Women and Multiple Roles: Myths and Reality

REFERENCES

• Bond J T, Thompson C, Galinsky E, Prottas D. Highlights of the 2002 national study of the changing workforce. No. 3. New York, Families and Work Institute. 2003
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Table 2: Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over by sex, 1971 to date. Employment and earnings. 2004; 51(1)195, At. http://www.bls.gov/cps/
   Google Scholar
• Freeman R B. Unequal incomes: the worrisome distribution of the fruits of American economic growth. Harv Mag. 1998; 100(3)62–4
   Google Scholar
• Conlin M. The new gender gap: from kindergarten to grad school, boys are becoming the second sex. Bus Wk. 2003;May 26; 74–84
   Google Scholar
• Hennig M, Jardim A. The managerial woman. New York, Pocket Books. 1978
   Google Scholar
• Wasserman E. The door in the dream: conversations with eminent women in science. Washington, DC, Joseph Henry. 2000
   Google Scholar
• Smith T W. The emerging 21st century American family, [GSS Social Change Report No. 42, National Opinion Research Center, University of Chicago, 1999]. http://www.norc.uchicago.edu/online/emerge.pdf
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical abstract of the United States, 2001. Section 12. Labor force, employment, and earnings. Table No. 577: Employment status of women by marital status and presence and age of children: 1970 to 2000. Washington, DC, U.S. Census Bureau. 2001
   Google Scholar
• NICHD Early Child Care Research Network, Child care in the first year of life. Merrill-Palmer Q. 1997; 43: 340–60
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downs B. Fertility of American women: June 2002 [Current Population Reports No. P20–548]. Washington, DC, U.S Census Bureau. 2002
   Google Scholar
• Kamerman S B. Parental leave policies: an essential ingredient in early childhood education and care policies. Soc Policy Rep. 2000; 14(2)3–15
   Google Scholar
• Bachu A. Is childlessness among American women on the rise? [Population Division Working Paper No. 37]. Washington, DC, U.S Census Bureau. 1999
   Google Scholar
• Bachu A, O'Connell M. Fertility of American women: June 2000 [Current Population Reports No. P20–543]. Washington, DC, U.S. Census Bureau. 2001
   Google Scholar
• Drago R, Varner A. Fertility and work in the United States: a policy perspective [Report for National Institute of Population and Social Security Research, Japan]. University Park, PA, Pennsylvania State University. 2001
   Google Scholar
• Heck K, Schoendorf K, Ventura S, Kiely J. Delayed childbearing by education level in the United States, 1969–1994. Matern Child Health J. 1997; 1: 81–8. [CROSSREF], [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2002. Fertility of American Women. Table H3: Fertility indicators for women in their thirties: selected years 1976 to present. Washington, DC, U.S. Census Bureau. 2003, http://www.census.gov/population/socdemo/fertility/tabH3.xls
   Google Scholar
• Ventura S J, Martin J A, Curtin S C, Mathews T J, Park M M. Births: final data from 1998. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 48(3)1–100
   Google Scholar
• Franke-Ruta G. Creating a lie: Sylvia Ann Hewlett and the myth of the baby bust. Am Prospect. 2002; 13(12)1–7
   Google Scholar
• Glover T D, Barratt C LR. Male fertility and infertility. Cambridge, New York, Cambridge University Press. 1999
   Google Scholar
• Minino A M, Smith B L. Deaths: preliminary data for 2000. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2001; 49(12)1–40. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   Google Scholar
• Cornell Employment and Family Careers Institute. Trends in high school seniors agreeing that “it is usually better for everyone involved if the man is the achiever outside the home and the woman takes care of the home and family,” 1980–1997 [Figure from: Facts about the demographics of working families]. Ithaca, NY, Cornell Employment & Family Careers Institute. 1999
   Google Scholar
• Twenge J M. Attitudes toward women, 1970–1995. Psychol Women Q. 1997; 21: 35–51
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radcliffe Public Policy Center. Life's work: generational attitudes toward work and life integration. Cambridge, Harvard University, Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study. 2000, At. http://www.radcliffe.edu/research/pubpol/publications.php
   Google Scholar
• Barnett R C, Hyde J S. Women, men, work, and family: an expansionist theory. Am Psychol. 2001; 56: 781–96. [CROSSREF], [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnett R C. Multiple roles, gender, and psychological distress. Barnett R C, Biener L, Baruch G K. Gender and stress. New York, Free Press. 1987; 427–45
   Google Scholar
• Herold J, Waldron I. Part-time employment and women's health. J Occup Med. 1985; 27: 405–12. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hyde J S, Klein M H, Essex M J, Clark R. Maternity leave and women's mental health. Psychol Women Q. 1995; 19: 257–85
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wethington E, Kessler R C. Employment, parental responsibility, and psychological distress: a longitudinal study of married women. J Fam Issues. 1989; 10: 527–46. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnett R C, Marshall N L, Raudenbush S, Brennan R. Gender and the relationship between job experiences and psychological distress: a study of dual-earner couples. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1993; 64: 794–806. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnett R C, Raudenbush S W, Brennan R T, Pleck J H, Marshall N L. Change in job and marital experiences and change in psychological distress: a longitudinal study of dual-earner couples. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1995; 69: 839–50. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baruch G K, Barnett R C. Role quality, multiple role involvement, and psychological well-being in midlife women. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1986; 51: 578–85
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chodorow N. The reproduction of mothering: psychoanalysis and the sociology of gender. Berkeley, University of California Press. 1978
   Google Scholar
• Gilligan C. In a different voice: women's conception of self and morality. Harv Educ Rev. 1977; 47: 481–517
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crittenden A. The price of motherhood: why the most important job in the world is still the least valued. New York, Metropolitan Books. 2001
   Google Scholar
• Glass J. Blessing or curse? Work-family policies and mother's wage growth, Paper presented at the Business and Professional Women's Foundation and Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Conference on Work and Family: Persons, Processes, and Places. San Francisco, CA February, 2002
   Google Scholar
• Barnett R C, Baruch G K. Women's involvement in multiple roles and psychological distress. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1985; 49: 135–45. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnett R C, Brennan R T, Marshall N L. Gender and the relationship between parent-role quality and psychological distress. J Fam Issues. 1994; 15: 229–52
   Google Scholar
• Barnett R C, Marshall N L. Worker and mother roles, spillover effects, and psychological distress. Women Health. 1992; 18(2)9–40. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beckman L J, Houser B B. The consequences of childlessness on the social-psychological well-being of older women. J Gerontol. 1982; 37: 243–50. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rempel J. Childless elderly: what are they missing?. J Marriage Fam. 1985; 343–8
   Google Scholar
• NICHD Early Child Care Research Network, The NICHD Study of Early Child Care. II: Findings from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care (spring 1998), At. http://www.childresearch.net/CYBRARY/EDATA/NICHD/
   Google Scholar
• Galinsky E. Ask the children. New York, HarperCollins. 1999
   Google Scholar
• Bernard J S. The future of marriage. New Haven, CT, Yale University Press. 1982
   Google Scholar
• Waite L J, Gallagher M. The case for marriage: why married people are happier, healthier, and better off financially. New York, Doubleday. 2000
   Google Scholar
• Amato P R, Booth A. A prospective study of divorce and parent-child relationships. J Marriage Fam. 1996; 58: 356–65
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallo L C, Troxel W M, Matthews K A, Kuller L H. Marital status and quality in middle-aged women associations with levels and trajectories of cardiovascular risk factors. Health Psychol. 2003; 22: 453–63. [CROSSREF], [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozer E M, Barnett R C, Brennan R T, Sperling J. Does child care involvement increase or decrease distress among dual-earner couples?. Womens Health: Res Gender Behav Policy. 1998; 4: 285–311
   Google Scholar
• Oppenheimer V K. Women's employment and the gain to marriage: the specialization and trading model. Ann Rev Sociol. 1997; 23: 431–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ono H. Husbands' and wives' resources and marital dissolution. J Marriage Fam. 1998; 60: 674–89
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brennan R T, Barnett R C, Gareis K C. When she earns more than he does: a longitudinal study of dual-earner couples. J Marriage Fam. 2001; 63: 168–82
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gareis K C, Barnett R C, Brennan R T. Individual and crossover effects of work schedule fit: a within-couple analysis. J Marriage Fam. 2003; 65: 1041–54
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bond J T, Galinsky E, Swanberg J E. The 1997 national study of the changing workforce. New York, Families & Work Institute. 1998
   Google Scholar
• Greenhaus J H, Parasuraman S. Research on work, family, and gender. Powell G N. Handbook of gender & work. Thousand Oaks, CA, SAGE. 1999
   Google Scholar
• Kmec J A. Multiple aspects of work-family conflict. Sociol Focus. 1999; 32: 265–85
   Google Scholar
• Gray J. Men are from Mars, women are from Venus. New York, HarperCollins. 1992
   Google Scholar