A real-world study of clofarabine and cytarabine combination therapy for patients with acute myeloid leukemia

References

• Burnett AK, Russell NH, Hills RK, et al. A randomized comparison of daunorubicin 90 mg/m2 vs 60 mg/m2 in AML induction: results from the UK NCRI AML17 trial in 1206 patients. Blood. 2015;125:3878–3885.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kantarjian HM, Thomas XG, Dmoszynska A, et al. Multicenter, randomized, open-label, phase III trial of decitabine versus patient choice, with physician advice, of either supportive care or low-dose cytarabine for the treatment of older patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30:2670–2677.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenaux P, Mufti GJ, Hellström-Lindberg E, et al. Azacitidine prolongs overall survival compared with conventional care regimens in elderly patients with low bone marrow blast count acute myeloid leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:562–569.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burnett AK, Milligan D, Prentice AG, et al. A comparison of low-dose cytarabine and hydroxyurea with or without all-trans retinoic acid for acute myeloid leukemia and high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome in patients not considered fit for intensive treatment. Cancer. 2007;109:1114–1124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gore SD, Fenaux P, Santini V, et al. A multivariate analysis of the relationship between response and survival among patients with higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes treated within azacitidine or conventional care regimens in the randomized AZA-001 trial. Haematologica. 2013;98:1067–1072.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhenchuk A, Lotfi K, Juliusson G, et al. Mechanisms of anti-cancer action and pharmacology of clofarabine. Biochem Pharmacol. 2009;78:1351–1359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie C, Plunkett W. Metabolism and actions of 2-chloro-9-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-beta-D- arabinofuranosyl)-adenine in human lymphoblastoid cells. Cancer Res. 1995;55:2847–2852.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper T, Ayres M, Nowak B, et al. Biochemical modulation of cytarabine triphosphate by clofarabine. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2005;55:361–368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faderl S. Clofarabine and cytarabine combination as induction therapy for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in patients 50 years of age or older. Blood. 2006;108:45–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faderl S, Ravandi F, Huang X, et al. Clofarabine plus low-dose cytarabine followed by clofarabine plus low-dose cytarabine alternating with decitabine in acute myeloid leukemia frontline therapy for older patients. Cancer. 2012;118:4471–4477.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agura E, Cooper B, Holmes H, et al. Report of a phase II study of clofarabine and cytarabine in de novo and relapsed and refractory AML patients and in selected elderly patients at high risk for anthracycline toxicity. Oncologist. 2011;16:197–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faderl S, Ravandi F, Huang X, et al. A randomized study of clofarabine versus clofarabine plus low-dose cytarabine as front-line therapy for patients aged 60 years and older with acute myeloid leukemia and high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome. Blood. 2008;112:1638–1645.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Löwenberg B, Pabst T, Maertens J, et al. Therapeutic value of clofarabine in younger and middle aged (18–65 yrs) adults with newly diagnosed AML. Blood. 2017;129:1636–1645.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price SL, Lancet JE, George TJ, et al. Salvage chemotherapy regimens for acute myeloid leukemia: is one better? Efficacy comparison between CLAG and MEC regimens. Leuk Res. 2011;35:301–304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faderl S, Wetzler M, Rizzieri D, et al. Clofarabine plus cytarabine compared with cytarabine alone in older patients with relapsed or refractory acute myelogenous leukemia: results from the CLASSIC I trial. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30:2492–2499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Döhner H, Estey E, Grimwade D, et al. Diagnosis and management of AML in adults: 2017 ELN recommendations from an international expert panel. Blood. 2017;129:424–447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Pauw B, Walsh TJ, Donnelly JP, et al. Revised definitions of invasive fungal disease from the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Invasive Fungal Infections Cooperative Group and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group (EORTC/MSG) C. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46:1813–1821.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charlson M, Szatrowski TP, Peterson J, et al. Validation of a combined comorbidity index. J Clin Epidemiol. 1994;47:1245–1251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan EL, Meier P. Nonparametric estimation from incomplete observations. J Am Stat Assoc. 1958;53:457–481.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziogas DC, Voulgarelis M, Zintzaras E. A network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of induction treatments in acute myeloid leukemia in the elderly. Clin Ther. 2011;33:254–279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts DA, Wadleigh M, McDonnell AM, et al. Low efficacy and high mortality associated with clofarabine treatment of relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes. Leuk Res. 2015;39:204–210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juliusson G. Older patients with acute myeloid leukemia benefit from intensive chemotherapy: an update from the Swedish acute leukemia registry. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2011;11:S54–S59.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kantarjian H, Ravandi F, Brien SO, et al. Intensive chemotherapy does not benefit most older patients (age 70 years or older) with acute myeloid leukemia. Blood. 2010;116:4422–4429.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kantarjian HM, Erba HP, Claxton D, et al. Phase II study of clofarabine monotherapy in previously untreated older adults with acute myeloid leukemia and unfavorable prognostic factors. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:549–555.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welch JS, Petti AA, Miller CA, et al. TP53 and decitabine in acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:2023–2036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker PS, Kantarjian HM, Appelbaum FR, et al. Clofarabine with high dose cytarabine and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) priming for relapsed and refractory acute myeloid leukaemia. Br J Haematol. 2011;155:182–189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scappini B, Gianfaldoni G, Caracciolo F, et al. Cytarabine and clofarabine after high-dose cytarabine in relapsed or refractory AML patients. Am J Hematol. 2012;87:1047–1051.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffin PT, Komrokji RS, Sweet K, et al. Bone marrow cellularity at day 14 is the most important predictive factor for response in patients with AML who require double-induction chemotherapy: analysis from a large, single institution experience. Am J Hematol. 2017;92:232–237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koreth J, Schlenk R, Kopecky KJ, et al. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation for acute myeloid leukemia in first complete remission: systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective clinical trials. JAMA. 2009;301:2349–2361.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He F, Cao Q, Lazaryan A, et al. Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation for older patients: prognosis determined by disease risk index. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2017;23:1485–1490.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar