Preventing Postnatal Depression: A Review of Research Findings

REFERENCES

• Miller LJ. Postpartum depression. JAMA 2002;287:762–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Hara MW, Swain AM. Rates and risk of postpartum depres- sion: a meta-analysis. Int Rev Psychiatry 1996;8:37–54.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobfoll SE, Ritter C, Lavin J, Hulsizer MN, Cameron RP. De- pression prevalence and incidence among inner-city pregnant and postpartum women. J Consult Clin Psychol 1995;63:445– 53.
   Google Scholar
• Cooper PJ, Murray L. Course and recurrence of postnatal de- pression: evidence for the specificity of the diagnostic concept. Br J Psychiatry 1995;166:191–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whiffen VE, Gotlib IH. Comparison of postpartum and non- postpartum depression: clinical presentation, psychiatric his- tory, and psychosocial functioning. J Consult Clin Psychol 1993;61:485–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brockington I. Motherhood and mental illness. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Jacobsen T. Effects of postpartum disorders on parenting and offspring. In: Miller LJ, ed. Postpartum mood disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1999:119–39.
   Google Scholar
• Weinberg MK, Tronick EZ. The impact of maternal psychi- atric illness on infant development. J Clin Psychiatry 1998; 59(suppl 2):53–61.
   Google Scholar
• Beck CT. The effects of postpartum depression on child de- velopment: a meta-analysis. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 1998;12:12– 20.
   Google Scholar
• O’Hara MW. Postpartum depression: causes and consequences. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Zelkowitz P, Milet TH. The course of postpartum psychiatric disorders in women and their partners. J Nerv Ment Dis 2001;189:575–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Women’s Mental Health Consortium. Prevention and treat- ment of depression in pregnancy and the postpartum period. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Mental Health, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Mrazek PJ, Haggerty RJ. Reducing risks for mental disorders: frontiers for preventive intervention research. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Wisner KL, Perel JM, Peind KS, Hanusa BH, Findling RL, Rapport D. Prevention of recurrent postpartum depression: a randomized clinical trial. J Clin Psychiatry 2001;62:82–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shields N, Reid M. Impact of midwife-managed care in the post- natal period: an exploration of psychosocial outcomes. J Reprod Infant Psychol 1997;15:91–108.
   Google Scholar
• Gunn J, Lumley J, Chondros P, Young D. Does an early postnatal check-up improve maternal health: results from a randomized trial in Australian general practice. BJOG 1998;105:991–7.
   Google Scholar
• Lavender T, Walkinshaw SA. Can midwives reduce post- partum psychological morbidity? A randomized trial. Birth 1998;25:215–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrell CJ, Spiby H, Stewart P, Walters S, Morgan A. Costs and effectiveness of community postnatal support workers: random- ized controlled trial. BMJ 2000;321:593–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes BA, Muller R, Bradley BS. Perinatal depression: a ran- domized controlled trial of an antenatal education intervention for primiparas. Birth 2001;28:28–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacArthur C, Winter HR, Bick DE, Knowles H, Lilford R, Henderson C, et al. Effects of redesigned community postnatal care on womens’ health 4 months after birth: a cluster random- ized controlled trial. Lancet 2002;359:378–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reid M, Glazener C, Murray GD, Taylor GS. A two-centred prag- matic randomised controlled trial of two interventions of post- natal support. BJOG 2002;109:1164–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Priest SR, Henderson J, Evans SF, Hagan R. Stress debrief- ing after childbirth: a randomized controlled trial. Med J Aust 2003;178:542–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolman WL, Chalmers B, Hofmeyr GJ, Nikodem VC. Postpar- tum depression and companionship in the clinical birth envi- ronment: a randomized controlled study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993;168:1388–93.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stamp GE, Williams AS, Crowther CA. Evaluation of antena- tal and postnatal support to overcome postnatal depression: a randomized controlled trial. Birth 1995;22:138–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong KL, Fraser JA, Dadds MR, Morris J. A randomized controlled trial of nurse home visiting to vulnerable families with newborns. J Paediatr Child Health 1999;35:237–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong KL, Fraser JA, Dadds MR, Morris J. Promoting se- cure attachment, maternal mood and child health in a vulnera- ble population: a randomized controlled trial. J Paediatr Child Health 2000;36:555–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buist A, Westle D, Hill C. Antenatal prevention of postnatal depression. Arch Women’s Ment Health 1999;1:167–73.
   Google Scholar
• Brugha TS, Wheatley S, Taub NA, Culverwell A, Friedman T, Kirwan P, et al. Pragmatic randomized trial of antenatal inter- vention to prevent post-natal depression by reducing psychoso- cial risk factors. Psychol Med 2000;30:1273–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Small R, Lumley J, Donohue L, Potter A, Waldenstrom U. Randomised controlled trial of midwife led debriefing to re- duce maternal depression after operative childbirth. BMJ 2000;321:1043–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zlotnick C, Johnson SL, Miller IW, Pearlstein T, Howard M. Postpartum depression in women receiving public assistance: pilot study of an interpersonal-therapy-oriented group inter- vention. Am J Psychiatry 2001;158:638–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chabrol H, Teissedre F, Saint-Jean M, Teisseyre N, Roge B, Mullet E. Prevention and treatment of post-partum depression: a controlled randomized study on women at risk. Psychol Med 2002;32:1039–47.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harris B, Oretti R, Lazarus J, Parkes A, John R, Richards C, et al. Randomized trial of thyroxine to prevent postnatal de- pression in thyroid-antibody-positive women. Br J Psychiatry 2002;180:327–30.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marks MN, Siddle K, Warwick C. Can we prevent postnatal depression? A randomized controlled trial to assess the effect of continuity of midwifery care on rates of postnatal depression in high-risk women. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2003;13:119– 27.
   Google Scholar
• Kennell J, Klaus M, McGrath S, Robertson S, Hinkley C. Con- tinuous emotional support during labor in a US hospital: a ran- domized controlled trial. JAMA 1991; 265:2197–201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spinelli MG. Prevention of postpartum mood disorders. In: Miller LJ, ed. Postpartum mood disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1999:217–35.
   Google Scholar
• Wisner KL, Wheeler SB. Prevention of recurrent postpartum major depression. Hosp Community Psychiatry 1994;45:1191– 6.
   Google Scholar
• Twaddle S, Liao XH, Fyvie H. An evaluation of postnatal care individualized to the needs of women. Midwifery 1993;9:154– 60.
   Google Scholar
• Knapp M. Childbirth satisfaction: the effects of internality and perceived control. J Perinat Educ 1996;5:7–16.
   Google Scholar
• Turnball D, Holmes A, Shields N, Cheyne H, Twaddle S, Gilmour WH, et al. Does midwife-managed care work? The re- sults from a randomized controlled trial of 1299 women. Lancet 1996;348:213–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clarke GN, Hornbrook M, Lynch F, Polen M, Gale J, Beardslee W, et al. A randomized trial of a group cognitive intervention for preventing depression in adolescent offspring of depressed parents. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001;58:1127–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harkness KL, Frank E, Anderson B, Houck PR, Luther J, Kupfer DJ. Does interpersonal psychotherapy protect women from depression in the face of stressful life events? J Consult Clin Psychol 2002;70:908–15.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Austin MP, Lumley J. Antenatal screening for postnatal depres- sion: a systematic review. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2003;107:10– 7.
   Google Scholar
• Brown S, Lumley J. Physical health problems after childbirth and maternal depression at six to seven months postpartum. BJOG 2000;107:1194–201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Einarson A, Bonari L, Voyer-Lavigne S, Addis A, Matsui D, Johnson Y, et al. A multicentre prospective controlled study to determine the safety of trazadone and nefazodone use during pregnancy. Can J Psychiatry 2003;48:106–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epperson N, Czarkowski KA, Ward-O’Brien D, Weiss E, Gueorguieva R, Jatlow P, et al. Maternal sertraline treatment and serotonin transport in breast-feeding mother-infant pairs. Am J Psychiatry 2001;158:1631–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen LS, Sichel DA, Robertson LM, Heckscher E, Rosenbaum JF. Postpartum prophylaxis for women with bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1995;152:1641–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart DE, Klompenhouwer JL, Kendall RE, Van Hulst AM. Prophylactic lithium in puerperal psychosis: the experience of three centers. Br J Psychiatry 1991;158:393–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Austin MP. Puerperal affective psychosis: is there a case for lithium prophylaxis? Br J Psychiatry 1992;161:692–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 76606401003554000Sichel DA, Cohen LS, Robertson LM, Ruttenberg A, Rosenbaum JF. Prophylactic estrogen in recurrent postpartum affective dis- order. Biol Psychiatry 1995;38:814–8.
   Google Scholar
• Kumar C, McIvor RJ, Davies T, Brown N, Papadopoulos A,Wieck A, et al. Estrogen administration does not reduce the rate of recurrence of affective psychosis after childbirth. J Clin Psychiatry 2003;64:112–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dalton K. Progesterone prophylaxis used successfully in post- natal depression. Practitioner 1985;229:507–8.
   Google Scholar
• American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Obstetri- cians and Gynecologists. Guidelines for perinatal care. 4th ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics & American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Rooks JP. Midwifery and childbirth in America. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Sobey WS. Barriers to postpartum depression prevention and treatment: a policy analysis. J Midwifery Women’s Health 2002; 47:331–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar