FT, Homes JT. Subcutaneous growth of human tumours in mice. Nature 1973;243:91–99.
   Google Scholar
• Franks CR, Bishop D, Reeson D. The growth of tumour xenografts in thymectomized high dose irradiated mice reconstituted with syngeneic bone marrow cells incubated with anti-thymocyte serum. Br J Cancer 1976;33:112–115.
   Google Scholar
• McManaway ME, Marti GE, Tosato G, Liu AK, al-Nasser A, Kiwanuka J, Magrath IT. Heterotransplantation of human Burkitt's lymphoma cell lines in athymic nude mice: tumor-host relationships. Pathobiology 1993;61:164–172.
   Google Scholar
• Ohsugi Y, Gershwin ME, Owens RB, Nelson-Rees WA. Tumorigenicity of human malignant lymphoblasts: compara-tive study with unmanipulated nude mice, antilymphocyte serum-treated nude mice and X-irradiated nude mice. J Natl Cancer Inst 1980;65:715–718.
   Google Scholar
• Sudo K. Improvement of transplantability of human neo-plastic cells to nude mice. Jpn J Exp Med 1987;57:189–192.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Taghian A, Budach W, Zietman A, Freeman J, Gioioso D, Ruka W, Suit HD. Quantitative comparison between the transplantability of human and murine tumors into the subcutaneous tissue of NCr/Sed-nu/nu nude and severe combined imuunodeficiency mice. Cancer Res 1993;53: 5012–5017.
   Google Scholar
• Ziegler HW, Frizzera G, Bach FH. Successful transplanta-tion of a human leukemia cell line into nude mice: conditions optimizing graft acceptance. J Natl Cancer Inst 1982;68: 15–18.
   Google Scholar
• Zubair AC, Ali SA, Rees RC, Goepel Jr, Winfield DA, Goyns MH. Analysis of the colonization of unirradiated and irradiated SCID mice by human lymphoma and non-malignant lymphoid cells. Leukemia Lymphoma 1996;22: 463–471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braakhuis BJ, Nauta MM, Romijn JC, Rutgers DH, Smink T. Enhanced success rate of transplantation with human tumors in cyclophosphamide-treated nude mice. J Natl Cancer Inst 1986;76:241–245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harkonen S, Mischak R, Lopez H, Stoudemire J. Effect of cyclophosphamide on the immunogenicity of monoclonal antimelanoma antibody-ricin A chain immunotoxin in rats. Cancer Drug Deliv 1987;4:151–157.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jansen B, Kersey JH, Jaszcz WB, Gunther R, Nguyen DP, Chelstrom LM, Tuel-Ahlgren L, Uckun FM. Effective immunochemotherapy of human t(4;11) leukemia in mice with severe immunodeficiency (SCID) using B43 (anti-CD19)-pokeweed antiviral protein immunotoxin plus cyclo-phosphamide. Leukemia 1993;7: 290–297.
   Google Scholar
• Habu S, Fukui H, Shimamura K, Kasai M, Nagai Y, Okumura K, Tamaoki N. In vivo effects of anti-asialo GM. Reduction of NK activity and enhancement of transplanted tumor growth in nude mice. J Immunol 1981;127:34–38.
   Google Scholar
• Kawase I, Urdal DL, Brooks CG, Henney CS. Selective depletion of NK cell activity in vivo and its effect on the growth of NK-sensitive and NK-resistant tumor cell variants. Int J Cancer 1982;29:567–574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keller R, Bachi T, Okumura K. Discrimination between macrophage-and NK-type tumoricidal activities via anti-asialo GM1 antibody. Exp Cell Biol 1983;51: 158–164.
   Google Scholar
• Aamdal S, Fodstad O, Nesland JM, Pihl A. Characteristics of human tumour xenografts transplanted under the renal capsule of immunocompetent mice. Br J Cancer 1985;51: 347–356.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fodstad O, Aamdal S, McMenamin M, Nesland JM, Pihl A. A new experimental metastasis model in athymic nude mice, the human malignant melanoma LOX. Int J Cancer 1988;41:442–449.
   Google Scholar
• Giavazzi R, Campbell DE, Jessup JM, Cleary K, Fidler IJ. Metastatic behavior of tumor cells isolated from primary and metastatic human colorectal carcinomas implanted into different sites in nude mice. Cancer Res 1986;46:1928–33.
   Google Scholar
• Hamilton TC, Young RC, Louie KG, Behrens BC, McKoy WM, Grotzinger KR, Ozols RF. Characterization of a xenograft model of human ovarian carcinoma which pro-duces ascites and intraabdominal carcinomatosis in mice. Cancer Res 1984;44:5286–5290.
   Google Scholar
• Kjonniksen I, Nesland JM, Pihl A, Fodstad O. Nude rat model for studying metastasis of human tumor cells to bone and bone marrow. J Natl Cancer Inst 1990;82:408–412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozlowski JM, Fidler IJ, Campbell D, Xu ZL, Kaighn ME, Hart IR Metastatic behavior of human tumor cell lines grown in the nude mouse. Cancer 1984;44:3522–3529.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLemore TL, Eggleston JC, Shoemaker RH, Abbott BJ, Bohlman ME, Liu MC, Fine DL, Mayo JG, Boyd MR. Comparison of intrapulmonary, percutaneous intrathoracic, and subcutaneous models for the propagation of human pulmonary and nonpulmonary cancer cell lines in athymic nude mice. Cancer Res 1988;48:2880–2886.
   Google Scholar
• Naito S, von Eschenbach AC, Giavazzi R, Fidler IJ. Growth and metastasis of tumor cells isolated from a human renal cell carcinoma implanted into different organs of nude mice. Cancer Res 1986;46:4109–4115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Povlsen CO. Heterotransplantation of human malignant melanomas to the mouse mutant nude. Acta Pathol Micro-biol Scand 1976;84:9–16.
   Google Scholar
• White AC, Levy JA, McGrath CM. Site-selective growth of a hormone-responsive human breast carcinoma in athymic mice. Cancer Res 1982;42:906–912.
   Google Scholar
• Naito S, von Eschenbach AC, Fidler IJ. Different growth pattern and biologic behavior of human renal cell carcinoma implanted into different organs of nude mice. J Natl Cancer Inst 1987;78:377–385.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodolfo M, Balsari A, Clemente C, Parmiani G, Fossati G. Tumorigenicity and dissemination of primary and metastatic human melanomas implanted intodifferent sites in athymic nude mice. Invasion Metastasis 1988;8:317–331.
   Google Scholar
• Liu Q, Zhao W, Tuo C, Wang Z, Wu B, Zhang N (2002) Establishment and characteristics of orthotopically trans-planted model of human primary malignant spleen lymphoma in nude mice. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi 2002;24:234–238.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bogden AE, Haskell PM, LePage DJ, Kelton DE, Cobb WR, Esber HJ. Growth of human tumor xenografts implanted under the renal capsule of normal immunocompetent mice. Exp Cell Biol 1979;47:281–293.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bennett JA, Pilon VA, MacDowell RT. Evaluation of growth and histology of human tumor xenografts implanted under the renal capsule of immunocompetent and immunodeficient mice. Cancer Res 1985;45:4963–4969.
   Google Scholar
• Panje WR, McCormick KJ. Murine subrenal capsule assay: prediction of chemoresponsiveness in head and neck cancer. Laryngoscope 1989;99:41–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pames SM, Bennett JA, Deconti RC, Sagerman P. Accuracy of the subrenal capsule xenograft assay in predicting the clinical growth chemosensitivity of human squarnous head and neck carcinomas. Eur J Surg Oncol 1989;42:21–27.
   Google Scholar
• Stratton JA, Kucera PR, Micha JP, Rettenmaier MA, Braly PS, Berman ML, DiSaia PJ. The subrenal capsule tumor implant assay as a predictor of clinical response to chemotherapy: 3 years of experience. Gynecol Oncol 1984; 19:336–347.
   Google Scholar
• Yamada H. Histological take rates of fresh human tumors in the subrenal capsular space of cyclosporin A treated mice. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho 1989;16:2613–269.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cattan AR, Maung ZT. A comparison of a CB17 scid mouse model and the tetrazolium-dye assay using human haemato-logical tumour cell lines. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1996;38:548–552.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Kroon JF, Kluin PM, Kluin-Nelemans HC, Willemze R, Falkenburg JH. Homing and antigenic characterization of a human non-Hodgkin's lymphoma B cell line in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. Leukemia 1994; 8:1385–1391.
   Google Scholar
• Kawata A, Yoshida M, Okazaki M, Yokota S, Barcos M, Seon BK. Establishment of new SCID and nude mouse models of human B leukemia/lymphoma and effective therapy of the tumors with immunotoxin and monoclonal antibody: marked difference between the SCID and nude mouse models in the antitumor efficacy of monoclonal antibody. Cancer Res 1994;54:2688–2694.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terpstra W, Prins A, Visser T, Wognum B, Wagemaker G, Lowenberg B, Wielenga J. Conditions for engraftment of human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in SCID mice. Leukemia 1995;9:1573–1577.
   Google Scholar
• Ghetie MA, Richardson J, Tucker T, Jones D, Uhr JW, Vitetta ES. Disseminated or localized growth of a human B-cell tumor (Daudi) in SCID mice. Int J Cancer 1990;45: 481–485.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamel-Reid S, Letarte M, Sirard C, Doedens M, Grunber-ger T, Fulop G, Freedman MH, Phillips RA, Dick JE. A model of human acute lymphoblastic leukemia in immune-deficient SCID mice. Science 1989;246:1597–1600.
   Google Scholar
• Saini M, Bellinzona M, Weichhold W, Samii M. A new xenograft model of primary central nervous system lymoho-ma. J Neurooncol 1999;43:153–160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosma GC, Custer RP, Bosma MJ. A severe combined immunodeficiency mutation in the mouse. Nature 1983;301:527–530.
   Google Scholar
• Cavacini LA, Giles-Komar J, Kennel M, Quinn A. Effect of immunosuppressive therapy on cytolytic activity of immuno-deficient mice: implications for xenogeneic transplantation. Cellular Immunol 1992;144:296–310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Itoh T, Shiota M, Takanashi M, Hojo I, Satoh H, Matsuzawa A, Moriyama T, Watanabe T, Hirai K, Mori S. Engraftment of human non-Hodgkin lymphomas in mice with severe combined immunodeficiency. Cancer 1993;72:2686–2694.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lapidot T, Pflumio F, Doedens M, Murdoch B, Williams DE, Dick JE. Cytokine stimulation of multilineage hemato-poiesis from immature human cells engrafted in SCID mice. Science 1992;255:1137–1141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCune JM, Namikawa R, Kaneshima H, Shultz LD, Lieberman M, Weissman IL. The SCID-hu mouse: murine model for the analysis of human hematolymphoid differ-entiation and function. Science 1988;241:1632–1639.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosier DE, Gulizia RJ, Baird SM, Wilson DB. Transfer of a functional human immune system to mice with severe combined immunodeficiency. Nature 1988;335:256–259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serreze DV, Leiter EH. Defective activation of T suppressor cell function in nonobese diabetic mice. Potential relation to cytokine deficiencies. J Immunol 1988;140:3801–3807.
   Google Scholar
• Lowry PA, Shultz LD, Greiner DL, Hesselton RM, Kittler EL, Tiarks CY, Rao SS, Reilly J, Leif JH, Ramshaw H, Stewart FM, Quesenberry PJ. Improved engraftment of human cord blood stem cells in NOD/LtSz-scid/scid mice after irradiation or multiple-day injections into unirradiated recipients. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 1996;2:15–23.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Steele JP, Clutterbuck RD, Powles RL,, Mitchell PL, Horton C, Morilla R, Catovsky D, Millar JL. Growth of human T-cell lineage acute leukemia in severe combined immunode-ficiency (SCID) mice and non-obese diabetic SCID mice. Blood 1997;90:2015–2019.
   Google Scholar
• Moore MAS, MacKenzie KL. Optimizing conditions for gene transfer into human hematopoietic cells. In: Bertino JR, editor. Marrow protection. Basel: Karger AG; 1999. pp. 20–49.
   Google Scholar
• Uchiyama T. ATL and HTLV-I: in vivo cell growth of ATL cells. J Chin Immunol 1996;16:305–314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonard JE, Johnson DE, Felsen RB, Tanney LE, Royston I, Dillman RO. Establishment of a human B-cell tumor in athymic mice. Cancer Res 1987;47:2899–2902.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horgan K, Jones DL, Mansel RE. Mitogenicity of human fibroblasts in vivo for human breast cancer. Br J Surg 1987;74:227–229.
   Google Scholar
• Picard O, Rolland Y, Poupon MF. Fibroblast-dependent tumorigenicity of cells in nude mice: implication for implantation of metastases. Cancer Res 1986;46: 3290–3294.
   Google Scholar
• Namikawa R, Weilbaecher KN, Kaneshima H, Yee EJ, McCune JM. Long-term human hematopoiesis in the SCID-hu mouse. J Exp Med 1990;172:1055–1063.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kyoizumi S, Baum CM, Kaneshima H, McCune JM, Yee EJ, Namikawa R. Implantation and maintenance of func-tional human bone marrow in SCID-hu mice. Blood 1992;79:1704–1711.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rombouts WJ, Martens AC, Ploemacher RE (2000) Identification of variables determining the engraftment potential of human acute myeloid leukemia in the immuno-deficient NOD/SCID human chimera model. Leukemia 2000;14:889–897.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urashima M, Chen BP, Chen S, Pinkus GS, Bronson RT, Dedera DA, Hoshi Y, Teoh G, Ogata A, Treon SP, Chauhan D, Anderson KC. The development of a model for the homing of multiple myeloma cells to human bone marrow. Blood 1997;90:754–765.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yaccoby S, Barlogie B, Epstein J. Primary myeloma cells growing in SCID-hu mice: a model for studying the biology and treatment of myeloma and its manifestations. Blood 1998;92:2908–2913.
   Google Scholar
• Povlsen CO, Visfeldt J, Rygaard J, Jensen G. Growth patterns and chromosome constitutions of human malignant tumours after long-term serial transplantation in nude mice. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 1976;83:709–716.
   Google Scholar
• Bryant J, Pham L, Yoshimura L, Tamayo A, Ordonez N, Ford RJ (2000) Development of intermediate-grade (mantle cell) and low-grade (small lymphocytic and marginal zone) human non-Hodgkin's lymphomas xenotransplanted in severe combined immunodeficiency mouse models. Lab Invest 2000;80:557–573.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charley MR, Tharp M, Locker J, Deng JS, Goslen JB, Mauro T, McCoy P, Abell E, Jegasothy B. Establishment of a human cutaneous T-cell lymphoma in C. B-17 SCID mice. J Invest Dermatol 1990;94: 381–384.
   Google Scholar
• Feuer G, Zack JA, Harrington W. J. Jr., Valderama R, Rosenblatt JD, Wachsman W, Baird SM, Chen IS. Establish-ment of human T-cell leukemia virus type I T-cell lymphomas in severe combined immunodeficient mice. Blood 1993;82:722–731.
   Google Scholar
• Flavell DJ. Modelling human leukemia and lymphoma in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice: practical applications. Hematol Oncol 1996;14:67–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imada K, Takaori-Kondo A, Akagi T, Shimotohno K, Sugamura K, Hattori T, Yamabe H, Okuma M, Uchiyama T. Tumorigenicity of human T-cell leukemia virus type I-infected cell lines in severe combined immunodeficient mice and characterization of the cells proliferating in vivo. Blood 1995;86:2350–2357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapp U, Wolf J, von Kalle C, Tawadros S, Rottgen A, Engert A, Fonatsch C, Stein H, Diehl V. Preliminary report: growth of Hodgkin's lymphoma derived cells in immune compromised mice. Annal Oncol 1992;3:21–23.
   Google Scholar
• Kirchner HH, Engert A, Diehl V. Experimental chemother-apy of heterotransplanted Hodgkin- and non-Hodgkin-lymphoma cell lines in nude mice. Behring Inst Mitt 1984;74:329–336.
   Google Scholar
• Zamecnik PC, Long JC. Growth of cultured cells from patients with Hodgkin's disease and transplantation into nude mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1977;74:754–758.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Kalle C, Wolf J, Becker A, Sckaer A, Munck M, Engert A, Kapp U, Fonatsch C, Komitowski D, Feaux de Lacroix W. Growth of Hodgkin cell lines in severely combined immunodeficient mice. Int J Cancer 1992;52:887–891.
   Google Scholar
• Igarashi T, Oka K, Miyamoto T. Human non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphomas serially transplanted in nude mice conditioned with whole-body irradiation. Br J Cancer 1989; 59:356–360.
   Google Scholar
• Sy MS, Guo YJ, Stamenkovic I. Distinct effects of two CD44 isoforms on tumor growth in vivo. J Exp Med 1991; 174:859–866.
   Google Scholar
• Blase L, Daniel PT, Koretz K, Schwartz-Albiez R, Moller P. The capacity of human malignant B-lymphocytes to dis-seminate in SCID mice is correlated with functional expression of the fibronectin receptor alpha 5 beta 1 (CD49e/CD29). Int J Cancer 1995;60: 860–866.
   Google Scholar
• Abe M, Suzuki O, Tasaki K, Tominaga K, Wakasa H. Analysis of lectin binding properties on human Burkitt's lymphoma cell lines that show high spontaneous metastasis to distant organs in SCID mice: the binding sites for soybean agglutinin lectin masked by sialylation are closely associated with metastatic lymphoma cells. Pathol Int 1996;46: 977–983.
   Google Scholar
• Fusetti L, Pruneri G, Gobbi A, Rabascio C, Carboni N, Peccatori F, Martinelli G, Bertolini F (2000) Human myeloid and lymphoid malignancies in the non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency mouse model: frequency of apoptotic cells in solid tumors and efficiency and speed of engraftment correlate with vascular endothelial growth factor production. Cancer Res 2000;60:2527–2534.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bargou RC, Emmerich F, Krappmann D, Bommert K, Mapara MY, Arnold W, Royer HD, Grinstein E, Greiner A, Scheidereit C, Dorken B. Constitutive nuclear factor-kappaB-RelA activation is required for proliferation and survival of Hodgkin's disease tumor cells. J Chin Invest 1997;100:2961–2969.
   Google Scholar
• Durandy A, Emilie D, Peuchmaur M, Forveille M, Clement C, Wijdenes J, Fischer A. Role of IL-6 in promoting growth of human EBV-induced B-cell tumors in severe combined immunodeficient mice. J Immunol 1994;152: 5361–5367.
   Google Scholar
• Nadal D, Albini B, Schlapfer E, Bernstein JM, Ogra PL. Role of Epstein-Barr virus and interleukin 6 in the development of lymphomas of human origin in SCID mice engrafted with human tonsillar mononuclear cells. J Gen Virol 1992;73: 113–121.
   Google Scholar
• Tanner J, Tosato G. Impairment of natural killer functions by interleukin 6 increases lymphoblastoid cell tumorigenicity in athymic mice. J Chin Invest 1991;88:239–247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veronese ML, Veronesi A, Bruni L, Coppola V, D'Andrea E, Del Mistro A, Mezzalira S, Montagna M, Ruffatto G, Amadori A. Properties of tumors arising in SCID mice injected with PBMC from EBV-positive donors. Leukemia 1994;8 (1 Suppl):S214–S217.
   Google Scholar
• Baiocchi RA, Ross ME, Tan JC, Chou CC, Sullivan L, Haldar S, Monne M, Seiden MV, Narula SK, Sklar J. Lymphomagenesis in the SCID-hu mouse involves abundant production of human interleukin-10. Blood 1995;85: 1063–1074.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bashir R, Coakham H, Hochberg F. Expression of LFA-1/ ICAM-1 in CNS lymphomas: possible mechanism for lymphoma homing into the brain. J Neurooncol 1992;12: 103–110.
   Google Scholar
• Funakoshi S, Beckwith M, Fanslow W, Longo DL, Murphy WJ. Epstein-Barr virus-induced human B-cell lymphoma arising in HuPBL-SCID chimeric mice: characterization and the role of CD40 stimulation in their treatment and prevention. Pathobiology 1995;63: 133–142.
   Google Scholar
• Funakoshi S, Taub DD, Asai O, Hirano A, Ruscetti FW, Longo DL, Murphy WJ. Effects of CD40 stimulation in the prevention of human EBV-lymphomagenesis. L,euk Lym-phoma 1997;24: 187–199.
   Google Scholar
• Feuer G, Stewart SA, Baird SM, Lee F, Feuer R, Chen IS. Potential role of natural killer cells in controlling tumorigen-esis by human T-cell leukemia viruses. Journal of clinical virology: the official publication of the Pan Am Soc Clin Virol 1995;69:1328–1333.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart SA, Feuer G, Jewett A, Lee FV, Bonavida B, Chen IS. HTLV-1 gene expression in adult T-cell leukemia cells elicits an NK cell response in vitro and correlates with cell rejection in SCID mice. Virology 1996;226:167–175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laurence J, Astrin SM. Human immunodeficiency virus induction of malignant transformation in human B lympho-cytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991;88:7635–7639.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishihara S, Okayama A, Nagatomo Y, Murai K, Yamashita R, Okamoto M, Shima T, Sasaki T, Mueller N, Tachibana N, Tsubouchi H. Enhanced engraftment of HTLV-I-infected human T cells in severe combined immunodefi-ciency mice by anti-asialo GM-1 antibody treatment. Microbiol Immunol 1996;40: 39–44.
   Google Scholar
• Schwarz MA, Tardelli L, Macosko HD, Sullivan LM, Narula SK, Fine JS. Interleukin 4 retards dissemination of a human B-cell lymphoma in severe combined immunodeficient mice. Cancer Res 1995;55:3692–3696.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weimar IS, Weijer K, van den Berk PC, Muller EJ, Miranda N, Bakker AQ, Heemskerk MH, Hekman A, de Gast GC, Gerritsen WR. HGF/SF and its receptor c-MET play a minor role in the dissemination of human B-lymphoma cells in SCID mice. Br J Cancer 1999;81:43–53.
   Google Scholar
• Waller EK, Kamel OW, Cleary ML, Majumdar AS, Schick MR, Lieberman M, Weissman IL. Growth of primary T-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomata in SCID-hu mice: requirement for a human lymphoid microenvironment. Blood 1994;78: 2650–2665.
   Google Scholar
• Lefebvre D, Gala JL, Heusterspreute M, Delhez H, Philippe M. Introduction of a normal retinoblastoma (Rb) gene into Rb-deficient lymphoblastoid cells delays tumorigenicity in immunodefective mice. Leukemia Res 1998;22:905–912.
   Google Scholar
• Cherney BW, Bhatia KG, Sgadari C, Gutierrez MI, Mostowski H, Pike SE, Gupta G, Magrath IT, Tosato G. Role of the p53 tumor suppressor gene in the tumorigenicity of Burkitt's lymphoma cells. Cancer Res 1997;57: 2508–2515.
   Google Scholar
• Daniel PT, Pun KT, Ritschel S, Sturm I, Holler J, Dorken B, Brown R. Expression of the death gene Bik/Nbk promotes sensitivity to drug-induced apoptosis in corticosteroid-resistant T-cell lymphoma and prevents tumor growth in severe combined immunodeficient mice. Blood 1999;94: 1100–1107.
   Google Scholar
• Morris G, DeNardo SJ, DeNardo GL, Leshchinsky T, Wu B, Mack PC, Winthrop MD, Gumerlock PH. Decreased C-MYC and BCL2 expression correlates with methylpredniso-lone-mediated inhibition of Raji lymphoma growth. Biochem Mol Med 1997;60:108–115.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Imada K, Takaori-Kondo A, Sawada H, Imura A, Kawamata S, Okuma M, Uchiyama T. Serial transplantation of adult T cell leukemia cells into severe combined immunodeficient mice. Jpn J Cancer Res 1996;87:887–892.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Woychik RP, Wassom JS, Kingsbury D. TBASE: a computerized database for transgenic animals and targeted mutations. Nature 1993;363:375–376.
   Google Scholar
• Palmiter RD, Brinster RL. Germ-line transformation of mice. Ann Review Genet 1986;20:465–499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood SA, Pascoe WS, Schmidt C, Kemler R, Evans MJ, Allen ND. Simple and efficient production of embryonic stem cell-embryo chimeras by coculture. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993;90:4582–4585.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell WL, Kelly PR, Hunsicker PR, Bangham JW, Maddux SC, Phipps EL. Specific-locus test shows ethylni-trosourea to be the most potent mutagen in the mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1979;76:5918–5922.
   Google Scholar
• Bernardi R, Grisendi S, Pandolfi PP. Modelling haemato-poietic malignancies in the mouse and therapeutical implications. Oncogene 2002;21:3445–3458.
   Google Scholar
• Seldin DC. New models of lymphoma in transgenic mice. Curr Opinion Immunol 1995;7:665–673.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmitt CA, Lowe SW (2002) Apoptosis and chemoresis-tance in transgenic cancer models. J Mol Med 2002;80: 137–146.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cardiff RD, Anver MR, Gusterson BA, Hennighausen L, Jensen RA, Merino MJ, Rehm S, Russo J, Tavassoli FA, Wakefield LM, Ward JM, Green JE (2000) The mammary pathology of genetically engineered mice: the consensus report and recommendations from the Annapolis. Oncogene 2000;19:968–988.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmitt CA, McCurrach ME, de Stanchina E, Wallace-Brodeur RR, Lowe SW. INK4a/ARF mutations accelerate lymphomagenesis and promote chemoresistance by disabling p53. Genes Dev 1999;13:2670–2677.
   Google Scholar
• Eischen CM, Weber JD, Roussel MF, Sherr CJ, Cleveland JL. Disruption of the ARF-Mdm2-p53 tumor suppressor pathway in Myc-induced lymphomagenesis. Genes Dev 1999;13: 2658–2669.
   Google Scholar
• Dorn CR, Taylor DO, Schneider R, Hibbard HH, Klauber MR Survey of animal neoplasms in Alameda and Contra Costa Counties, California. II. Cancer morbidity in dogs and cats from Alameda County. J Natl Cancer Inst 1968;40: 307–318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moulton JE, Harvey JW. Tumors of lymphoid and hemato-poietic tissue. In: Moulton JE, editors. Tumors of domestic animals. Berkeley: University of California Press; 1990. pp. 231–307.
   Google Scholar
• MacEwen EG, Patnaik AK, Wilkins RJ. Diagnosis and treatment of canine hematopoietic neoplasms. Vet Chin North Am 1977;7:105–118.
   Google Scholar
• Parodi A, Wyers M, Paris J. Incidence of canine lymphoid leukosis. Age, sex and breed distribution; results of a necropsic survey. Bibl Haematol 1968;30:263–267.
   Google Scholar
• Onions DE. A prospective survey of familial canine lymphosarcoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 1984;72:909–912.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teske E, de Vos JP, Egberink HF, Vos JH. Clustering in canine malignant lymphoma. Vet Q 1994;16:134–136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Priester WA, McKay FW. The occurrence of tumors in domestic animals. Location: National Cancer Institute monograph; Washington, DC, 1980. pp. 1–210.
   Google Scholar
• Teske E. Canine malignant lymphoma: a review and comparison with human non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Vet Q 1994;16:209–219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blair A. Herbicides and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: new evidence from a study of Saskatchewan farmers. J Natl Cancer Inst 1990;82:544–545.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardell L, Eriksson M, Lenner P, Lundgren E. Malignant lymphoma and exposure to chemicals, especially organic solvents, chlorophenols and phenoxy acids: a case-control study. Br J Cancer 1981;43:169–176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardell L, Axelson O. Environmental and occupational aspects on the etiology of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Oncol Res 1998;10:1–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes HM, Tarone RE, Cantor KP, Jessen CR, McCurnin DM, Richardson RC. Case-control study of canine malig-nant lymphoma: positive association with dog owner's use of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid herbicides. J Natl Cancer Inst 1991;83:1226–1231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes HM, Tarone RE, Cantor KP. On the association between canine malignant lymphoma and opportunity for exposure to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Environ Res 1995;70: 119–125.
   Google Scholar
• Reynolds PM, Reif JS, Ramsdell HS, Tessari JD. Canine exposure to herbicide-treated lawns and urinary excretion of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prevent 1994;3:233–237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hahn KA, Richardson RC, Hahn EA, Chrisman CL. Diagnostic and prognostic importance of chromosomal aberrations identified in 61 dogs with lymphosarcoma. Vet Pathol 1994;31:528–540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owen LN, Bostock DE, Halliwell RE. Cell-mediated and humoral immunity in dogs with spontaneous lymphosarco-ma. Eur J Cancer 1975;11:187–191.
   Google Scholar
• Weiden PL, Storb R, Kolb HJ, Ochs HD, Graham TC, Tsoi MS, Schroeder ML, Thomas ED. Immune reactivity in dogs with spontaneous malignancy. J Natl Cancer Inst 1974; 53:1049–1056.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keller ET. Immune-mediated disease as a risk factor for canine lymphoma. Cancer 1992;70:2334–2337.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teske E, Rutteman GR, Kuipers-Dijkshoorn NJ, van Dierendonck JH, van Heerde P, Comelisse CJ. DNA ploidy and cell kinetic characteristics in canine non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Exp Hematol 1993;21:579–584.
   Google Scholar
• Carter RE, Valli VE, Lumsden JH. The cytology, histology and prevalence of cell types in canine lymphoma classified according to the National Cancer Institute Working For-mulation. Can J Vet Res 1986;50:154–164.
   Google Scholar
• Greenlee PG, Filippa DA, Quimby FW, Patnaik AK, Calvano SE, Matus RE, Kimmel M, Hurvitz AT, Lieberman PH. Lymphomas in dogs. A morphologic, immunologic, and clinical study. Cancer 1990;66:480–490.
   Google Scholar
• Lennert K, Stein H, Kaiserling E. Cytological and functional criteria for the classification of malignant lymphomata. Br J Cancer 1975;31 (2 Suppl):29–43.
   Google Scholar
• Rappaport H. Comparative aspects of hematopoietic neo-plasms of man and animals - summary. Natl Cancer Inst Monograph 1969;32:359–361.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Engert A, Sausville EA, Vitetta E. The emerging role of ricin A-chain immunotoxins in leukemia and lymphoma. Curr Topics Microbiol Immunol 1998;234:13–33.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Appelbaum FR, Sale GE, Storb R, Charrier K, Deeg HJ, Graham T, Wulff JC. Phenotyping of canine lymphoma with monoclonal antibodies directed at cell surface antigens: classification, morphology, clinical presentation and response to chemotherapy. Hematol Oncol 1984;2:151–168.
   Google Scholar
• Teske E, Wisman P, Moore PF, van Heerde P. Histologic classification and immunophenotyping of canine non-Hodg-kin's lymphomas: unexpected high frequency of T cell lymphomas with B cell morphology. Exp Hematol 1994; 22:1179–1187.
   Google Scholar
• Weir EC, Norrdin RW, Matus RE, Brooks MB, Broadus AE, Mitnick M, Johnston SD, Insogna KL. Humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy in canine lymphosarcoma. Endocrinology 1988;122:602–608.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacEwen EG, Brown NO, Pamaik AK, Hayes AA, Passe S. Cyclic combination chemotherapy of canine lymphosarcoma. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1981;178:1178–1181.
   Google Scholar
• Keller ET, MacEwen EG, Rosenthal RC, Helfand SC, Fox LE. Evaluation of prognostic factors and sequential combi-nation chemotherapy with doxorubicin for canine lymphoma. J Vet Intern Med 1993;7:289–295.
   Google Scholar
• MacEwen EG, Hayes AA, Matus RE, Kurzman I. Evaluation of some prognostic factors for advanced multicentric lymphosarcoma in the dog: 147 cases (1978-1981). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1987;190:564–568.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madewell BR. Chemotherapy for canine lymphosarcoma. Am J Vet Res 1975;36:1525–1528.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiupel M, Teske E, Bostock D. Prognostic factors for treated canine malignant lymphoma. Vet Pathol 1999;36:292–300.
   Google Scholar
• Sarli G, Benazzi C, Preziosi R, Della SL, Bettini G, Marcato PS. Evaluating mitotic activity in canine and feline solid tumors: standardizing the parameter. Biotechnic Histochem 1999;74:64–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vail DM, Kisseberth WC, Obradovich JE, Moore FM, London CA, MacEwen EG, Ritter MA. Assessment of potential doubling time (Tpot), argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions (AgNOR), and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) as predictors of therapy response in canine non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Exp Hematol 1996;24:807–815.
   Google Scholar
• Bergman PJ, Ogilvie GK, Powers BE. Monoclonal antibody C219 immunohistochemistry against P-glycoprotein: se-quential analysis and predictive ability in dogs with lymphoma. J Vet Int Med 1996;10: 354–359.
   Google Scholar
• Lee JJ, Hughes CS, Fine RL, Page RL. P-glycoprotein expression in canine lymphoma: a relevant, intermediate model of multidrug resistance. Cancer 1996;77:1892–1898.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghetie MA, Tucker K, Richardson J, Uhr JW, Vitetta ES. The antitumor activity of an anti-CD22 immunotoxin in SCID mice with disseminated Daudi lymphoma is enhanced by either an anti-CD19 antibody or an anti-CD19 immuno-toxin. Blood 1992;80: 2315–2320.
   Google Scholar
• Dorn CR. Comparative oncology: dogs, cats, and man. Perspect Biol Med 1972;15:507–519.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson RE, Cameron TP, Kinard R. Canine lymphoma as a potential model for experimental therapeutics. Cancer Res 1968;28:2562–2564.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MacEwen EG. Spontaneous tumors in dogs and cats: models for the study of cancer biology and treatment. Cancer Metastasis Rev 1990;9:125–136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshimura M, Endo S, Hioki K, Ueyama Y, Ohnishi Y. Chemotherapeutic profiles of human tumors implanted in SCID mice showing appreciable inconsistencies with those in nude mice. Exp Anim Japan Assoc Lab Anim Sci 1997;46:153–156.
   Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald D, Pastan I, Robertus J. Clinical applications of immunotoxins. Introduction. Curr Topics Microbiol Im-munol 1998;234:1–11.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jansen FK, Blythrnan HE, Carriere D, Casellas P, Gros O, Gros P, Laurent JC, Paolucci F, Pau B, Poncelet P, Richer G, Vidal H, Voisin GA. Immunotoxins: hybrid molecules combining high specificity and potent cytotoxicity. Immunol Rev 1982;62:185–216.
   Google Scholar
• Blakey DC, Skilleter DN, Price RJ, Thorpe PE. Uptake of native and deglycosylated ricin A-chain immunotoxins by mouse liver parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells in vitro and in vivo. Biochim Biophys Acta 1988;968:172–178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorpe PE, Wallace PM, Knowles PP, Relf MG, Brown AN, Watson GJ, Blakey DC, Newell DR. Improved antitumor effects of immunotoxins prepared with deglycosylated ricin A-chain and hindered disulfide linkages. Cancer Res 1988;48:6396–6403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engert A, Gottstein C, Winkler U, Amlot P, Pileri S, Diehl V, Thorpe P. Experimental treatment of human Hodgkin's disease with ricin A-chain immunotoxins. Leuk Lymphoma 1994;13:441–448.
   Google Scholar
• Ghetie MA, Picker LJ, Richardson JA, Tucker K, Uhr JW, Vitetta ES. Anti-CD19 inhibits the growth of human B-cell tumor lines in vitro and of Daudi cells in SCID mice by inducing cell cycle arrest. Blood 1994;83:1329–1336.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winkler U, Gottstein C, Schon G, Kapp U, Wolf J, Hansmann ML, Bohlen H, Thorpe P, Diehl V, Engert A. Successful treatment of disseminated human Hodgkin's disease in SCID mice with deglycosylated ricin A-chain immunotoxins. Blood 1994;83:466–475.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghetie MA, Richardson J, Tucker T, Jones D, Uhr JW, Vitetta ES. Antitumor activity of Fab' and IgG-anti-CD22 immunotoxins in disseminated human B lymphoma grown in mice with severe combined immunodeficiency disease: effect on tumor cells in extranodal sites. Cancer Res 1991;51:5876–5880.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartmann F, Horak EM, Garmestani K, Wu C, Brechbiel MW, Kozak RW, Tso J, Kosteiny SA, Gansow OA, Nelson DL. Radioimmunotherapy of nude mice bearing a human interleukin 2 receptor alpha-expressing lymphoma utilizing the alpha-emitting radionuclide-conjugated monoclonal anti-body 212Bi-anti-Tac. Cancer Res 1994;54:4362–4370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreitman RJ, Wang QC, FitzGerald DJ, Pastan I. Complete regression of human B-cell lymphoma xenografts in mice treated with recombinant anti-CD22 immunotoxin RFB4 (dsFv)-PE38 at doses tolerated by cynomolgus monkeys. Int J Cancer 1999;81:148–155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreitman RJ, Hansen HJ, Jones AL, FitzGerald DJ, Gold-enberg DM, Pastan I. Pseudomonas exotoxin-based immunotoxins containing the antibody LL2 or LT .7-Fab' induce regression of subcutaneous human B-cell lymphoma in mice. Cancer Res 1993;53: 819–825.
   Google Scholar
• Shah SA, Halloran PM, Ferris CA, Levine BA, Bourret LA, Goldmacher VS, Blattler WA. Anti-B4-blocked ricin im-munotoxin shows therapeutic efficacy in four different SCID mouse tumor models. Cancer Res 1993;53: 1360–1367.
   Google Scholar
• Gunther R, Chelstrom LM, Finnegan D, Tuel-Ahlgren L, Irvin JD, Myers DE, Uckun FM. In vivo anti-leukemic efficacy of anti-CD7-pokeweed antiviral protein immunotox-in against human T-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia/ lymphoma in mice with severe combined immunodeficiency. Leukemia 1993;7: 298–309.
   Google Scholar
• Flavell DJ, Flavell SU, Boehm DA, Emery L, Noss A, Ling NR, Richardson PR, Hardie D, Wright DH. Preclinical studies with the anti-CD19-saporin immunotoxin BU12-SAPORIN for the treatment of human-B-cell tumours. Br J Cancer 1995;72: 1373–1379.
   Google Scholar
• Pasqualucci L, Wasik M, Teicher BA, Flenghi L, Bolognesi A, Stirpe F, Polito L, Falini B, Kadin ME. Antitumor activity of anti-CD30 immunotoxin (Ber-H2/saporin) in vitro and in severe combined immunodeficiency disease mice xeno-grafted with human CD30 + anaplastic large-cell lymphoma. Blood 1995;85: 2139–2146.
   Google Scholar
• Barth S, Huhn M, Matthey B, Tawadros S, Schnell R, Schinkothe T, Diehl V, Engert A (2000) Ki-4 (scFv)-ETA, a new recombinant anti-CD30 immunotoxin with highly specific cytotoxic activity against disseminated Hodgkin tumors in SCID mice. Blood 2000;95:3909–3914.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barth S, Huhn M, Matthey B, Schnell R, Tawadros S, Schinkothe T, Lorenzen J, Diehl V, Engert A (2000) Recombinant anti-CD25 immunotoxin RFT5 (SCFV)-ETA' demonstrates successful elimination of disseminated human Hodgkin lymphoma in SCID mice. Int J Cancer 2000;86:718–724.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunther R, Chelstrom LM, Tuel-Ahlgren L, Simon J, Myers DE, Uckun FM. Biotherapy for xenografted human central nervous system leukemia in mice with severe combined immunodeficiency using B43 (anti-CD19)-pokeweed anti-viral protein immunotoxin. Blood 1995;85: 2537–2545.
   Google Scholar
• Ghetie MA, Podar EM, Gordon BE, Pantazis P, Uhr JW, Vitetta ES. Combination immunotoxin treatment and chemotherapy in SCID mice with advanced, disseminated Daudi lymphoma. Int J Cancer 1996;68:93–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu C, Lambert JM, Teicher BA, Blattler WA, O'Connor R. Cure of multidrug-resistant human B-cell lymphoma xeno-grafts by combinations of anti-B4-blocked ricin and chemotherapeutic drugs. Blood 1996;87: 3892–3898.
   Google Scholar
• O'Connor R, Liu C, Ferris CA, Guild BC, Teicher BA, Corvi C, Liu Y, Arceci RJ, Goldmacher VS, Lambert JM. Anti-B4-blocked ricin synergizes with doxorubicin and etoposide on multidrug-resistant and drug-sensitive tumors. Blood 1995;86:4286–4294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchsbaum DJ, Wahl RL,, Normolle DP, Kaminski MS. Therapy with unlabeled and 131I-labeled pan-B-cell mono-clonal antibodies in nude mice bearing Raji Burkitt's lymphoma xenografts. Cancer Res 1992;52:6476–6481.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Donnell RT, DeNardo SJ, Miers LA, Kukis DL, Mirick GR, Kroger LA, DeNardo GL. Combined modality radio-immunotherapy with Taxol and 90Y-Lym-1 for Raji lymphoma xenografts. Cancer Biother Radiopharmaceut 1998;13:351–361.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engert A, Gottstein C, Bohlen H, Winkler U, Schon G, Manske O, Schnell R, Diehl V, Thorpe P. Cocktails of ricin A-chain immunotoxins against different antigens on Hodgkin and Sternberg-Reed cells have superior anti-tumor effects against H-RS cells in vitro and solid Hodgkin tumors in mice. Int J Cancer 1995;63:304–309.
   Google Scholar
• de Kroon JF, de Paus RA, Kluin-Nelemans HC, Kluin PM, van Bergen CA, Munro AJ, Hale G, Willemze R, Falkenburg JR. Anti-CD45 and anti-CD52 (Campath) monoclonal antibodies effectively eliminate systematically disseminated human non-Hodgkin's lymphoma B cells in Scid mice. Exp Hematol 1996;24: 919–926.
   Google Scholar
• Gill I, Agah R, Hu E, Mazumder A. Synergistic antitumor effects of interleukin 2 and the monoclonal Lym-1 against human Burkitt lymphoma cells in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Res 1989;49:5377–5379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooijberg E, van den Berk PC, Sein jj, Wijdenes J, Hart AA, de Boer RW, Melief CJ, Hekman A. Enhanced antitumor effects of CD20 over CD19 monoclonal antibodies in a nude mouse xenograft model. Cancer Res 1995;55:840–846.
   Google Scholar
• Hooijberg E, Sein jj, van den Berk PC, Hart AA, van der Valk MA, Kast WM, Melief CJ, Hekman A. Eradication of large human B cell tumors in nude mice with unconjugated CD20 monoclonal antibodies and interleukin 2. Cancer Res 1995;55:2627–2634.
   Google Scholar
• Vuist WM, v Buitenen F, de Rie MA, Hekman A, Rumke P, Melief CJ. Potentiation by interleukin 2 of Burkitt's lymphoma therapy with anti-pan B (anti-CD19) monoclonal antibodies in a mouse xenotransplantation model. Cancer Res 1989;49:3783–3788.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Boyle KP, Colletti D, Mazurek C, Wang Y, Ray SK, Diamond B, Rosenblum MG, Epstein AL, Shochat D, Dutcher JP. Potentiation of antiproliferative effects of monoclonal antibody Lym-1 and immunoconjugate Lym-1-gelonin on human Burkitt's lymphoma cells with gamma-interferon and tumor necrosis factor. J Immunother Emph Tumor Immunol 1995;18:221–230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sondel PM, Hank JA. Combination therapy with interleukin-2 and antitumor monoclonal antibodies. The cancer journal from Sci Am (1997);3 (1 Suppl):S121–S127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arndt MA, Krauss J, Kipriyanov SM, Pfreundschuh M, Little M. A bispecific diabody that mediates natural killer cell cytotoxicity against xenotransplantated human Hodgkin's tumors. Blood 1999;94:2562–2568.
   Google Scholar
• Hombach A, Jung W, Pohl C, Renner C, Sahin U, Schmits R, Wolf J, Kapp U, Diehl V, Pfreundschuh M. A CD16/ CD30 bispecific monoclonal antibody induces lysis of Hodgkin's cells by unstimulated natural killer cells in vitro and in vivo. Int J Cancer 1993;55:830–836.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kipriyanov SM, Moldenhauer G, Strauss G, Little M. Bispecific CD3 x CD19 diabody for T cell-mediated lysis of malignant human B cells. Int J Cancer 1998;77:763–772.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renner C, Jung W, Sahin U, Denfeld R, Pohl C, Tramper L, Hartmann F, Diehl V, van Lier R, Pfreundschuh M. Cure of xenografted human tumors by bispecific monoclonal anti-bodies and human T cells. Science 1994;264:833–835.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renner C, Pfreundschuh M. Tumor therapy by immune recruitment with bispecific antibodies. Immunol Rev 1995;145:179–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knox SJ. Overview of studies on experimental radioimmu-notherapy. Cancer Research 1995;55 (23 Suppl):5832–5836.
   Google Scholar
• Manske JM, Buchsbaum DJ, Hanna DE, Vallera DA. Cytotoxic effects of anti-CD5 radioimmunotoxins on human tumors in vitro and in a nude mouse model. Cancer Res 1988;48:7107–7114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Press OW. Radiolabeled antibody therapy of B-cell lympho-mas. Seminars in oncology 1999;26 (14 Suppl):58–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu Z, Ghose T, Hoskin D, Lee CL, Fernandez LA, Lee SH, Mammen M. Radioimmunotherapy of human B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia in nude mice. Cancer Res 1994;54:5111–5117.
   Google Scholar
• DeNardo GL, Kukis DL, Shen S, Mausner LF, Meares CF, Srivastava SC, Miers LA, DeNardo SJ. Efficacy and toxicity of 67Cu-21T-BAT-Lym-1 radioimmunoconjugate in mice implanted with human Burkitt's lymphoma (Raji). Chin Cancer Res 1997;3:71–79.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinuya S, Yokoyama K, Konishi S, Hiramatsu T, Watanabe N, Shuke N, Aburano T, Takayama T, Michigishi T, Tonami N (2000) Enhanced efficacy of radioimmunotherapy combined with systemic chemotherapy and local hyperther-mia in xenograft model. Jpn J Cancer Res 2000;91:573–578.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stein R, Govindan SV, Mattes MJ, Shih LB, Griffiths GL, Hansen HJ, Goldenberg DM. Targeting human cancer xenografts with monoclonal antibodies labeled using radio-iodinated, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid-appended peptides. Chin Cancer Res 1999;5 (10 Suppl):3079–3087.
   Google Scholar
• Wilder RB, McGann JK, Sutherland WR, Waller EK, Minchinton Al, Goris ML, Knox SJ. The hypoxic cytotoxin SR 4233 increases the effectiveness of radioimmunotherapy in mice with human non-Hodgkin's lymphoma xenografts. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Physics 1994;28: 119–126.
   Google Scholar
• DeNardo GL, Kukis DL, DeNardo SJ, Shen S, Mausner LF, O'Donnell RT, Lamborn KR, Meyers FJ, Srivastava SC, Miers LA. Enhancement of 67Cu-21T-BAT-LYM-1 therapy in mice with human Burkitt's lymphoma (Raji) using interleukin-2. Cancer 1997;80 (12 Suppl):2576–2582.
   Google Scholar
• Buchsbaum RJ, Fabry JA, Lieberman J. EBV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes protect against human EBV-associated lymphoma in scid mice. Immunol Lett 1996; 52:145–152.
   Google Scholar
• Mattes MJ, Griffiths GL, Diril H, Goldenberg DM, Ong GL, Shih LB. Processing of antibody-radioisotope conjugates after binding to the surface of tumor cells. Cancer 1994;73 (3 Suppl):787–793.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vriesendorp HM, Quadri SM, Stinson RI,, Onyekwere OC, Shao Y, Klein JL, Leichner PK, Williams JR Selection of reagents for human radioimmunotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Physics 1992;22:37–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malkovska V, Cigel F, Storer BE. Human T cells in hu-PBL-SCID mice proliferate in response to Daudi lymphoma and confer anti-tumour immunity. Chin Exp Immunol 1994;96: 158–165.
   Google Scholar
• Katsanis E, Weisdorf DJ, Miller JS. Activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients receiving subcuta-neous interleukin-2 following autologous stem cell transplantation prolong survival of SCID mice bearing human lymphoma. Bone Marrow Transplant 1998;22: 185–191.
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt-Wolf IG, Negrin RS, Kiem HP, Blume KG, Weissman IL. Use of a SCID mouse/human lymphoma model to evaluate cytokine-induced killer cells with potent antitumor cell activity. J Exp Med 1991;174:139–149.
   Google Scholar
• Cotter FE, Johnson P, Hall P, Pocock C, al Mahdi N, Cowell JK, Morgan G. Antisense oligonucleotides suppress B-cell lymphoma growth in a SCID-hu mouse model. Oncogene 1994;9:3049–3055.
   Google Scholar
• Klasa RJ, Bally MB, Ng R, Goldie JH, Gascoyne RD, Wong FM (2000) Eradication of human non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in SCID mice by BCL-2 antisense oligonucleotides com-bined with low-dose cyclophosphamide. Clinical Cancer Res 2000;6:2492–2500.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mata JE, Joshi SS, Palen B, Pirruccello SJ, Jackson JD, Elias N, Page TJ, Medlin KL,, Iversen PL. A hexameric phosphorothioate oligonucleotide telomerase inhibitor ar-rests growth of Burkitt's lymphoma cells in vitro and in vivo. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1997;144:189–197.
   Google Scholar
• Cook DR, Maxwell IH, Glode LM, Maxwell F, Stevens JO, Purner MB, Wagner E, Curiel DT, Curiel TJ. Gene therapy for B-cell lymphoma in a SCID mouse model using an immunoglobulin-regulated diphtheria toxin gene delivered by a novel adenovirus-polylysine conjugate. Cancer Biother 1994;9:131–141.
   Google Scholar