Managing CNS disease in adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia

References

• Pui CH, Evans WE. Treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:166–178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gökbuget N, Hoelzer D. Meningeosis leukaemica in adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. J Neurooncol. 1998;38:167–180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cortes J. Central nervous system involvement in adult acute lymphocytic leukemia. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2001;15:145–162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassan R, Hoelzer D. Modern therapy of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:532–543.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazarus HM, Richards SM, Chopra R, et al. Central nervous system involvement in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia at diagnosis: results from the international ALL trial MRC UKALL XII/ECOG E2993. Blood. 2006;108:465–472.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kantarjian HM, Walters RS, Smith TL, et al. Identification of risk groups for development of central nervous system leukemia in adults with acute lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 1998;72:1784–1789.
   Google Scholar
• Aur RJ, Simone J, Hustu HO, et al. Central nervous system therapy and combination chemotherapy of childhood lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 1971;37:272–281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pui CH, Thiel E. Central nervous system disease in hematologic malignancies: historical perspective and practical applications. Semin Oncol. 2009;36(4 Suppl 2):S2–S16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards S, Pui CH, Gaynon P. Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Collaborative Group (CALLCG). Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials of central nervous system directed therapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2013;60:185–195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiere D, Lepage E, Sebban C, et al. Adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a multicentric randomized trial testing bone marrow transplantation as postremission therapy. The French Group on Therapy for Adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 1993;11:1990–2001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kantarjian HM, O’Brien S, Smith TL, et al. Results of treatment with hyper-CVAD, a dose-intensive regimen, in adult acute lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18:547–561.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersdorf SH, Kopecky KJ, Head DR, et al. Comparison of the L10M consolidation regimen to an alternative regimen including escalating methotrexate/L-asparaginase for adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a Southwest Oncology Group Study. Leukemia. 2001;15:208–216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mastrangelo R, Poplack D, Bleyer A, et al. Report and recommendations of the Rome workshop concerning poor-prognosis acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children: biologic bases for staging, stratification, and treatment. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1986;14:191–194.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pui CH, Mahmoud HH, Rivera GK, et al. Early intensification of intrathecal chemotherapy virtually eliminates central nervous system relapse in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. 1998;92:411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahmoud HH, Rivera GK, Jancock ML, et al. Low leukocyte counts with blast cells in cerebrospinal fluid of children with newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:314–319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pui CH, Howard SC. Current management and challenges of malignant disease in the CNS in paediatric leukaemia. Lancet Oncol. 2008;9:257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bürger B, Zimmermann M, Mann G, et al. Diagnostic cerebrospinal fluid examination in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: significance of low leukocyte counts with blasts or traumatic lumbar puncture. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Principe MI, Buccisano F, Cefalo M, et al. High sensitivity of flow cytometry improves detection of occult leptomeningeal disease in acute lymphoblastic leukemia and lymphoblastic lymphoma. Ann Hematol. 2014;93:1509–1513.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stock W, Luger SM, Advani AS, et al. Favorable outcomes for older adolescents and young adults (AYA) with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: early results of U.S. intergroup trial C10403. Blood. 2014;124:796.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matloub Y, Lindemulder S, Gaynon PS, et al. Intrathecal triple therapy decreases central nervous system relapse but fails to improve event-free survival when compared to intrathecal methotrexate: results of the Children’s Cancer Group (CCG) 1952 study for standard-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia. A report from the Children’s Oncology Group. Blood. 2006;108:1165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moghrabi A, Levy DE, Asselin B, et al. Results of the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute ALL consortium protocol 95-01 for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. 2007;109:896.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pui CH, Campana D, Pei D, et al. Treating childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia without prophylactic cranial irradiation. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:2730.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veerman AJ, Kamps WA, ven den Berg H, et al. Dexamethasone-based therapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: results of the prospective Dutch Childhood Oncology Group (DCOG) protocol ALL-9 (1997–2004). Lancet Oncol. 2009;10:957.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cortes J, O’Brien SM, Pierce S, et al. The value of high-dose systemic chemotherapy and intrathecal therapy for central nervous system prophylaxis in different risk groups of adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. 1995;86:2091–2097.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeAngelo DJ, Stevenson KE, Dahlberg SE, et al. Long-term outcome of a pediatric-inspired regimen used for adults aged 18–50 years with newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia. 2015;29:526–534.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas DA, O’Brien S, Faderl S, et al. Chemoimmunotherapy with a modified hyper-CVAD and rituximab regimen improves outcome in de novo Philadelphia chromosome-negative precursor B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia. JCO. 2010;28:3880.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones B, Freeman AI, Shuster JJ, et al. Lower incidence of meningeal leukemia when prednisone is replaced by dexamethasone in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1991;19:269–275.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dinndorf PA, Gootenberg J, Cohen MH, et al. FDA drug approval summary: pegaspargase (Oncospar) for the first-line treatment of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The Oncologist. 2007;12:991–998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angiolillo AL, Schore RJ, Devidas M, et al. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of calaspargase pegol Escherichia coli l-asparaginase in the treatment of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: results from Children’s Oncology Group study AALL07PA. JCO. 2014;32:3874–3882.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kantarjian HM, Thomas D, O'Brien S, et al. Long-term follow-up results of hyperfractionated cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone (Hyper-CVAD), a dose-intensive regimen, in adult acute lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer. 2004;101:2788.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aldoss I, Al Malki MM, Stiller T, et al. Implications and management of central nervous system involvement before allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2016;22:575–578.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shigematsu A, Kako S, Mitsuhashi K, et al. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation for adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia who had central nervous system involvement: a study from the Adult ALL Working Group of the Japan Society for Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation. Int J Hematol 2017; (published on line 14 February 2017).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laningham FH, Kun LE, Reddick WE, et al. Childhood central nervous system leukemia: historical perspectives, current therapy, and acute neurological sequelae. Neuroradiology. 2007;49:873–888.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corinne H. Device: ventricular reservoir. In: Ratain MJ, Tempero M, Skosey C, editors. Outline of oncology therapeutics. Philadelphia (PA): W.B. Saunders Company; 2001. p. 226–228.
   Google Scholar
• Fielding AK, Richards SM, Chopra R, et al. Outcome of 609 adults after relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL): an MRC UKALL12/ECOG 2993 study. Blood. 2007;109:944–950.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Surapaneni UR, Cortes JE, Thomas D, et al. Central nervous system relapse in adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer. 2002;94:773–779.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhojwani D, Sabin ND, Pei D, et al. Methotrexate-induced neurotoxicity and leukoencephalopathy in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. JCO. 2014;32:949–959.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bleyer WA. Intrathecal methotrexate versus central nervous system leukemia. Cancer Drug Deliv. 1984;1:157–167.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ackland SP, Schilsky RL. High-dose methotrexate: a critical reappraisal. J Clin Oncol. 1987;5:2017–2031.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balis FM, Poplack DG. Central nervous system pharmacology of antileukemic drugs. Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 1989;11:74–86.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bostrom BC, Erdmann GR, Kamen BA. Systemic methotrexate exposure is greater after intrathecal than after oral administration. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2003;25:114–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilchrist NL, Caldwell J, Watson ID, et al. Comparison of serum and cerebrospinal fluid levels of methotrexate in man during high-dose chemotherapy for aggressive non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1985;15:290–294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jabbour E, Thomas D, Cortes J, et al. Central nervous system prophylaxis in adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: current and emerging therapies. Cancer. 2010;116:2290–2300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen EC, Devidas M, Chen S, et al. Dexamethasone and high-dose methotrexate improve outcome for children and young adults with high-risk B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a report from Children’s Oncology Group study AALL0232. JCO. 2016;30:2380–2388.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stock W, Johnson JL, Stone RM, et al. Dose intensification of daunorubicin and cytarabine during treatment of adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Results of Cancer and Leukemia Group B study 19802. Cancer. 2013;119:90–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abramson JS, Hellmann M, Barnes JA, et al. Intravenous methotrexate as central nervous system (CNS) prophylaxis is associated with a low risk of CNS recurrence in high-risk patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Cancer. 2010;116:4283–4290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheah CY, Herbert KE, O’Rourke K, et al. A multicentre retrospective comparison of central nervous system prophylaxis strategies among patients with high-risk diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Br J Cancer. 2014;111:1072–1079.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fritsch K, Kasenda B, Schorb E, et al. High-dose methotrexate-based immuno-chemotherapy for elderly primary CNS lymphoma patients (PRIMAIN study). Leukemia. 2017;31:846–852.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• May J, Carson KR, Butler S, et al. High incidence of methotrexate associated renal toxicity in patients with lymphoma: a retrospective analysis. Leuk Lymph. 2014;55:1345–1349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinn CT, Kamen BA. A biochemical perspective of methotrexate neurotoxicity with insight on nonfolate rescue modalities. J Invest Med. 1996;44:522–530.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinn CT, Griener JC, Bottiglieri T, et al. Methotrexate, homocysteine, and seizures. J Clin Oncol. 1998;16:393–394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drachtman RA, Cole PD, Golden CB, et al. Dextromethorphan is effective in the treatment of subacute methotrexate neurotoxicity. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2002;19:319–327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valle DA, Kakehasi FM, Melo RM, et al. Stroke-like encephalopathy following high-dose intravenous methotrexate in an adolescent with osteosarcoma: a case report. Rev Bras Hematol Hemoter. 2016;38:364–367.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pavlidou E, Pavlou E, Anastasiou A, et al. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome after intrathecal methotrexate infusion: a case report and literature update. Quant Imaging Med Surg. 2016;6:605–611.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmiegelow K, Attarbaschi A, Barzilai S, et al. Consensus definitions of 14 severe acute toxic effects for childhood lymphoblastic leukaemia treatment: a Delphi consensus. Lancet Oncol. 2016;17:e231–e239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jabbour E, O'Brien S, Kantarjian H, et al. Neurologic complications associated with intrathecal liposomal cytarabine given prophylactically in combination with high-dose methotrexate and cytarabine to patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 2007;109:3214–3218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gökbuget N, Hartog CM, Bassan R, et al. Liposomal cytarabine is effective and tolerable in the treatment of central nervous system relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and very aggressive lymphoma. Haematologica. 2011;96:238–244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassan R, Masciulli A, Intermesoli T, et al. Randomized trial of radiation-free central nervous system prophylaxis comparing intrathecal triple therapy with liposomal cytarabine in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Haematologica. 2015;100:786–793.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porkka K, Koskenvesa P, Lundán T, et al. Dasatinib crosses the blood–brain barrier and is an efficient therapy for central nervous system Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukemia. Blood. 2008;112:1005–1012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wieduwilt MJ, Yin J, Wetzler M, et al. A phase II study of dasatinib and dexamethasone as primary therapy followed by hematopoietic cell transplantation for adults with Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia: CALGB Study 10701 (Alliance). Blood. 2016;128: (abstract).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Senior K. Gleevec does not cross blood-brain barrier. Lancet Oncol. 2003;4:198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfeifer H, Wassmann B, Hofmann WK, et al. Risk and prognosis of central nervous system leukemia in patients with Philadelphia chromosome positive acute leukemias treated with imatinib mesylate. Clin Cancer Res. 2003;9:4674–4681.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravandi F, O’Brien SM, Cortes JE, et al. Long-term follow-up of a phase 2 study of chemotherapy plus dasatinib for the initial treatment of patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer. 2015;121:4158–4164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grissinger M. Death and neurological devastation from intrathecal vinca alkaloids. P T. 2016;41:464–525.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schulmeister L. Preventing vincristine administration errors: does evidence support minibag infusions? Clin J Oncol Nursing. 2006;10:271–273.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sancho JM, Ribera JM, Oriol A, et al. Central nervous system recurrence in adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: frequency and prognosis in 467 patients without cranial irradiation for prophylaxis. Cancer. 2006;106:2540–2546.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagedorn N, Acquaviva C, Fronkova E, et al. Submicroscopic bone marrow involvement in isolated extramedullary relapses in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a more precise definition of “isolated” and its possible clinical implications, a collaborative study of the Resistant Disease Committee of the international BFM study group. Blood. 2007;110:4022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribeiro RC, Rivera GK, Hudson M, et al. An intensive re-treatment protocol for children with an isolated CNS relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 1995;13:333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritchey AK, Pollock BH, Lauer SJ, et al. Improved survival of children with isolated CNS relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a pediatric Oncology Group study. JCO. 1999;17:3745.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barredo J, Devidas M, Lauer SJ, et al. Isolated CNS relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with intensive systemic chemotherapy and delayed CNS radiation: a Pediatric Oncology Group study. JCO. 2006;24:3142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su W, Thompson M, Sheu RD, et al. Low-dose cranial boost in high-risk adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients undergoing bone marrow transplant. Pract Radiat Oncol. 2017;7:103–108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamdi A, Mawad R, Bassett R, et al. Central nervous system relapse in adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2014;20:1767–1771.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Topp MS, Gökbuget N, Stein AS, et al. Safety and activity of blinatumomab for adult patients with relapsed or refractory B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: a multicentre, single-arm, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16:57–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rheingold SR, Chen LN, Maude SL, et al. Efficient trafficking of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cells to CSF and induction of durable CNS remissions in children with CNS/combined relapsed/refractory ALL. Blood. 2015;126:3769. (abstract).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ceppi F, Weitzman S, Woessmann W, et al. Safety and efficacy of intrathecal rituximab in children with B cell lymphoid CD201 malignancies: an international retrospective study. Am J Hematol. 2016;91:486–491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar