A Longitudinal Study of the Maternal Cardiovascular Adaptation to Spontaneous and Assisted Conception Pregnancies

REFERENCES

• Stevenson JC, MacDonald DWR, Warren RC, Booker MW, Whitehead MI. Increased concentration of circulating calcitonin-gene related peptide during human pregnancy. Br Med J 1986; 294: 1329
   Google Scholar
• Williams DJ, Vallance PJT, Neild GH, Spencer JAD, Imms FJ. Nitric oxide mediated vasodilatation in human pregnancy. Amer J Physiol 1997, 272: H748–752
   Google Scholar
• Phippard AF, Horvath JS, Glynn EM, Garner MG, Fletcher PJ, Duggin GC, Tiller DJ. Circulatory adaptation to pregnancy- serial studies of haemodynamics, blood volume, renin and aldosterone in the baboon. J Hypertens 1986; 4: 773
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capeless EL, Clapp JF. Cardiovascular changes in early phase of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989; 161: 1449–1453
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schrier RW. Pathogenesis of sodium and water retention in high-output and low-output cardiac failure, nephrotic syndrome, cirrhosis and pregnancy. New Engl J Med 1988; 319: 1065–1072
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman AB, Abraham WT, Zamudio S, Coffin C, Merouani A, Young D, Johnson A, Osorio F, Goldberg C, Moore LG, Dahms T, Schrier RW. Temporal relationships between hormonal and hemodynamic changes in early human pregnancy. Kidney Inter 1998; 54: 2056–2063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubler S, Damani PM, Pinto ER. Cardiac size and performance during pregnancy estimated with echocardiography. Am J Cardiol 1977; 40: 534–540
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz R, Karliner JS, Resnik R. Effects of a natural volume overload state (pregnancy) on left ventricular performance in normal human subjects. Circulation 1978; 58: 434–441
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robson SC, Murray A, Peart I, Heads A, Hunter S. Reproducibility of cardiac output measurement by cross sectional and Doppler echocardiography. Br Heart J 1988; 59: 680–684
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Easterling TR, Watts DH, Schmucker BC, Benedetti TJ. Measurement of cardiac output during pregnancy: validation of Doppler technique and clinical observations in preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol 1987; 69: 845–850
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robson SC, Boys RJ, Hunter S. Doppler echocardiographic estimation of cardiac output: analysis of temporal variability. Euro Heart J 1988; 9: 313–318
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waterstone JJ, Parsons JH. A prospective study to investigate the value of flushing follicles during transvaginal ultrasound-directed follicle aspiration. Fertil Steril 1992; 57: 221–223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdalla HI, Baber R, Kirkland A, Leonard T, Power M, Studd JW. A report on 100 cycles of oocyte donation; factors affecting the outcome. Hum Reprod 1990; 5: 1018–1022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robson SC, Hunter S, Boys RJ, Dunlop W. Serial study of factors influencing changes in the cardiac output during human pregnancy. Am J Physiol 1989; 256: H1060–1065
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Brien E, Fitzgerald D. The history of blood pressure measurement. JHuman Hypertens. 1994; 8: 73–84
   Google Scholar
• Sherwood L. In Fundamentals of Physiology: A Human Perspective. West Publishing Company, St. Paul, MN 1995; 250
   Google Scholar
• Matthews JN, Altman DG, Campbell MJ, Royston P. Analysis of serial measurements in medical research. BMJ 1990; 300: 230–235
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee W, Rokey R, Cotton DB. Noninvasive maternal stroke volume and cardiac output determinations by pulsed Doppler echocardiography. Amer J Obstet Gynecol 1988; 158: 505–510
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mashini IS, Albazzaz SJ, Fadel HE, al et. Serial noninvasive evaluation of cardiovascular hemodynamics during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987; 156: 1208–1213
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clapp JF. 3rd, Capeless E Cardiovascular function before, during, and after the first and subsequent pregnancies. Am J Cardiol. 1997; 80: 1469–1473
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mabie WC, DiSessa TG, Crocker LG, Sibai BM, Arheart KL. A longitudinal study of cardiac output in normal human pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994; 174: 849–856
   Google Scholar
• Easterling T, Benedetti TJ, Schmucker BC, Millard SP. Maternal hemodynamics in normal and preeclamptic pregnancies: a longitudinal study. Obstet Gynecol 1990; 76: 1061–1069
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilson GJ, Samaan S, Crawford MH, Qualls CR, Curet LB. Changes in hemodynamics, ventricular remodeling, and ventricular contractility during normal pregnancy: a longitudinal study. Obstet Gynecol 1997; 89: 957–962
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Bene R, Barletta G, Mello G, Lazzeri C, Mecacci F, Parretti E, Martini E, Vecchiarino S, Franchi F, La Villa G. Cardiovascular function in pregnancy: effects of posture. BJOG: Inter J Obstet Gynaecol 2001; 108: 344–352
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Veille JC, Morton MJ, Burry KJ. Maternal cardiovascular adaptations to twin pregnancy. Amer J Obstet Gynecol 1985; 153: 261–263
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clapp JF, III, Seaward BL, Sleamaker R.H., Hiser J. Maternal physiological adaptation to early human pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1988; 159: 1456–1460
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacGillivray I, Rose GA, Rowe B. Blood pressure survey in pregnancy. Clin Sci 1969; 37: 395–407
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serhal PF, Craft IL. Oocyte donation in 61 patients. Lancet. 1989; 1: 1185–1187
   Google Scholar
• Abdalla HI, Billett A, Kan AK, Baig S, Wren M, Korea L, Studd JW. Obstetric outcome in 232 ovum donation pregnancies. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1998; 105: 332–337
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Salha O, Sharma V, Dada T, Nugent D, Rutherford AJ, Tomlinson AJ, Philips S, Allgar V, Walker JJ. The influence of donated gametes on the incidence of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Hum Reprod 1999; 14: 2268–2273
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pados G, Camus M, Van Steirteghem A, Bonduelle M, Devroey P. The evolution and outcome of pregnancies from oocyte donation. Hum Reprod 1994; 9: 538–542
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mesa A, Jessurun C, Hernandez A, Adam K, Brown D, Vaughn WK, Wilansky S. Left ventricular diastolic function in normal human pregnancy. Circulation 1999; 99: 511–517
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poppas A, Shroff SG, Korcarz CE, Hibbard JU, Berger DS, Lindheimer MD, Lang RM. Serial assessment of the cardiovascular system in normal pregnancy. Role of arterial compliance and pulsatile arterial load. Circulation 1997; 95: 2407–2415
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piano MR. Cellular and signaling mechanisms of cardiac hypertrophy. J Cardiovasc Nurs 1994; 8: 1–26
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Malhotra R, Sadoshima J, Brosius FC, 3rd, Izumo S. Mechanical stretch and angiotensin II differentially upregulate the renin-angiotensin system in cardiac myocytes In vitro. Circulation Res 1999; 85: 137–146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kametas NA., McAuliffe F., Hancock J., Chambers J., Nicolaides KH. Maternal left ventricular mass and diastolic function during pregnancy. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2001; 18: 460–466
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spatling L, Fallenstein F, Huch A, Huch R, Rooth G. The variability of cardiopulmonary adaptation to pregnancy at rest and during exercise. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1992; 99(Supp 8)1–40
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clapp JF, III. Maternal heart rate in pregnancy. Amer J Obstet Gynecol 1985; 152: 659–660
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taggart NR, Holliday RM, Billewicz WZ, Hytten FE, Thomson AM. Changes in skinfolds during pregnancy. Br J Nutr 1967; 21: 439–451
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robson SC, Hunter S, Moore M, Dunlop W. Hemodynamic changes during the Puerperium: a Doppler and M-mode echocardiographic study. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1987; 94: 1028–1039
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chapman AB, Zamudio S, Woodmansee W, Merouani A, Osorio F, Johnson A, Moore LG, Dahms T, Coffin C., Abraham WT, Schrier RW. Systemic and renal hemodynamic changes in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle mimic early pregnancy. Amer J Physiol 1997; 273: F777–782
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duvekot JJ, Cheriex EC, Pieters FA, Peeters LL. Severely impaired fetal growth is preceded by maternal hemodynamic maladaptation in very early pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecolog Scandinav 1995; 74: 693–697
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beevers G, Lip GY, O'Brien E. ABC of hypertension: Blood pressure measurement. Part II-conventional sphygmomanometry: technique of auscultatory blood pressure measurement. BMJ. 2001; 322(7293)1043–1047
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johenning AR, Barron WM. Indirect blood pressure measurement in pregnancy: Korotkoff phase 4 versus phase 5. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992; 167: 577–580
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez MC, Belizan JM, Villar J, Bergel E. The measurement of diastolic blood pressure during pregnancy: which Korotkoff phase should be used?. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994; 170: 574–578
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anonymous. 2001 Report of the National High Blood Pressure Education program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000; 183(1)S1–S22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar