342
Views
32
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original

A clinical review of breast involvement in acute leukemia

, MD
Pages 2517-2526 | Received 24 Jul 2006, Accepted 11 Aug 2006, Published online: 01 Jul 2009

References

  • Huber K. Studien uber das sogenannte chlorom. Arch Heilk 1878; 19: 129
  • Haram B J. Lymphatic leukaemia with bilateral mammary changes. Lancet 1937; 232: 1277–1279
  • Gelin G, Gomez F, Gross G. Leucose tumorale simulant un abcès du sein. Bull et Mém de la Soc Méd des Hop 1952; 9 – 10: 376–379
  • Kost E A. A propos des leucémies tumorales, en particulier la forme à tumeurs mammaires. Sud med chir 1955; 88: 3.712–3.718
  • Cunningham I. Extramedullary sites of leukemic relapse after transplant. Leuk Lymphoma 2006; 47: 1754–1767
  • Wofford M M, Smith S D, Shuster J J, Johnson W, Buchanan G R, Wharam M D. Treatment of occult or late overt testicular relapse in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a Pediatric Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol 1992; 10: 624–630
  • Ammatuna E, Borza P A, Iori A P, Petti M C, Pescarmona E, Diverio D, et al. Multiple relapses and extramedullary localization with scalp and breast involvement in a case of acute promyelocytic leukaemia. Leukemia 2005; 19: 479–480
  • Barloon T J, Young D C, Bass S H. Multicentric granulocytic sarcoma (chloroma) of the breast: mammographic findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1993; 161: 963–964
  • Shea B, Reddy V, Abbitt P, Benda R, Douglas V, Wingard J. Granulocytic sarcoma (chloroma) of the breast: a diagnostic dilemma and review of the literature. Breast J 2004; 10: 48–53
  • Boris P, Schott P, Galamba J. Chloroma of the breast as the primary manifestation of acute myeloid leukemia. Ugeskr Laeger 1986; 148: 902–903
  • Gartenhaus W S, Mir R, Pliskin A, Grunwald H, Wise L, Papantoniou P A, et al. Granulocytic sarcoma of breast: aleukemic bilateral metachronous presentation and literature review. Med Pediatr Oncol 1985; 13: 22–29
  • Lamendola M G, Procaccini E, Esposito V. Sarcoma granulocitico inizialmente aleucemico della mammella. Pathologica 1984; 76: 677–689
  • Eshghabadi M, Shojania A M, Carr I. Isolated granulocytic sarcoma: report of a case and review of the literature. J Clin Oncol 1986; 4: 912–917
  • Jung S M, Kuo T T, Wu J H, Shih L Y. Granulocytic sarcoma presenting as a giant breast tumor in a pregnant woman: a case report. Chang Keng I Hsueh 1998; 21: 97–102
  • Quitt M, Ellmalach I, Dar H, Aghai E. Isolated chloroma of breast preceding acute nonlymphatic leukemia. Leukemia 1997; 11: 1995–1996
  • Breccia M, Petti M C, Fraternali-Orcioni G, Monarca B, Latagliata R, D'Elia G M, et al. Granulocytic sarcoma with breast and skin presentation: a report of a case successfully treated by local radiation and systemic chemotherapy. Acta Haematol 2000; 104: 34–37
  • Meis J M, Butler J J, Osborne B M, Manning J T. Granulocytic sarcoma in nonleukemic patients. Cancer 1986; 58: 2697–2709
  • Oyama K, Suzuki T, Yoshimura S, Irei M, Oyama K, Koike M, et al. Isolated granulocytic sarcoma in the breast. Jpn J Clin Hematol 2003; 44: 952–956
  • Geelhoed G W, Graff K S, Duttera M J, Henderson E S. Acute leukemia presenting as a breast mass. JAMA 1973; 223: 1488–1489
  • Pettinato G, De Chiara A, Insabato L, De Renzo A. Fine needle aspiration biopsy of a granulocytic sarcoma (chloroma) of the breast. Acta Cytol 1988; 32: 67–71
  • Turpin F, Trassard M, Bourguignat A, Floiras J L, Le Doussal V, Eydoux P. Un mode inhabituel de révélation des leucémies aiguës granuleuses: le sarcome granulocytaire du sein. Fr Hematol 1986; 28: 91–96
  • Joo M, Lee H Y, Kang Y K, Kim J H. Granulocytic sarcoma of the breast preceding acute myelogenous leukemia: a case report. J Korean Med Sci 2000; 15: 457–459
  • Doval D C, Rao C R, Misra S, Devi L, Srinivas V, Chandrashekar M, et al. Isolated granulocytic sarcoma of the breast. Ann Oncol 1996; 7: 424–425
  • Sears H F, Reid J. Granulocytic sarcoma. Cancer 1976; 37: 1808–1813
  • Merino Moreno J, Nuñez Olarte J M, Picó Sambucety J M, Pastor G[otilde]mez-Cornejo L, Ortega Núñez A. Sarcoma granulocítico (cloroma) con localizaciones vesical y mamaria, precediendo a une leucemia aguda mieloblástica. Rev Clin Esp 1987; 180: 260–263
  • Chua E. A case of granulocytic sarcoma of the breast and review of the literature. Sing Med J 1989; 30: 311–312
  • Hill P A, Ellis D W, Zito R A. An unusual breast tumour occurring six years after a similar tumour in the contralateral breast. Pathology 2004; 36: 367–369
  • Cassi E, De Paoli A, Tosi A, Fava S, Turri C. Granulocytic sarcoma: a case probably cured. Haematologica 1988; 73: 313–316
  • Quintas-Cardama A, Fraga M, Antunez J, Forteza J. Primary extramedullary myeloid tumor of the breast: a case report and review of the literature. Ann Hematol 2003; 82: 431–434
  • Quintanilla-Martínez L, Zukerberg L R, Ferry J A, Harris N L. Extramedullary tumors of lymphoid or myeloid blasts. Am J Clin Pathol 1995; 104: 431–443
  • Krause J R. Granulocytic sarcoma preceding acute leukemia: a report of six cases. Cancer 1979; 44: 1017–1021
  • Menasce L P, Banerjee S S, Beckett E, Harris M. Extra-medullary myeloid tumour (granulocytic sarcoma) is often misdiagnosed: a study of 26 cases. Histopathology 1999; 34: 391–398
  • Lin Y, Govindan R, Hess J L. Malignant hematopoietic breast tumors. Am J Clin Pathol 1997; 107: 177–186
  • Dutta Roy S, Stafford J S, Scally J, Selvachandran S N. Granulocytic sarcoma of the breast antedating acute myelogenous leukemia. Breast 2004; 13: 242–246
  • Seo I S, Hull M T, Pak H Y. Granulocytic sarcoma of the cervix as a primary manifestation. Cancer 1977; 40: 3030–3037
  • Banik S, Grech A B, Eyden B P. Granulocytic sarcoma of the cervix:an immunohistochemical, histochemical, and ultrastructural study. J Clin Pathol 1989; 42: 483–488
  • Byrd J C, Weiss R B, Arthur D C, Lawrence D, Baer M R, Davey F, et al. Extramedullary leukemia adversely affects hematologic complete remission rate and overall survival in patients with t(8;21)(q22;q22): results from Cancer and Leukemia Group B 8461. J Clin Oncol 1997; 15: 466–475
  • Chen V MY, McIlroy K, Loui J PY, Fay K, Ward C. Extramedullary presentation of acute leukaemia: a case of myeloid/natural killer cell precursor leukaemia. Pathology 2003; 35: 325–329
  • DeVillez R L, Lufkin E G, Bergin J J. Symmetrical enlargement of breasts and testes due to leukemic infiltration. South Med J 1972; 65: 341–343
  • Furebring-Fredén M, Martinsson U, Sundström C. Myelosarcoma without acute leukaemia: immunohistochemical and clinico-pathologic characterization of eight cases. Histopathology 1990; 16: 243–250
  • Gardais J, Marie M, Bertrand G. Chlorome à localisations génitales multiples. Sem Hop Paris 1975; 51: 609–616
  • Geetha N, Kusumakumary P, Abraham E, Nair M K. An uncommon presentation of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: a case report. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1998; 15: 75–79
  • Jakubowski A. Personal communication. 2005
  • Kar M. Acute leukemia with uncommon extramedullary lesions. JAPI 1998; 46: 572
  • Kamiyama R, Takagi M, Mori W. Two autopsy cases of acute myelogenous leukemia with breast tumor as the initial symptoms. Gan No Rinsho 1971; 17: 827–833
  • Khoury N J, Hanna Al-Kass F M, Jaafar H N, Taher A T, Shamseddine A I. Bilateral breast involvement in acute myelogenous leukemia. Eur Radiol 2000; 10: 1031
  • Khurana N, Jain S. Granulocytic sarcoma presenting as a breast mass. Acta Cytol 2003; 47: 946–948
  • Laricchia R, Wierdis T, Loiudice L, Trisolini A, Riezzo A. Vulvar neoplasms (myeloblastoma) as the first manifestation of acute myeloblastic leukemia. Minerva Ginecol 1977; 29: 957–961
  • Liu H W, Wong K L, Chan T Y, Lau C C, Liang R. Superior vena cava syndrome: a rare presenting feature of acute myeloid leukemia. Acta Haematol 1988; 79: 213–216
  • Mwanda W O, Rajab J A. Granulocytic sarcoma: report of three cases. East Afr Med J 1999; 76: 594–596
  • Omland H, Bjorkheim A. Mammasvulster som debutsymptom ved akutt levkemi. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 1982; 102: 900–901
  • Pagano L, Voso M T, La Rocca L M, Marra R, Leone G. Granuloblastic masses in the breast: report of two cases. Haematologica 1993; 25: 287–291
  • Sigaux F, Imbert M, Jouault H, Vernant J P, Sultan C. Involvement of the eosinophilic series in t(8;21) acute myeloid leukemia [abstract]. Blood 1982; 60(Supp 1)139a
  • Socinski M A, Ershler W B, Belinson J L. Coexistent breast and vaginal granulocytic sarcoma. Gyn Oncol 1983; 16: 299–304
  • Son H J, Oh K K. Multicentric granulocytic sarcoma of the breast: mammographic and sonographic findings. Am J Roentgenol 1998; 171: 274–275
  • Wiernik P H, Serpick A A. Granulocytic sarcoma (Chloroma). Blood 1970; 35: 361–369
  • Anders M, Duber C, Teifke A, Gamm H. Chloroma (granulocytic sarcoma, myeloblastoma). Clinical aspects and radiological diagnosis. Rofo Fortschr Geb Rontgenstr Neuen Bildgeb Verfahr 2000; 172: 282–286
  • Amadori G, Brigato G, Cordiano V, Milano A S, Moretto F, Spandri P, et al. Pelvic and mammary Burkitt-like lymphoma with simultaneous development of leukemia. Gynecol Oncol 1987; 26: 246–250
  • Bohgaki T, Notoya A, Mukai M, Kohno M. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia with breast infiltration during the second trimester of pregnancy and followed by successful delivery. Rinsho Ketsueki 1999; 40: 652–657
  • Hoerni-Simon G, Hoerni B, Chauvergne J, Durand M. Localisations mammaires d'une leucémie aiguë lymphoblastique. Acta Haematol 1972; 48: 251–255
  • Magnet J L, Strauss J, Knopf J F, Mottot C, Guy H. Hypercalcemia, lumbosciatica and mammary tumefactions disclosing acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Nouv Presse Med 1980; 9: 1448
  • Murayama T, Takenaka T, Matsuno Y, Takeyama K, Togitani K, Yokozawa T, et al. Successful allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in a case of adult precursor B-lymphoblastic lymphoma. Int J Hematol 2000; 72: 504–506
  • Poros A, Hollan S R, Natonek K, Lelkes G, Gyódi E. T acute lymphoblastic leukaemia with breast tumour. A brief report. Haematologia 1981; 14: 215–218
  • Selvais P L, Mazy G, Gosseye S, Ferrant A, VanLierde M. Breast infiltration by acute lymphoblastic leukemia during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993; 169: 1619–1620
  • Sindel M, Bohmer S, Rhein W, Hartlapp J, Krech R H, Goeschen K. Ausgepragte bilaterale mammahypertrophie als ungewohnliche manifestation einer akuten lymphatischen leukamie. Zentralbl Gynakol 2000; 122: 390–392
  • Talwar V, Sreedharan P S, Warrier N K, Guhan, Ramanan S G, Sagar T G. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia presenting as breast mass. JAPI 2000; 48: 1212–1213
  • Yumuk P F, Aydiner A, Topuz E, Cabioglu N, Dogan O. T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma presenting with a breast mass. Leuk Lymphoma 2004; 45: 833–836
  • Reiffers J, Massonnat R, David B, Broustet A. Burkitt-type acute leukemia and breast localizations. Nouv Presse Med 1981; 10: 1943
  • Jain A K, Gupta R C, Bhardwaj B, Leelani N. Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia presenting as breast mass. J Ass Physicians India 1992; 40: 335–336
  • Abe R, Umezu H, Uchida T, Kariyone S, Maseki N, Kaneko Y, et al. Myeloblastoma with an 8;21 chromosome translocation in acute myeloblastic leukemia. Cancer 1986; 58: 1260–1264
  • Astruc J, Janbon J, Janbon F, Brunel D. Rôle de l'ovariectomie au cours d'une réticulose histio-monocytaire à localisations mammaires et ovariennes après un stade initial de leucose monocytaire. J Med Montpellier 1970; 5: 445–449
  • Au W Y, Kwong Y L, Lie A KW, Shek W HC, Liang R. Acute myeloid leukemia relapsing as gynecomastia. Leuk Lymphoma 1999; 36: 191–194
  • Borgies P, Ferrant A, Michaux J L. Le sarcome granulocytaire: à propos de 7 observations. Acta Clin Belg 1989; 44: 182–188
  • Chan E YC, Glassberg A B, Rosenblum M A. Chloroma. Rare manifestation of acute leukemia. Postgrad Med 1980; 67: 125–130
  • Chung C T, Chiou T J, Liu S M, Chen P M. Early extramedullary relapse of acute myelogenous leukemia in bilateral breasts: a case report. Chin Med J (Taipei) 1993; 52: 125–127
  • Domanic M, Akman M, Muftuoglu A. Massive breast involvement in acute leukemia. Case report. Helv. Paediat. Acta 1972; 27: 601–605
  • Fitoz S, Atasoy C, Yavuz K, Gozdasoglu S, Erden I, Akyar S. Granulocytic sarcoma. Cranial and breast involvement. J Clin Imaging 2002; 26: 166–169
  • Gralnick H R, Dittmar K. Development of myeloblastoma with massive breast and ovarian involvement during remission in acute leukemia. Cancer 1969; 24: 746–749
  • Hiorns M P, Murfitt J. Granulocytic sarcoma (chloroma) of the breast: sonographic findings. Am J Roentgenol 1997; 169: 1639–1640
  • Juneja S K, Pilkington G R, Ding J C, Cooper I A. Diagnosis of granulocytic sarcoma facilitated by monoclonal antibodies. Pathology 1986; 18: 469–472
  • Linn Y C, Goh Y T, Tan H CP. Relapse of leukemia and lymphoma after marrow transplant: a review of cases with extramedullary relapse. Leuk Lymphoma 2000; 38: 137–146
  • Matsumoto K, Taya T. A case of acute promyelocytic leukemia with skin nodules and mammary tumors during hematologic remission. Jpn J Clin Hematol 1978; 19: 1211–1216
  • Monteleone P, Steele D, King A K, Konefal S, Kelleher J F. Bilateral breast relapse in acute myelogenous leukemia. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2001; 23: 126–129
  • Muller S, Sangster G, Crocker J, Nar P, Burnett D, Brown G, et al. An immunohistochemical and clinicopathological study of granulocytic sarcoma (‘chloroma’). Hematol Oncol 1986; 4: 101–112
  • Nakatsuji T, Matsumoto N, Kaku K, Ikesono T, Miyazaki M, Oda S, et al. A case of acute myelogenous leukemia with massive breast involvement during hematological remission. Jpn J Clin Hematol 1979; 20: 646–650
  • O'Donnell J R, Farrell M A. Acute myelogenous leukaemia with bilateral mammary gland involvement. J Clin Pathol 1980; 33: 547–551
  • Sato E, Takaira M, Gohara R, Araki N, Masuoka K, Imamura Y. CD56-positive acute myeloid leukemia (AML-M1) with t(16;21)(p11;q22) presenting an extramedullary tumor in the right breast at relapse. Jpn J Clin Hematol 2002; 43: 560–566
  • Schwyzer R, Sherman G G, Cohn R J, Poole J E, Willem P. Granulocytic sarcoma in children with myeloblastic leukemia and t(8;21). Med Pediatr Oncol 1998; 31: 144–149
  • Weinblatt M E, Kochen J. Breast nodules as the initial site of relapse in childhood leukemia. Med Pediatr Oncol 1990; 18: 510–512
  • Yamamoto K, Akiyama H, Maruyama T, Sakamaki H, Onozawa Y, Kawaguchi K. Granulocytic sarcoma of the ovary in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia. Am J Hematol 1991; 38: 223–225
  • Antunez de Mayolo J, Ahn Y S, Temple J D, Harrington W J. Spontaneous remission of acute leukemia after the termination of pregnancy. Cancer 1989; 63: 1621–1623
  • Cheong S K, Chong S M. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia in relapse presenting as a breast lump: a case report. Med J Malaysia 1985; 40: 46–48
  • Chim C S, Shek T W, Liang R. Isolated relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in the breast masquerading as gynecomastia. Am J Med 2000; 108: 677–679
  • Cieslar P, Julis I. Blastic leukemia affecting mammary glands. Neoplasma 1975; 22: 551–558
  • Coletta G, Sacco M, Orlandi G. Pseudo tumore mammario in corso di leucosi acuta. Minerva Med 1978; 69: 325–336
  • Ellegaard J, Bendix-Hansen K, Boesen A M, Thorling K, Hokland P. Breast tumour as a first manifestation of extramedullary relapse in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Scand J Haematol 1984; 33: 288–294
  • Erduran E, Gedik Y, Orhan F, Reis A. Leukemic infiltrations of the peritoneum at diagnosis and the breast at relapse in a child with acute B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia. Med Pediatr Oncol 1999; 32: 71–72
  • Farah R A, Timmons C F, Aquino V M. Relapsed childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia presenting as an isolated breast mass. Clin Pediatr 1999; 38: 545–546
  • Ishida T, Yoshimoto M, Ono A, Saitoh N, Nakano T, Higaside T, et al. CD33-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia with breast tumor and cavernous sinus tumor. Jpn J Clin Hematol 1989; 30: 2194–2198
  • Kennedy B J, Bornstein R, Brunning R D, Oines D. Breast invol vement in acute lymphatic leukemia. Cancer 1970; 25: 693–696
  • Likaki-Karatza E, Mpadra F A, Karamouzis M V, Ravazoula P, Koukouras D, Margariti S, et al. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia relapse in the breast diagnosed with grayscale and color doppler sonography. J Clin Ultrasound 2002; 30: 552–556
  • McCrea E S, Johnston C, Haney P J. Metastases to the breast. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1983; 141: 685–690
  • Memis A, Killi R, Orguc S, Ustum E E. Bilateral breast involvement in acute lymphoblastic leukemia: color Doppler sonography findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1995; 165: 1011
  • Schröcksnadel H, Busch G, Aulitzky W, Tabarelli M. Bilateral breast tumours in acute lymphatic leukemia. Arch Gynecol Obstet 1990; 247: 43–45
  • Yang W T, Muttarak M, Ho L W. Nonmammary malignancies of the breast: ultrasound, CT, and MRI. Sem Ultrasound CT MR 2000; 21: 375–394
  • Miura H, Konaka C, Kawate N, Kato H, Miura R, Ebihara Y. Fine-needle aspiration cytology of metastatic breast tumor originating from leukemia. Diagn Cytopathol 1992; 8: 605–608
  • Ahrar K, McLeary M S, Young L W, Masotto M, Rouse G A. Granulocytic sarcoma (chloroma) of the breast in an adolescent patient: ultrasonographic findings. J Ultrasound Med 1998; 17: 383–384
  • De Rosa G, Pezzullo L, Lucania A, Selleri C, Rotoli B. High frequency of isolated extramedullary relapse in patients transplanted for acute myeloid leukemia [abstract]. Blood 1999; 94(Supp 1)380b
  • Bishop M R, Tarantolo S R, Pavletic S. Filgrastim as an alternative to donor leukocyte infusion for relapse after allogeneic stem-cell transplantation. J Clin Oncol 2000; 18: 2269–2272
  • Clift R A, Buckner C D, Appelbaum F R, Schoch G, Perterson F B, Bensinger W I. Allogeneic marrow transplantation during untreated first relapse of acute myeloid leukemia. J Clin Oncol 1992; 10: 1723–1729
  • Guermazi A, Quoc S N, Socie G, Brieve J, de Kerviler E, Solal-Celigny P, et al. Myeloblastoma (chloroma) in leukemia. Case 1. Granulocytic sarcoma of the breast. J Clin Oncol 2000; 18: 3993–3995
  • Hernandez J, Navarro J, Rozman M, Ribera J M, Rivira M, Bosch M A, et al. Primary myeloid sarcoma of the gynecologic tract: a report of two cases progressing to acute myeloid leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2002; 43: 2151–2153
  • Békássy A N, Hermans J, Gorin N C, Gratwohl A. Granulocytic sarcoma after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: a retrospective European multicenter survey. Bone Marrow Transplant 1996; 17: 801–808-UPN 25
  • Békássy A N, Hermans J, Gorin N C, Gratwohl A. Granulocytic sarcoma after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: a retrospective European multicenter survey. Bone Marrow Transplant 1996; 17: 801–808-UPN 26
  • Lee K H, Lee J H, Choi S J, Lee J H, Kim S, Seol M, et al. Bone marrow vs extramedullary relapse of acute leukemia after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation: risk factors and clinical course. Bone Marrow Transplant 2003; 32: 835–842
  • Li C K, Palmer S. Personal communication. 2001
  • Békássy A N, Hermans J, Gorin N C, Gratwohl A. Granulocytic sarcoma after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: a retrospective European multicenter survey. Bone Marrow Transplant 1996; 17: 801–808-UPN 5
  • Békássy A N, Hermans J, Gorin N C, Gratwohl A. Granulocytic sarcoma after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: a retrospective European multicenter survey. Bone Marrow Transplant 1996; 17: 801–808-UPN 6
  • Békássy A N, Hermans J, Gorin N C, Gratwohl A. Granulocytic sarcoma after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: a retrospective European multicenter survey. Bone Marrow Transplant 1996; 17: 801–808-UPN 7
  • Sharathkumar A, Thornley I, Lau W, Saunders E F, Freedman M, Calderwood S, et al. Donor lymphocyte infusions for children with post-transplant relapsed acute leukemia [abstract]. Blood 2000; 96(Supp 1)348b
  • Shimizu K, Kunii A, Hotta T, Utsumi M, Ohnishi K, Maeda H, et al. A potentially therapeutic approach to a non-leukemic patient with granulocytic sarcoma. Acta Haematol Jpn 1985; 48: 164–168
  • Weide R, Wacker H H, Köppler H, Görg C, Pflüger K H, Havemann K. Cutaneous monoblastic leukemia as a first sign of relapse six years after autologous bone marrow transplantation for acute leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 1996; 22: 527–529
  • Au W T, Chan A CL, Lie A KW, Chen F E, Liang R, Kwong Y L. Recurrent isolated extramedullary relapses as granulocytic sarcomas following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for acute myeloid leukemia. Bone Marrow Transplant 1998; 21: 205–208
  • Chong G, Byrnes G, Szer J, Grigg A. Extramedullary relapse after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for haematological malignancy. Bone Marrow Transplant 2000; 26: 1011–1015
  • Kelch B P, Bulova S I, Crilley P, Topolsky D, Amenta P S, Kahn S B, et al. An unusual extramedullary relapse of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Am J Clin Oncol 1990; 13: 238–243
  • Liu K, Mann K P, Garst J L, Dodd L G, Olatidoye B A. Diagnosis of posttransplant granulocytic sarcoma by fine-needle aspiration cytology and flow cytometry. Diagn Cytopathol 1999; 20: 85–89
  • Michel G, Boulad F, Small T N, Black P, Heller G, Castro-Malaspina H, et al. Risk of extramedullary relapse following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for acute myelogenous leukemia with leukemia cutis. Bone Marrow Transplant 1997; 20: 107–112
  • Ruiz-Argüelles G J, Gómez-Almaguer D, Vela-Ojeda J, Morales-Toquero A, David-Gómez-Rangel J, Garcia-Ruiz-Esparza M A, et al. Extramedullary leukemic relapses following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with nonmyeloablative conditioning. Int J Hematol 2005; 82: 262–265
  • Lee J H, Lee K H, Kim S, Seol M, Kim S H, Kim W K, et al. Combination chemotherapy of intermediate-dose cytarabine, idarubicin, plus etopside and subsequent mobilized donor leukocyte infusion for relapsed acute leukemia after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Leuk Res 2001; 25: 305–312
  • Schmid C, Lange C, Salat C, et al. Treatment of recurrent acute leukemia after marrow transplantation with donor cells and GM-CSF [abstract]. Blood 1999; 94(Supp 1)668a
  • Singhal S, Powles R, Treleaven J, Horton C, Tait D, Meller S. Central nervous system relapse after bone marrow transplantation for acute leukemia in first remission. Bone Marrow Transplant 1996; 17: 637–641
  • Baslar Z, Ongoren S, Soysal T, Ferhanoglu B, Aktuglu G, Ulku B. Extramedullary relapse after allogeneic stem cell transplantation [abstract]. Bone Marrow Transplant 1999; 23(Suppl 1)S2
  • Chateil J F, Arboucalot F, Perel Y, Brun M, Boisserie-Lacroix M, Diard F. Breast metastases in adolescent girls: US findings. Pediatr Radiol 1998; 28: 832–835
  • Conter V, D'Angelo P, Rovelli A, Uderzo C, Jankovic M, Bratina G, et al. Isolated breast relapse after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Med Pediatr Oncol 1992; 20: 165–168
  • Howrey R P, Martin P L, Driscoll T, Szaboles P, Kelly T, Shpall E J, et al. Graft-versus-leukemia-induced complete remission following unrelated umbilical cord blood transplantation for acute leukemia. Bone Marrow Transplant 2000; 26: 1251–1254
  • Manna A, Magli T. Extramedullary relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in the breast after allogeneic stem cell transplantation and concomitant persistence of donor hematopoiesis. Haematologica 2001; 86: 767–768
  • Mensah P. Personal communication. 2002
  • Nichols G. Personal communication. 2002
  • Patriarca F, Sperotto A, Skert C, Damiani D, Prosdocimo S, Fanin R. Successful treatment of hematological and extramedullary relapse of MLL-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia after bone marrow transplantation using donor leukocyte infusion. Ann Hematol 2004; 83: 667–669
  • Savasan S, Abella E, Karanes C, Ravindranath Y. Recurrent breast relapses in a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Acta Haematol 1998; 99: 95–97
  • Schäfer H, Bader P, Kaiserling E, Klingebiel T, Handgretinger R, Kanz L, et al. Extramedullary relapses at uncommon sites after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2000; 26: 1133–1134
  • Selleri C. Personal communication. 2003
  • Larson S M, Graff K S, Tretner I H, Zager R F, Henderson E A, Johnston G S. Positive gallium 67 photoscan in myeloblastoma. JAMA 1972; 222: 321–323
  • DeCosse J J, Berg J W, Fracchia A A, Farrow J H. Primary lymphosarcoma of the breast. A review of 14 cases. Cancer 1962; 15: 1264–1268
  • Topalovski M, Crisan D, Mattson J C. Lymphoma of the breast. A clinicopathologic study of primary and secondary cases. Arch Path Lab Med 1999; 123: 1208–1218
  • Pruthi S, Stafyla V K, Phillips S W, Porrata L F, Reynolds C A. Primary mammary (non-Hodgkin) lymphoma presenting as locally advanced breast cancer. Mayo Clin Proc 2004; 79: 1310–1314
  • Zucca E, Conconi A, Mughal T I, Sarris A H, Seymour J F, Vitolo U, et al. Patterns of outcome and prognostic factors in primary large-cell lymphoma of the testis in a survey by the International Extranodal Lymphoma Study Group. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21: 20–27
  • Touroutoglou N, Dimopoulos M A, Younes A, Hess M, Pugh W, Cox J, et al. Testicular lymphoma:late relapse and poor outcome despite doxorubicin-based therapy. J Clin Oncol 1995; 13: 1361–1367
  • Ngu V A. The African lymphoma (Burkitt tumour). Survivals exceeding two years. Br J Cancer 1965; 19: 101–107
  • Shepherd J J, Wright D H. Burkitt's tumour presenting as bilateral swelling of the breast in women of child-bearing age. Br J Surg 1967; 54: 776–780
  • Abhyankar S H, Chiang K Y, McGuirk J P, Pati A R, Godder K T, Welsh J A, et al. Late onset Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative disease after allogeneic bone marrow transplant presenting as breast masses. Bone Marrow Transplant 1998; 21: 295–297
  • Muss H B, Moloney W C. Chloroma and other myeloblastic tumors. Blood 1973; 42: 721–728
  • Anderson C D, Roberts G BS. A case of acute leukaemia with complete remission and death from subsequent development of chloromata. Glasgow Med J 1954; 35: 95–104
  • Liu P I, Ishimaru T, McGregor D H, Okada H, Steer A. Autopsy study of granulocytic sarcoma (chloroma) in patients with myelogenous leukemia, Hiroshima-Nagasaki 1949 – 1969. Cancer 1973; 31: 948–955
  • Frascella. Tumori. 1924; 10: 343
  • Kapur B ML, Guleria J S, Ghei R N, Chawla R. Leukaemic infiltration of the breast. Indian J Cancer 1968; 5: 287–288
  • Welsh T M, Thompson J, Lim S. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia in pregnancy. Leukemia 2006; 14: 1155
  • Lovett D, Dietz K, Gee T, Clarkson B. Acute leukemia associated with pregnancy: a poor prognostic sign for acute lymphoblastic leukemia [abstract]. Blood 1989; 74(Suppl 1)362a
  • Jones D ED, d'Avignon M B, Lawrence R, Latshaw R F. Burkitt's lymphoma: obstetric and gynecologic aspects. Obstet Gynecol 1980; 56: 533
  • Camera A, Campanile M, Catalano D, Mattace Raso A, Rotoli B. Relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukemia during pregnancy. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 1996; 17: 303–305

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.