The Natural Course of Depression: Kraepelin and Beyond

REFERENCES

• Judd LL. The clinical course of unipolar major depressive disor- ders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997;54:989–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glass RM. Treating depression as a recurrent or chronic disease. JAMA 1999;281:83–4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keller MB, McCullough JP, Klein DN, Arnow B, Dunner DL, Gelenberg AJ, et al. A comparison of nefazodone, the cognitive behavioral-analysis system of psychotherapy, and their combi- nation for the treatment of chronic depression. N Engl J Med 2000;342:1462–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sackeim HA, Haskett RF, Mulsant BH, Thase ME, Mann JJ, Pettinati HM, et al. Continuation pharmacotherapy in the pre- vention of relapse following electroconvulsive therapy: a ran- domized controlled trial. JAMA 2001;285:1299–307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox HA. Extended continuation and maintenance ECT for long- lasting episodes of major depression. J ECT 2001;17:60–4.
   Google Scholar
• Kraepelin E. Manic-depressive insanity and paranoia. Edin- burgh: Livingstone, 1921.
   Google Scholar
• Angst J. Course of affective disorders. In: Van Praag HM, Lader MH, Rafaelsen OJ, Sachar EJ, eds. Handbook of biological psy- chiatry. New York: Dekker, 1981:225–42.
   Google Scholar
• Angst J, Weis P. Periodicity of depressive psychoses. In: Brill H, Cole JO, Deniker P, Hippius H, Bradley PB, eds. Neuropsy- chopharmacology: proceedings of the Fifth International Con- gress of the Collegium Internationale Neuro-Psycho-Pharmaco- logicum. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica, 1967:703–10.
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous. Mood disorders: pharmacologic prevention of re- currences. Am J Psychiatry 1985;142:469–76.
   Google Scholar
• Goodwin FK, Jamison KR. Manic-depressive illness. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.
   Google Scholar
• Solomon DA, Keller MB, Leon AC, Mueller TI, Shea MT, War- shaw M, et al. Recovery from major depression: a 10-year prospective follow-up across multiple episodes. Arch Gen Psy- chiatry 1997;54:1001–6.
   Google Scholar
• Katz MM, Klerman GL. Introduction: overview of the clinical studies program. Am J Psychiatry 1979;136:49–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keller MB, Lavori PW, Mueller TI, Endicott J, Coryell W, Hirschfeld RMA, et al. Time to recovery, chronicity, and levels of psychopathology in major depression: a 5-year prospective fol- low-up of 431 subjects. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992;49:809–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keller MB. Overview of depressive disorders. Prog Notes 1996;6(4):5–10.
   Google Scholar
• Coryell W, Akiskal HS, Leon AC, Winokur G, Maser JD, Mueller TI, et al. The time course of nonchronic major depressive disor- der: uniformity across episodes and samples. Arch Gen Psychia- try 1994;51:405–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueller TI, Keller MB, Leon AC, Solomon DA, Shea MT, Coryell W, et al. Recovery after 5 years of unremitting major depressive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996;53:794–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seager CP, Bird RL. Imipramine with electrical treatment in de- pression—controlled trial. J Ment Sci 1962;108:704–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imlah NW, Ryan E, Harrington JA. The influence of anti- depressant drugs on the response to electroconvulsive therapy and on subsequent relapse rates. J Neuro-Psychopharmacol 1965;4:438–42.
   Google Scholar
• Mindham RHS, Howland C, Shepherd M. An evaluation of con- tinuation therapy with tricyclic antidepressants in depressive illness. Psychol Med 1973;3:5–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prien RF, Klett CJ, Caffey EM Jr. Lithium carbonate and imipramine in prevention of affective episodes: a comparison in recurrent affective illness. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1973;29:420–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prien RF, Kupfer DJ. Continuation drug therapy for major de- pressive episodes: how long should it be maintained? Am J Psy- chiatry 1986;143:18–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montgomery SA, Dufour H, Brion S, Gailledreau J, Laqueille X, Ferrey G, et al. The prophylactic efficacy of fluoxetine in unipolar depression. Br J Psychiatry 1988;153(suppl 3):69–76.
   Google Scholar
• Montgomery SA, Dunbar G. Paroxetine is better than placebo in relapse prevention and the prophylaxis of recurrent depression. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1993;8:189–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doogan DP, Caillard V. Sertraline in the prevention of depres- sion. Br J Psychiatry 1992;160:217–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montgomery SA, Rasmussen JG, Tanghoj P. A 24-week study of 20 mg citalopram, 40 mg citalopram, and placebo in the preven- tion of relapse of major depression. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1993;8:181–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feiger AD, Bielski RJ, Bremner A, Heiser JF, Trivedi M, Wilcox CS, et al. Double-blind, placebo-substitution study of nefa- zodone in the prevention of relapse during continuation treat- ment of outpatients with major depression. Int Clin Psy- chopharmacol 1999;14:19–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keller MB, Boland RJ. Implications of failing to achieve success- ful long-term maintenance treatment of recurrent unipolar ma- jor depression. Biol Psychiatry 1998;44:348–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prien RF, Kupfer DJ, Mansky PA, Small JG, Tuason VB, Voss CB, et al. Drug therapy in the prevention of recurrences in uni- polar and bipolar affective disorders: report of the NIMH Collab- orative Study Group comparing lithium carbonate, imipramine, and a lithium carbonate–imipramine combination. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984;41:1096–104.
   Google Scholar
• Frank E, Kupfer DJ, Perel JM, Cornes C, Jarrett DB, Mallinger AG, et al. Three-year outcomes for maintenance therapies in re- current depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990;47:1093–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kupfer DJ, Frank E, Perel JM, Cornes C, Mallinger AG, Thase ME, et al. Five-year outcome for maintenance therapies in re- current depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992;49:769–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quitkin FM, Rabkin JG, Gerald J, Davis JM, Klein DF. Validity of clinical trials of antidepressants. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157:327–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarrett RB, Kraft D, Doyle J, Foster BM, Eaves GG, Silver PC. Preventing recurrent depression using cognitive therapy with and without a continuation phase: a randomized clinical trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001;58:381–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association Committee on Electroconvul- sive Therapy. The practice of electroconvulsive therapy: recom- mendations for treatment, training, and privileging. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Hales RE, Yudofsky SC, Talbott JA, eds. The American Psychi- atric Press textbook of psychiatry. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Thase ME, Entsuah AR, Rudolph RL. Remission rates during treatment with venlafaxine or selective serotonin reuptake in- hibitors. Br J Psychiatry 2001;178:234–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis JM, Bresnahan DB. Psychopharmacology in clinical psy- chiatry. In: Hales RE, Frances AJ, eds. American Psychiatric As- sociation Annual Review, vol 6. Washington, DC: American Psy- chiatric Press, 1987:159–87.
   Google Scholar
• Andrews G. Placebo response in depression: bane of research, boon to therapy. Br J Psychiatry 2001;178:192–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hróbjartsson A, Gøtzsche PC. Is the placebo powerless? An anal- ysis of clinical trials comparing placebo with no treatment. N Engl J Med 2001;344:1594–602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kukopulos A, Reginaldi D, Tondo L, Bernabei A, Caliari B. Spon- taneous length of depression and response to ECT. Psychol Med 1977;7:625–9.
   Google Scholar
• Parker G. Classifying depression: should paradigms lost be re- gained? Am J Psychiatry 2000;157:1195–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keller MB. Diagnostic issues and clinical course of unipolar ill- ness. In: Frances AJ, Hales RE, eds. American Psychiatric Press review of psychiatry, vol 7. Washington, DC: American Psychi- atric Press, 1988:188–212.
   Google Scholar
• Merikangas KR, Wicki W, Angst J. Heterogeneity of depression: classification of depressive subtypes by longitudinal course. Br J Psychiatry 1994;164:342–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen LS, Eaton WW, Gallo JJ, Nestadt G. Understanding the heterogeneity of depression through the triad of symptoms, course and risk factors: a longitudinal, population-based study. J Affect Disord 2000;59:1–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar