Association of ACEI/ARB, inflammatory cytokines, and antiviral drugs with liver dysfunction in patients with hypertension and COVID-19

References

• Guan W, Ni Z, Hu Y, Liang W, Ou C, He J, Liu L, Shan H, Lei C, Hui DSC, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:1708–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta A, Madhavan MV, Sehgal K, Nair N, Mahajan S, Sehrawat TS, Bikdeli B, Ahluwalia N, Ausiello JC, Wan EY, et al. Extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19. Nat Med. 2020;26:1017–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, Wang B, Xiang H, Cheng Z, Xiong Y, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020;323:1061.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, Qiu Y, Wang J, Liu Y, Wei Y, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020;395:507–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alqahtani SA, Schattenberg JM. Liver injury in COVID-19: the current evidence. United Eur Gastroenterol J. 2020;8:509–19. doi:10.1177/2050640620924157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chai X, Hu L, Zhang Y, Han W, Lu Z, Ke A, Zhou J, Shi G, Fang N, Fan J, et al. Specific ACE2 expression in cholangiocytes may cause liver damage after 2019-nCoV infection. bioRxiv. 2020. doi: 10.1101/2020.02.03.931766.
   Google Scholar
• Fan Z, Chen L, Li J, Cheng X, Yang J, Tian C, Zhang Y, Huang S, Liu Z, Cheng J. Clinical features of COVID-19-related liver damage. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;18:1561–66. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2020.04.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang C, Shi L, Wang F. Liver injury in COVID-19: management and challenges. The lancet. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2020;5:428.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang P, Zhu L, Cai J, Lei F, Qin J, Xie J, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Huang X, Lin L, et al. Association of Inpatient Use of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers With Mortality Among Patients With Hypertension Hospitalized With COVID-19. Circ Res. 2020;126:1671–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Igase M, Kohara K, Nagai T, Miki T, Ferrario CM. Increased expression of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 in conjunction with reduction of neointima by angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockade. Hypertens Res. 2008;31:553–59. doi:10.1291/hypres.31.553.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrario CM, Jessup J, Chappell MC, Averill DB, Brosnihan KB, Tallant EA, Diz DI, Gallagher PE. Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and angiotensin II receptor blockers on cardiac angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. Circulation. 2005;111:2605–10. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.510461.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang M, Li X, Meng Y, Xiao B, Ma Q, Ying S, Wu P, Zhang Z. Upregulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 2 in hepatic fibrosis by ACE inhibitors. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2010;37:e1–e6. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1681.2009.05302.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu F, Zhao S, Yu B, Chen Y, Wang W, Song Z, Hu Y, Tao Z, Tian J, Pei Y, et al. A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China. Nature. 2020;579:265–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hundt MA, Deng Y, Ciarleglio MM, Nathanson MH, Lim JK. Abnormal liver tests in COVID‐19: a retrospective observational cohort study of 1827 patients in a major U.S. hospital network. Hepatology. 2020;72:1169–76. doi:10.1002/hep.31487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lei F, Liu YM, Zhou F, Qin JJ, Zhang P, Zhu L, Zhang XJ, Cai J, Lin L, Ouyang S, et al. Longitudinal association between markers of liver injury and mortality in COVID-19 in China. Hepatology. 2020;72:389–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou P, Yang X, Wang X, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, Si H, Zhu Y, Li B, Huang C, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 2020;579:270–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, Krüger N, Herrler T, Erichsen S, Schiergens TS, Herrler G, Wu N, Nitsche A, et al. SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Cell. 2020;181(271–280.e8):271–280.e8. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yan R, Zhang Y, Li Y, Xia L, Guo Y, Zhou Q. Structural basis for the recognition of SARS-CoV-2 by full-length human ACE2. Science. 2020;367:1444–48. doi:10.1126/science.abb2762.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qi F, Qian S, Zhang S, Zhang Z. Single cell RNA sequencing of 13 human tissues identify cell types and receptors of human coronaviruses. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2020;526:135–40. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.03.044.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, Zhang L, Fan G, Xu J, Gu X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395:497–506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald B, Kubes P. Innate immune cell trafficking and function during sterile inflammation of the liver. Gastroenterology. 2016;151:1087–95. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2016.09.048.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Libby P, Luscher T. COVID-19 is, in the end, an endothelial disease. Eur Heart J. 2020;41:3038–44. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa623.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z, Xiang J, Wang Y, Song B, Gu X, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395:1054–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crisafulli S, Isgrò V, La Corte L, Atzeni F, Trifirò G.Potential role of anti-interleukin (IL)-6 drugs in the treatment of COVID-19: rationale, clinical evidence and risks. BioDrugs. 2020;34(4):415–22. doi:10.1007/s40259-020-00430-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akalın E. Traditional Chinese medicine plants used in the treatment of COVID-19 (Sars-cov 2/Coronavirus-19) and their effects on the cardiovascular system. Turk Kardiyoloji Dernegi Arsivi-Arch Turk Soc Cardiol. 2020;48:410–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai Q, Huang D, Ou P, Yu H, Zhu Z, Xia Z, Su Y, Ma Z, Zhang Y, Li Z, et al. COVID‐19 in a designated infectious diseases hospital outside Hubei Province, China. Allergy. 2020;75:1742–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hung IF, Lung K, Tso EY, Liu R, Chung TW, Chu M, Ng Y, Lo J, Chan J, Tam AR, et al. Triple combination of interferon beta-1b, lopinavir–ritonavir, and ribavirin in the treatment of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19: an open-label, randomised, phase 2 trial. Lancet. 2020;395:1695–704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meraviglia P, Schiavini M, Castagna A, Vigano P, Bini T, Landonio S, Danise A, Moioli MC, Angeli E, Bongiovanni M, et al. Lopinavir/ritonavir treatment in HIV antiretroviral-experienced patients: evaluation of risk factors for liver enzyme elevation. HIV Med. 2004;5:334–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sulkowski MS. Drug-induced liver injury associated with antiretroviral therapy that includes HIV-1 protease inhibitors. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38:S90–S97. doi:10.1086/381444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao B, Wang Y, Wen D, Liu W, Wang J, Fan G, Ruan L, Song B, Cai Y, Wei M, et al. A trial of lopinavir–ritonavir in adults hospitalized with severe Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:1787–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar