608
Views
24
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Current concepts in tumor imaging with whole-body MRI with diffusion imaging (WB-MRI-DWI) in multiple myeloma and lymphoma

ORCID Icon, , ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon &
Pages 2546-2556 | Received 11 Sep 2017, Accepted 23 Jan 2018, Published online: 12 Feb 2018

References

  • Eustace SJ, Walker R, Blake M, et al. Whole-body MR imaging. Practical issues, clinical applications, and future directions. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 1999;7:209–236.
  • Takahara T, Imai Y, Yamashita T, et al. Diffusion weighted whole body imaging with background body signal suppression (DWIBS): technical improvement using free breathing, STIR and high resolution 3D display. Radiat Med. 2004;22:275–282.
  • Stecco A, Romano G, Negru M, et al. Whole-body diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in the staging of oncological patients: comparison with positron emission tomography computed tomography (PET-CT) in a pilot study. Radiol Med. 2009;114:1–17.
  • Stecco A, Lombardi M, Leva L, et al. Diagnostic accuracy and agreement between whole-body diffusion MRI and bone scintigraphy in detecting bone metastases. Radiol Med. 2013;118:465–475.
  • Stecco A, Buemi F, Quagliozzi M, et al. Staging of primary abdominal lymphomas: comparison of whole-body MRI with diffusion-weighted imaging and (18)F-FDG-PET/CT. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2015;2015:104794.
  • Kessler LG, Barnhart HX, Buckler AJ, et al. The emerging science of quantitative imaging biomarkers terminology and definitions for scientific studies and regulatory submissions. Stat Methods Med Res. 2015;24:9–26.
  • Thoeny HC, De Keyzer F. Extracranial applications of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Eur Radiol. 2007;17:1385–1393.
  • Padhani AR, Liu G, Koh DM, et al. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging as a cancer biomarker: consensus and recommendations. Neoplasia. 2009;11:102–125.
  • Ginat DT, Mangla R, Yeaney G, et al. Diffusion-weighted imaging for differentiating benign from malignant skull lesions and correlation with cell density. Am J Roentgenol. 2012;198:W597–W601.
  • Tondo F, Saponaro A, Stecco A, et al. Role of diffusion-weighted imaging in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant lesions of the chest-mediastinum. Radiol Med. 2011;116:720–733.
  • Bhatia S, Yasui Y, Robison LL, et al. High risk of subsequent neoplasms continues with extended follow-up of childhood Hodgkin's disease: report from the Late Effects Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:4386–4394.
  • El-Galaly TC, Jakobsen LH, Hutchings M, et al. Routine imaging for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in first complete remission does not improve post-treatment survival: a Danish-Swedish population-based study. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33:3993–3998.
  • Picardi M, Pugliese N, Cirillo M, et al. Advanced-stage Hodgkin lymphoma: US/chest radiography for detection of relapse in patients in first complete remission – a randomized trial of routine surveillance imaging procedures. Radiology. 2014;272:262–274.
  • Nanni C, Rubello D, Fanti S, et al. Role of 18F-FDG-PETand PET/CT imaging in thyroid cancer. Biomed Pharmacother. 2006;60:409–413.
  • Kyle RA, Durie BG, Rajkumar SV, et al. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and smoldering (asymptomatic) multiple myeloma: IMWG consensus perspectives risk factors for progression and guidelines for monitoring and management. Leukemia. 2010;24:1121–1127.
  • Smith D, Yong K. Multiple myeloma. BMJ. 2013;346:f3863.
  • Wadhera RK, Rajkumar SV. Prevalence of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance: a systematic review. Mayo Clin Proc. 2010;85:933–942.
  • Criteria for the classification of monoclonal gammopathies, multiple myeloma and related disorders: a report of the International Myeloma Working Group. Br J Haematol. 2003;121:749–757.
  • Kyle RA, Therneau TM, Rajkumar SV, et al. Prevalence of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:1362–1369.
  • Kyle RA, Buadi F, Rajkumar SV. Management of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM). Oncology (Williston Park). 2011;25:578–586.
  • Rajkumar SV, Dimopoulos MA, Palumbo A, et al. International myeloma working group updated criteria for the diagnosis of multiple myeloma. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15:e538–e548.
  • Rajkumar SV. Myeloma today: disease definitions and treatment advances. Am J Hematol. 2016;91:90–100.
  • Pratt G, Bowcock S, Chantry A, et al. Time to redefine myeloma. Br J Haematol. 2015;171:1–10.
  • Collins CD. Multiple myeloma. Cancer Imaging. 2004;4:S47–S53.
  • Hillengass J, Landgren O. Challenges and opportunities of novel imaging techniques in monoclonal plasma cell disorders: imaging “early myeloma”. Leuk Lymphoma. 2013;54:1355–1363.
  • Zamagni E, Nanni C, Patriarca F, et al. Frequency, distribution and clinical management of incidental findings and extramedullary plasmacytomas in whole body diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging in patients with multiple myeloma. Haematologica. 2007;92:50–55.
  • Lu YY1, Chen JH, Lin WY, et al. FDG PET or PET/CT for detecting intramedullary and extramedullary lesions in multiple Myeloma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Nucl Med. 2012;37:833–837.
  • Dimopoulos M, Terpos E, Comenzo RL, et al. and the IMWG. International myeloma working group consensus statement and guidelines regarding the current role of imaging techniques in the diagnosis and monitoring of multiple Myeloma. Leukemia. 2009;23:1545–1556.
  • Moulopoulos LA, Dimopoulos MA, Smith TL, et al. Prognostic significance of magnetic resonance imaging in patients with asymptomatic multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol. 1995;13:251–256.
  • Mariette X, Zagdanski AM, Guermazi A, et al. Prognostic value of vertebral lesions detected by magnetic resonance imaging in patients with stage I multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol. 1999;104:723–729.
  • Wang M, Alexa nian R, Delasalle K, Weber D. Abnormal MRI of spine is the dominant risk factor for early progression of asymptomatic multiple myeloma. Blood. 2003;102:687a.
  • Hillengass J, Fechtner K, Weber MA, et al. Prognostic significance of focal lesions in whole-body magnetic resonance imaging in patients with asymptomatic multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:1606–1610.
  • Kastritis E, Moulopoulos LA, Terpos E, et al. The prognostic importance of the presence of more than one focal lesion in spine MRI of patients with asymptomatic (smoldering) multiple myeloma. Leukemia. 2014;28:2402–2403.
  • Merz M, Hielscher T, Wagner B, et al. Predictive value of longitudinal whole-body magnetic resonance imaging in patients with smoldering multiple myeloma. Leukemia. 2014;28:1902–1908.
  • Terpos E, Kleber M, Engelhardt M, et al. European Myeloma Network guidelines for the management of multiple myeloma-related complications. Haematologica. 2015;100:1254–1266.
  • Del Grande Farahani SJ, Carrino JA. Bone marrow lesions: a systematic diagnostic approach. Indian J Radiol Imaging. 2014;24:279–287.
  • Zampa V, Cosottini M, Michelassi C, et al. Value of opposed-phase gradient-echo technique in distinguishing between benign and malignant vertebral lesions. Eur Radiol. 2002;12:1811–1818.
  • El-Samie HAE-KA, El-Ghany HSA. The value of added opposed/in phase MRI sequences in characterization of the focal vertebral bone marrow lesions in oncology patients. Egypt J Radiol Nucl Med. 2015;46:727–732.
  • Dutoit JC, Vanderkerken MA, Anthonissen J, et al. The diagnostic value of SE MRI and DWI of the spine in patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, smouldering myeloma and multiple myeloma. Eur Radiol. 2014;24:2754–2765.
  • Khoo MM, Tyler PA, Saifuddin A, et al. Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in musculoskeletal MRI: a critical review. Skeletal Radiol. 2011;40:665–681.
  • Koh DM, Qualitative and quantitative analyses: image evaluation and interpretation. In: Koh DMTH, editor. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging applications in the body. Heidelberg: Springer; 2010. p. 33–47.
  • Dutoit JC, Verstraete KL. MRI in multiple myeloma: a pictorial review of diagnostic and post-treatment findings. Insights Imaging. 2016;7:553–569.
  • Messiou C, Giles S, Collins DJ, et al. Assessing response of myeloma bone disease with diffusion-weighted MRI. Br J Radiol. 2012;85:e1198–e1203.
  • Verstraete KL, Van der Woude HJ, Hogendoorn PC, et al. Dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging of musculoskeletal tumors: basic principles and clinical applications. J Magn Reson Imaging. 1996;6:311–321.
  • Verstraete KL, Dutoit JC, Vanderkerken MA, et al. Value of whole body MRI and dynamic contrast enhanced MRI in the diagnosis, follow-up and evaluation of disease activity and extent in multiple myeloma. Eur J Radiol. 2013;82:1444–1452.
  • Dimopoulos MA, Hillengas J, Usmani S, et al. Role of magnetic resonance imaging in the management of patients with multiple myeloma: a consensus statement. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33:657–664.
  • Durie BG, Kyle RA, Belch A, et al. Myeloma management guidelines: a consensus report from the scientific advisors of the International Myeloma Foundation. Hematol J. 2003;4:379–398.
  • Durie BG, Salmon SE. A clinical staging system for multiple myeloma: correlation of measured myeloma cell mass with presenting clinical features, response to treatment, and survival. Cancer. 1975;36:842–854.
  • Baur A, Stäbler A, Nagel D, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging as a supplement for the clinical staging system of Durie und Salmon?. Cancer. 2002;95:1334–1345.
  • Kumar S, Dispenzieri A, Lacy MQ, et al. Continued improvement in survival in multiple myeloma: changes in early mortality and outcomes in older patients. Leukemia. 2013;28:1122–1108.
  • Kapoor P, Kumar SK, Dispenzieri A, et al. Importance of achieving stringent complete response after autologous stem-cell transplantation in multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31:4529–4535.
  • Durie BG, Harousseau JL, Miguel JS, for the International Myeloma Working Group, et al. International uniform response criteria for multiple myeloma. Leukemia. 2006;20:1467–1473.
  • Chee CE, Kumar S, Larson DR, et al. The importance of bone marrow examination in determining complete response to therapy in patients with multiple myeloma. Blood. 2009;114:2617–2618.
  • Attal M, Lauwers-Cances V, Marit G, et al. Lenalidomide maintenance after stem-cell transplantation for multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:1782–1791.
  • McCarthy PL, Owzar K, Hofmeister CC, et al. Lenalidomide after stem-cell transplantation for multiple myeloma . N Engl J Med. 2012;366:1770–1781.
  • Jakubowiak AJ, Dytfeld D, Griffi th KA, et al. A phase 1/2 study of carfilzomib in combination with lenalidomide and low-dose dexamethasone as a frontline treatment for multiple myeloma. Blood. 2012;120:1801–1809.
  • Kumar S, Flinn I, Richardson PG, et al. Randomized, multicenter, phase 2 study (EVOLUTION) of combinations of bortezomib, dexamethasone, cyclophosphamide, and lenalidomide in previously untreated multiple myeloma. Blood. 2012;119:4375–4382.
  • Cavo M, Tacchetti P, Patriarca F, et al. for the GIMEMA Italian Myeloma Network. Bortezomib with thalidomide plus dexamethasone compared with thalidomide plus dexamethasone as induction therapy before, and consolidation therapy after, double autologous stem-cell transplantation in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: a randomised phase 3 study. Lancet. 2010;376:2075–2085.
  • Kumar S, Paiva B, Anderson KC, et al. International Myeloma Working Group consensus criteria for response and minimal residual disease assessment in multiple myeloma. Lancet Oncol. 2016;17:e328–e346.
  • Walker R, Barlogie B, Haessler J, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging in multiple myeloma: diagnostic and clinical implications. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:1121–1128.
  • Derlin T, Peldschus K, Münster S, et al. Comparative diagnostic performance of 18FFDG PET/CT versus whole-body MRI for determination of remission status in multiple myeloma after stem cell transplantation. Eur Radiol. 2013;23:570–578.
  • Derlin T, Weber C, Habermann CR, et al. 18F-FDG PET/CT for detection and localization of residual or recurrent disease in patients with multiple myeloma after stem cell transplantation. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2012;39:493–500.
  • Shortt CP, Gleeson TG, Breen KA, etet al. Whole-body MRI versus PET in assessment of multiple myeloma disease activity. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009;192:980–986.
  • Spinnato P, Bazzocchi A, Brioli A, et al. Contrast enhanced MRI and 18F-FDG PETCT in the assessment of multiple myeloma: a comparison of results in different phases of the disease. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81:4013–4018.
  • Caldarella C, Treglia G, Isgrò MA, et al. The role of fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in evaluating the response to treatment in patients with multiple myeloma. Int J Mol Imaging. 2012;2012:175803.
  • Zamagni E, Tacchetti P, Terragna C, et al. Multiple myeloma: disease response assessment. Expert Rev Hematol. 2016;9:831–837.
  • Nanni C, Zamagni E, et al. Image interpretation criteria for FDG PET/CT in multiple myeloma: a new proposal from an Italian expert panel. IMPeTUs (Italian Myeloma criteria for PET USe). Eur. J. Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2016;43:414–421.
  • Lecouvet FE, Larbi A, Pasoglou V, et al. MRI for response assessment in metastatic bone disease. Eur Radiol. 2013;23:1986–1997.
  • Hillengass J, Ayyaz S, Kilk K, et al. Changes in magnetic resonance imaging before and after autologous stem cell transplantation correlate with response and survival in multiple myeloma. Haematologica. 2012;97:1757–1760.
  • Moreau P, Attal M, Karlin L, et al. Prospective evaluation of MRIand PET-CT at diagnosis and before maintenance therapy in symptomatic patients with multiple myeloma included in the IFM/DFCI 2009 trial [abstract ASH 57th Annual Meeting & Exposition, Orlando, FL]. Blood. 2015;126:395.
  • Fraioli F, Punwani S. Clinical and research applications of simultaneous positron emission toography and MRI. Br J Radiol. 2014;87:20130464.
  • Cheson BD, Fisher RI, Barrington SF, et al. Recommendations for initial evaluation, staging and response assessment of Hodgkin and Non-Hodgkin lymphoma: the Lugano classification. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32:3059–3068.
  • Barrington SF, Mikhaeel GN, KostaKoglu L, et al. Role of imaging in the staging and response assessment of lymphoma: consensus of the international conference on malignant lymphomas imaging working group. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32:3048–3058.
  • King AD, Ahuja AT, Yeung DK, et al. Malignant cervical lymphadenopathy: diagnostic accuracy of diffusion-weighted MR imaging. Radiology. 2007;245:806–813.
  • Holzapfel K, Duetsch S, Fauser C, et al. Value of diffusion-weighted MR imaging in the differentiation between benign and malignant cervical lymph nodes. Eur J Radiol. 2009;72:381–387.
  • Wu X, Pertovaara H, Dastidar P, et al. ADC measurements in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and follicular lymphoma: a DWI and cellularity study. Eur J Radiol. 2013;82:e158–e164.
  • Van Ufford HM, Kwee TC, Beek FJ, et al. Newly diagnosed lymphoma: initial results with whole-body T1-weighted, STIR, and diffusion-weighted MRI compared with 18F-FDG PET/CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2011;196:662–669.
  • Abdulqadhr G, Molin D, Astrom G, et al. Whole-body diffusion-weighted imaging compared with FDG-PET/CT in staging of lymphoma patients. Acta Radiol. 2011;52:173–180.
  • Mayerhoefer ME, Karanikas G, Kletter K, et al. Evaluation of diffusion-weighted MRI for pretherapeutic assessment and staging of lymphoma: results of a prospective study in 140 patients. Clin Cancer Res. 2014;20:2984–2993.
  • Lin C, Luciani A, Itti E, et al. Whole-body diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging with apparent diffusion coefficient mapping for staging patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Eur Radiol. 2010;20:2027–2038.
  • Stecco A, Buemi F, Quagliozzi M, et al. Staging of primary abdominal lymphomas: comparison of whole-body MRI with diffusion-weighted imaging and 18F-FDG-PET/CT. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2015;2015:104794.
  • Lin C, Itti E, Luciani A, et al. Whole-body diffusion-weighted imaging in lymphoma. Cancer Imaging. 2010;10:S172–S178.
  • Albano D, Patti C, La Grutta L, et al. Comparison between whole-body MRI with diffusion-weighted imaging and PET/CT in staging newly diagnosed FDG-avid lymphomas. Eur J Radiol. 2016;85:313–318.
  • Toledano-Massiah S, Luciani A, Itti E, et al. Whole-body diffusion-weighted imaging in Hodgkin lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Radiographics. 2015;35:747–764.
  • Cheson BD. Staging and response assessment in lymphomas: the new Lugano classification. Chin Clin Oncol. 2015;4:5.
  • Disler DG, McCauley TR, Ratner LM, et al. In-phase and out-of-phase MR imaging of bone marrow: Prediction of neoplasia based on the detection of coexistent fat and water. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1997;169:1439–1447.
  • Hanrahan CJ, Shah LM. MRI of spinal bone marrow: part 2, T1-weighted imaging-based differential diagnosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2011;197:1309–1321.
  • Tsuji K, Kishi S, Tsuchida T, et al. Evaluation of staging and early response to chemotherapy with whole-body diffusion-weighted MRI in malignant lymphoma patients: a comparison with FDG-PET/CT. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2015;41:1601–1607.
  • Therasse P, Arbuck SG, Eisenhauer EA, et al. New guidelines to evaluate the response to treatment in solid tumors. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer, National Cancer Institute of the United States, National Cancer Institute of Canada. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2000;92:205–216.
  • Wahl RL, Jacene H, Kasamon Y, et al. From RECIST to PERCIST: evolving considerations for PET response criteria in solid tumors. J Nucl Med. 2009;50:122S–150S.
  • Weber WA. Assessing tumor response to therapy. J Nucl Med. 2009;50:1S–10S.
  • Hutchings M, Loft A, Hansen M, et al. FDG-PET after two cycles of chemotherapy predicts treatment failure and progression-free survival in Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood. 2006;107:52–59.
  • Kostakoglu L, Goldsmith SJ, Leonard JP, Christos P, et al. FDG-PET after 1 cycle of therapy predicts outcome in diffuse large cell lymphoma and classic Hodgkin disease. Cancer. 2006;107:2678–2687.
  • Gallamini A, Hutchings M, Rigacci L, et al. Early interim 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography is prognostically superior to international prognostic score in advanced-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma: a report from a joint Italian-Danish study. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:3746–3752.
  • Kostakoglu L, Evens AM. FDG-PET imaging for hodgkin lymphoma: current use and future applications. Clin Adv Hematol Oncol. 2014;12:20–35. 1
  • Kwee TC, Ludwig I, Uiterwaal CS, et al. ADC measurements in the evaluation of lymph nodes in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma: feasibility study. Magma. 2011;24:1–8.
  • Meleshko AN, Kharuzhyk SA, Piatrouskaya NA. Response monitoring in follicular lymphoma by synchronous evaluation of minimal residual disease and diffusion-weighted MRI. Exp Oncol. 2015;37:295–297.
  • Punwani S, Prakash V, Bainbridge A. Quantitative diffusion weighted MRI: a functional biomarker of nodal disease in Hodgkin lymphoma?. Cancer Biomark. 2010;7:249–259.
  • Malyarenko D, Galbán CJ, Londy FJ, et al. Multi-system repeatability and reproducibility of apparent diffusion coefficient measurement using an ice-water phantom. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2013;37:1238–1246.
  • De Paepe K, Bevernage C, De Keyzer F, et al. Whole-body diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging at 3 Tesla for early assessment of treatment response in non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a pilot study. Cancer Imaging. 2013;13:53–62.
  • Reichardt W, Juettner E, Uhl M, et al. Diffusion-weighted imaging as predictor of therapy response in an animal model of Ewing sarcoma. Investig Radiol. 2009;44:298–303.
  • Horger M, Claussen C, Kramer U, et al. Very early indicators of response to systemic therapy in lymphoma patients based on alterations in water diffusivity: a preliminary experience in 20 patients undergoing whole-body diffusion-weighted imaging. Eur J Radiol. 2014;83:1655–1664.
  • Chen Y, Zhong J, Wu H, et al. The clinical application of whole-body diffusion-weighted imaging in the early assessment of chemotherapeutic effects in lymphoma: the initial experience. Magn Reson Imaging. 2012;30:165–170.
  • Wu X, Nerisho S, Dastidar P, et al. Comparison of different MRI sequences in lesion detection and early response evaluation of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: a whole-body MRI and diffusion-weighted imaging study. NMR Biomed. 2013;26:1186–1194.
  • Wu X, Kellokumpu-Lehtinen PL, Pertovaara H, et al. Diffusion-weighted MRI in early chemotherapy response evaluation of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: a pilot study—comparison with 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-d-glucose-positron emission tomography/computed tomography. NMR Biomed. 2011;24:1181–1190.
  • Lin C, Itti E, Luciani A, et al. Whole-body diffusion-weighted imaging with apparent diffusion coefficient mapping for treatment response assessment in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: pilot study. Investig Radiol. 2011;46:341–349.
  • Littooij AS, Kwee TC, et al. Whole-body MRI-DWI for assessment of residual disease after completion of therapy in lymphoma: a prospective multicenter study. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2015;42:1646–1655.
  • Sasaki M, Yamada K, Watanabe Y, et al. Variability in absolute apparent diffusion coefficient values across different platforms may be substantial: a multivendor, multi-institutional comparison study. Radiology. 2008;249:624–630.
  • Padhani AR, Gogbashian A. Bony metastases: assessing response to therapy with whole-body diffusion MRI. Cancer Imaging. 2011;11:(Spec No A):S129–S145.
  • Sun M, Cheng J, Zhang Y, et al. Application value of diffusion weighted whole body imaging with background body signal suppression in monitoring the response to treatment of bone marrow involvement in lymphoma. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2016;44:1522–1529.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.