The immunoglobulin genes: Structure and specificity in chronic lymphocytic leukemia

References

• Janeway C. Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease6th ed. Garland Science, New York 2005
   Google Scholar
• Binet J L, Auquier A, Dighiero G, Chastang C, Piguet H, Goasguen J, et al. A new prognostic classification of chronic lymphocytic leukemia derived from a multivariate survival analysis. Cancer 1981; 48: 198–206
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rai K R, Sawitsky A, Cronkite E P, Chanana A D, Levy R N, Pasternack B S. Clinical staging of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 1975; 46: 219–234
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kipps T J, Tomhave E, Pratt L F, Duffy S, Chen P P, Carson D A. Developmentally restricted immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region gene expressed at high frequency in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989; 86: 5913–5917
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Logtenberg T, Schutte M E, Inghirami G, Berman J E, Gmelig-Meyling F H, Insel R A, et al. Immunoglobulin VH gene expression in human B cell lines and tumors: biased VH gene expression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Int Immunol 1989; 1: 362–366
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fais F, Ghiotto F, Hashimoto S, Sellars B, Valetto A, Allen S L, et al. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells express restricted sets of mutated and unmutated antigen receptors. J Clin Invest 1998; 102: 1515–1525
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroeder H W, Jr, Dighiero G. The pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia: analysis of the antibody repertoire [see comments]. Immunol Today 1994; 15: 288–294
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Damle R N, Wasil T, Fais F, Ghiotto F, Valetto A, Allen S L, et al. Ig V gene mutation status and CD38 expression as novel prognostic indicators in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 1999; 94: 1840–1847
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamblin T J, Davis Z, Gardiner A, Oscier D G, Stevenson F K. Unmutated Ig V(H) genes are associated with a more aggressive form of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 1999; 94: 1848–1854
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelsoe G. The germinal center: a crucible for lymphocyte selection. Semin Immunol 1996; 8: 179–184
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Deane M, Norton J D. Preferential rearrangement of developmentally regulated immunoglobulin VH1 genes in human B-lineage leukaemias. Leukemia 1991; 5: 646–650
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebeling S B, Schutte M E, Akkermans-Koolhaas K E, Bloem A C, Gmelig-Meyling F H, Logtenberg T. Expression of members of the immunoglobulin VH3 gene families is not restricted at the level of individual genes in human chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Int Immunol 1992; 4: 313–320
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maloum K, Davi F, Merle-Beral H, Pritsch O, Magnac C, Vuillier F, et al. Expression of unmutated VH genes is a detrimental prognostic factor in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2000; 96: 377–379
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thunberg U, Johnson A, Roos G, Thorn I, Tobin G, Sallstrom J, et al. CD38 expression is a poor predictor for VH gene mutational status and prognosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2001; 97: 1892–1894
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oscier D G, Gardiner A C, Mould S J, Glide S, Davis Z A, Ibbotson R E, et al. Multivariate analysis of prognostic factors in CLL: clinical stage, IGVH gene mutational status, and loss or mutation of the p53 gene are independent prognostic factors. Blood 2002; 100: 1177–1184
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oscier D G, Thompsett A, Zhu D, Stevenson F K. Differential rates of somatic hypermutation in V(H) genes among subsets of chronic lymphocytic leukemia defined by chromosomal abnormalities. Blood 1997; 89: 4153–4160
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenquist R, Lindstrom A, Holmberg D, Lindh J, Roos G. V(H) gene family utilization in different B-cell lymphoma subgroups. Eur J Haematol 1999; 62: 123–128
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tobin G, Thunberg U, Johnson A, Eriksson I, Soderberg O, Karlsson K, et al. Chronic lymphocytic leukemias utilizing the VH3-21 gene display highly restricted Vlambda2-14 gene use and homologous CDR3s: implicating recognition of a common antigen epitope. Blood 2003; 101: 4952–4957
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tobin G, Thunberg U, Johnson A, Thorn I, Soderberg O, Hultdin M, et al. Somatically mutated Ig V(H)3-21 genes characterize a new subset of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2002; 99: 2262–2264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson T A, Rassenti L Z, Kipps T J. Ig VH1 genes expressed in B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia exhibit distinctive molecular features. J Immunol 1997; 158: 235–246
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potter K N, Orchard J, Critchley E, Mockridge C I, Jose A, Stevenson F K. Features of the overexpressed V1-69 genes in the unmutated subset of chronic lymphocytic leukemia are distinct from those in the healthy elderly repertoire. Blood 2003; 101: 3082–3084
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorselius M, Krober A, Murray F, Thunberg U, Tobin G, Buhler A, et al. Strikingly homologous immunoglobulin gene rearrangements and poor outcome in VH3-21-using chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients independent of geographic origin and mutational status. Blood 2006; 107: 2889–2894
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghia P, Stamatopoulos K, Belessi C, Moreno C, Stella S, Guida G, et al. Geographical patterns and pathogenetic implications of IGHV gene usage in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: the lesson of the IGHV3-21 gene. Blood 2005; 105: 1678–1685
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews C, Catherwood M A, Morris T C, Alexander H D. V(H)3-48 and V(H)3-53, as well as V(H)3-21, gene rearrangements define unique subgroups in CLL and are associated with biased lambda light chain restriction, homologous LCDR3 sequences and poor prognosis. Leuk Res 2007; 31: 231–234
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falt S, Merup M, Tobin G, Thunberg U, Gahrton G, Rosenquist R, et al. Distinctive gene expression pattern in VH3-21 utilizing B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2005; 106: 681–689
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kienle D, Benner A, Krober A, Winkler D, Mertens D, Buhler A, et al. Distinct gene expression patterns in chronic lymphocytic leukemia defined by usage of specific VH genes. Blood 2006; 107: 2090–2093
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capello D, Guarini A, Berra E, Mauro F R, Rossi D, Ghia E, et al. Evidence of biased immunoglobulin variable gene usage in highly stable B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia 2004; 18: 1941–1947
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews C, Catherwood M A, Larkin A M, Clynes M, Morris T C, Alexander H D. MDR-1, but not MDR-3 gene expression, is associated with unmutated IgVH genes and poor prognosis chromosomal aberrations in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2006; 47: 2308–2313
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tobin G, Thunberg U, Karlsson K, Murray F, Laurell A, Willander K, et al. Subsets with restricted immunoglobulin gene rearrangement features indicate a role for antigen selection in the development of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2004; 104: 2879–2885
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Widhopf GF I I, Rassenti L Z, Toy T L, Gribben J G, Wierda W G, Kipps T J. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells of more than 1% of patients express virtually identical immunoglobulins. Blood 2004; 104: 2499–2504
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghiotto F, Fais F, Valetto A, Albesiano E, Hashimoto S, Dono M, et al. Remarkably similar antigen receptors among a subset of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Invest 2004; 113: 1008–1016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messmer B T, Albesiano E, Efremov D G, Ghiotto F, Allen S L, Kolitz J, et al. Multiple distinct sets of stereotyped antigen receptors indicate a role for antigen in promoting chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Exp Med 2004; 200: 519–525
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stamatopoulos K, Belessi C, Moreno C, Boudjograh M, Guida G, Smilevska T, et al. Over 20% of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia carry stereotyped receptors: pathogenetic implications and clinical correlations. Blood 2007; 109: 259–270
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stamatopoulos K, Belessi C, Hadzidimitriou A, Smilevska T, Kalagiakou E, Hatzi K, et al. Immunoglobulin light chain repertoire in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2005; 106: 3575–3583
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belessi C, Stamatopoulos K, Hadzidimitriou A, Hatzi K, Smilevska T, Stavroyianni N, et al. Analysis of expressed and non-expressed IGK locus rearrangements in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Mol Med 2005; 11: 52–58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belessi C J, Davi F B, Stamatopoulos K E, Degano M, Andreou T M, Moreno C, et al. IGHV gene insertions and deletions in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: “CLL-biased” deletions in a subset of cases with stereotyped receptors. Eur J Immunol Jul, 2006; 36: 1963–1974
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messmer B T, Albesiano E, Messmer D, Chiorazzi N. The pattern and distribution of immunoglobulin VH gene mutations in chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells are consistent with the canonical somatic hypermutation process. Blood 2004; 103: 3490–3495
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broker B M, Klajman A, Youinou P, Jouquan J, Worman C P, Murphy J, et al. Chronic lymphocytic leukemic (CLL) cells secrete multispecific autoantibodies. J Autoimmun 1988; 1: 469–481
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kipps T J, Robbins B A, Kuster P, Carson D A. Autoantibody-associated cross-reactive idiotypes expressed at high frequency in chronic lymphocytic leukemia relative to B-cell lymphomas of follicular center cell origin. Blood 1988; 72: 422–428
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sthoeger Z M, Wakai M, Tse D B, Vinciguerra V P, Allen S L, Budman D R, et al. Production of autoantibodies by CD5-expressing B lymphocytes from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Exp Med 1989; 169: 255–268
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herve M, Xu K, Ng Y S, Wardemann H, Albesiano E, Messmer B T, et al. Unmutated and mutated chronic lymphocytic leukemias derive from self-reactive B cell precursors despite expressing different antibody reactivity. J Clin Invest 2005; 115: 1636–1643
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanemo A, Hellqvist E, Sidorova E, Rosen A. Vimentin-specific B cell receptor (VH3-30+/Vλ3-3+) identified in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: evidence for autoantigen-driven leukemogenesis. Leuk Lymphoma 2005; 46: S37–S38
   Google Scholar
• Hatzi K, Catera R, Ferrarini M, Fischetti V, Herve M, Meffre E, et al. B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) cells express antibodies reactive with antigenic epitopes expressed on the surface of common bacteria. ASH Annu Meet Abstr 2006; 108: 25
   Google Scholar
• Catera R, Hatzi K, Chu C C, Herve M, Meffre E, Ferrarini M, et al. Polyreactive monoclonal antibodies synthesized by some B-CLL cells recognize specific antigens on viable and apoptotic T cells. ASH Annu Meet Abstr 2006; 108: 2813
   Google Scholar
• Deglesne P A, Chevallier N, Letestu R, Baran-Marszak F, Beitar T, Salanoubat C, et al. Survival response to B-cell receptor ligation is restricted to progressive chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells irrespective of Zap70 expression. Cancer Res 2006; 66: 7158–7166
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vallat L D, Park Y, Li C, Gribben J G. Temporal genetic program following B-cell receptor cross-linking: altered balance between proliferation and death in healthy and malignant B cells. Blood 2007, [Epub ahead of print]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar