REFERENCES
- Gerson J, Stanley B. Suicidal and self-injurious behavior in personality disorder: controversies and treatment directions. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2002; 4: 30–8, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Favazza A R. The coming of age of self-mutilation. J Nerv Ment Dis 1998; 186: 259–68, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Osuch E A, Noll J G, Putnam F W. The motivations for self-injury in psychiatric inpatients. Psychiatry 1999; 62: 334–46, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Self-injurious behavior: gene-brain-behavior relationships, S R Schroeder, M -L Oster-Granite, T Thompson. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC 2002
- Klonsky E D, Oltmanns T F, Turkheimer E. Deliberate self-harm in a nonclinical population: prevalence and psychological correlates. Am J Psychiatry 2003; 160: 1501–8, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- Haw C, Hawton K, Houston K, Townsend E. Psychiatric and personality disorders in deliberate self-harm patients. Br J Psychiatry 2001; 178: 48–54, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- Comtois K A. A review of interventions to reduce the prevalence of parasuicide. Psychiatr Serv 2002; 53: 1138–44, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Asch S S. Wrist scratching as a symptom of anhedonia. Psychoanal Q 1967; 40: 630–7
- Graff H, Mallin R. The syndrome of the wrist cutter. Am J Psychiatry 1967; 124: 36–42, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Gruenbaum H, Klerman G L. Wrist slashing. Am J Psychiatry 1967; 124: 527–34
- Pao N P. The syndrome of deliberate self-cutting. Brit J Med Psychol 1967; 42: 195–206
- Rosenthal R J, Rinzler C, Walsh R, Klausner E. Wrist-cutting syndrome. Am J Psychiatry 1972; 128: 1363–8, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Pattison E M, Kahan J. The deliberate self-harm syndrome. Am J Psychiatry 1983; 140: 867–72, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Walsh B W, Rosen P. Self-mutilation: theory, research, and practice. Guilford, New York 1988
- Winchel R M, Stanley M. Self-injurious behavior: a review of the behavior and biology of self-mutilation. Am J Psychiatry 1991; 148: 306–17, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Herpertz S. Self-injurious behaviour. Psychopathological and nosological characteristics in subtypes of self-injurers. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1995; 91: 57–68, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Favazza A R, Favazza B. Bodies under siege: self-mutilation in culture and psychiatry. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD 1988
- Favazza A R. Why patients mutilate themselves. Hosp Community Psychiatry 1989; 40: 137–45, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Zoroglu S S, Tuzun U, Sar V, et al. Suicide attempt and self-mutilation among Turkish high school students in relation with abuse, neglect and dissociation. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2003; 57: 119–26, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Mohino J S, Ortega-Monasterio L, Planchat-Teruel L M, Cuquerella-Fuentes A, Talon-Navarro T, Macho-Vives L J. Discriminating deliberate self-harm (DSH) in young prison inmates through personality disorder. J Forensic Sci 2004; 49: 137–40
- Stanley B, Gameroff M J, Michalsen V, Mann J J. Are suicide attempters who self-mutilate a unique population?. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158: 427–32, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- Brown M Z, Comtois K A, Linehan M M. Reasons for suicide attempts and nonsuicidal self-injury in women with borderline personality disorder. J Abnorm Psychol 2002; 111: 198–202, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Sabo A N, Gunderson J G, Najavits L M, Chauncey D, Kisiel C. Changes in self-destructiveness of borderline patients in psychotherapy. A prospective follow-up. J Nerv Ment Dis 1995; 183: 370–6, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Paris J. Implications of long-term outcome research for the management of patients with borderline personality disorder. Harv Rev Psychiatry 2002; 10: 315–23, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Hawton K, Zahl D, Weatherall R. Suicide following deliberate self harm: long-term follow-up of patients who presented to a general hospital. Br J Psychiatry 2003; 182: 537–42, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- Gunderson J G, Ridolfi M E. Borderline personality disorder: suicidality and self-mutilation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001; 932: 61–73, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Gunderson J G. Borderline personality disorder: a clinical guide. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC 2001
- Linehan M M. Dialectical behavioral therapy of borderline personality disorder. Guilford, New York 1993
- Crawley J N, Sutton M E, Pickar D. Animal models of self destructive behavior and suicide. Psychiatr Clin N Am 1985; 8: 299–310
- Paris J. Half in love with easeful death: the meaning of chronic suicidality in borderline personality disorder. Harv Rev Psychiatry 2004; 12: 42–8, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Paris J. Chronic suicidality in borderline personality disorder. Psychiatr Serv 2002; 53: 738–42, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Dubo E D, Zanarini M C, Lewis R E, Williams A A. Childhood antecedents of self-destructiveness in borderline personality disorder. Can J Psychiatry 1997; 42: 63–9, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Shearer S L. Phenomenology of self-injury among inpatient women with borderline personality disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis 1994; 182: 524–6, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- van der Kolk B A, Hostetler A, Herron N, Fisler R E. Trauma and the development of borderline personality disorder. Psychiatr Clin N Am 1994; 17: 715–30, [CSA]
- Leibenluft E, Gardner D L, Cowdry R W. The inner experience of the borderline self-mutilator. J Personal Disord 1987; 1: 317–24
- Zweig-Frank H, Paris J, Guzder J. Psychological risk factors for disssociation and self-mutilation in female patients with personality disorders. Can J Psychiatry 1994; 39: 259–65, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Zlotnick C, Mattia J I, Zimmerman M. Clinical correlates of self-mutilation in a sample of general psychiatric patients. J Nerv Mental Dis 1999; 187: 296–301, [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Russ M J, Clark W C, Cross L W, Kemperman I, Kakuma T, Harrison K. Pain and self-injury in borderline patients: sensory decision theory, coping strategies, and locus of control. Psychiatry Res 1996; 63: 57–65, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- Russ M J, Campbell S S, Kakuma T, Harrison K., Zanine E. EEG theta activity and pain insensitivity in self-injurious borderline patients. Psychiatry Res 1999; 89: 201–14, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- Kemperman I, Russ M J, Clark W C, Kakuma T, Zanine E, Harrison K. Pain assessment in self-injurious patients with borderline personality disorder using signal detection theory. Psychiatry Res 1997; 70: 175–83, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- Kemperman I, Russ M J, Shearin E. Self-injurious behavior and mood regulation in borderline patients. J Personal Disord 1997; 11: 146–57, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Bohus M, Limberger M, Ebner U, et al. Pain perception during self-reported distress and calmness in patients with borderline personality disorder and self-mutilating behavior. Psychiatry Res 2000; 95: 251–60, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- Simeon D, Stanley B, Frances A, Mann J J, Winchel R, Stanley M. Self-mutilation in personality disorders: psychological and biological correlates. Am J Psychiatry 1992; 149: 221–6, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Dulit R A, Fyer M R, Leon A C, Brodsky B S, Frances A J. Clinical correlates of self-mutilation in borderline personality disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1994; 151: 1305–11, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Herpertz S, Sass H, Favazza A. Impulsivity in self-mutilative behavior: psychometric and biological findings. J Psychiatr Res 1997; 31: 451–65, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Goodman M, New A. Impulsive aggression in borderline personality disorder. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2000; 2: 56–61, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Siever L J, Davis K L. A psychobiological perspective on the personality disorders. Am J Psychiatry 1991; 148: 1647–58, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Koenisgberg H W, Harvey P D, Mitropolou V, et al. Characterizing affective instability in borderline personality disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159: 784–8, [CROSSREF]
- Bruce K R, Steiger H, Koerner N M, Israel M, Young S N. Bulimia nervosa with co-morbid avoidant personality disorder: behavioural characteristics and serotonergic function. Psychol Med 2004; 34: 113–24, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- Moeller F G, Barratt E S, Dougherty D M, Schmitz J M, Swann A C. Psychiatric aspects of impulsivity. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158: 1783–93, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- Links P S, Heslegrave R, van Reekum R. Impulsivity: core aspect of borderline personality disorder. J Personal Disord 1999; 13: 131–9
- Gardner D L, Cowdry R W. Suicidal and parasuicidal behavior in borderline personality disorder. Psychiatr Clin N Am 1985; 8: 389–403
- Seroczynski A D, Bergeman C S, Coccaro E F. Etiology of the impulsivity/aggression relationship: genes or environment?. Psychiatry Res 1999; 86: 41–57, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- Oquendo M A, Mann J J. The biology of impulsivity and suicidality. Psychiatr Clin N Am 2002; 23: 11–25, [CSA]
- Coccaro E F, Siever L J, Klar H M, et al. Serotonergic studies in patients with affective and personality disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry l989; 46: 587–99
- Jang K L, Livesley W J, Vernon P A, Jackson D N. Heritability of personality traits: a twin study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1996; 94: 438–44, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Zweig-Frank H, Paris J, Guzder J. Psychological risk factors for dissociation in female patients with borderline and non-borderline personality disorders. J Personal Disord 1994; 8: 203–9
- Brodsky B S, Cloitre M, Dulit R A. Relationship of dissociation to self-mutilation and childhood abuse in borderline personality disorder. Am J Psychiat 1995; 152: 1788–92, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Fossati A, Madeddu F, Maffei C. Borderline personality disorder and childhood sexual abuse: a meta-analytic study. J Personal Disord 1999; 13: 268–80, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Brodsky B S, Oquendo M, Ellis S P, Haas G L, Malone K M, Mann J J. The relationship of childhood abuse to impulsivity and suicidal behavior in adults with major depression. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158: 1871–7, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- Goodman M, Weiss D S, Koenigsberg H, et al. The role of childhood trauma in differences in affective instability in those with personality disorders. CNS Spectr 2003; 8: 763–70, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Livesley W J, Jang K L, Vernon P A. Phenotypic and genetic structure of traits delineating personality disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998; 55: 941–8, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Taiminen T J, Kallio-Soukainen K, Nokso-Koivisto H, Kaljonen A, Helenius H. Contagion of deliberate self-harm among adolescent inpatients. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1998; 37: 211–7, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Levy D A, Nail P R. Contagion. a theoretical and empirical review and reconceptualization. Genet Soc Gen Psychol Monogr 1993; 119: 233–84, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Crandall C S. Social contagion of binge eating. J Pers Soc Psychol 1988; 55: 588–98, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Hull J W, Yeomans F, Clarkin J, Li C, Goodman G. Factors associated with multiple hospitalizations of patients with borderline personality disorder. Psychiatr Serv 1996; 47: 638–41, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Paris J. Is hospitalization useful for suicidal patients with borderline personality disorder?. J Personal Disord 2004; 18: 240–7, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Koerner K, Linehan M M. Research on dialectical behavior therapy for patients with borderline personality disorder. Psychiatr Clin N Am 2000; 23: 151–67, [CSA]
- Bohus M, Haaf B, Stiglmayr C, Pohl U, Bohme R, Linehan M. Evaluation of inpatient dialectical-behavioral therapy for borderline personality disorder—a prospective study. Behav Res Ther 2000; 38: 875–87, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Verheul R, Van Den Bosch L M, Koeter M W, De Ridder M A, Stijnen T, Van Den Brink W. Dialectical behaviour therapy for women with borderline personality disorder: 12-month, randomized clinical trial in The Netherlands. Br J Psychiatry 2003; 182: 135–40, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- Young J E. Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: a schema-focused approach. 3rd ed. Professional Resource, Sarasota, FL 1999
- Kern R S, Kuehnel T G, Teuber J, Hayden J L. Multimodal cognitive-behavior therapy for borderline personality disorder with self-injurious behavior. Psychiatr Serv 1997; 48: 1131–3, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Tyrer P, Thompson S, Schmidt U, et al. Randomized controlled trial of brief cognitive behaviour therapy versus treatment as usual in recurrent deliberate self-harm: the POPMACT study. Psychol Med 2003; 33: 969–76, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- Perry J C, Banon E, Ianni F. Effectiveness of psychotherapy for personality disorders. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156: 1312–21, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Leichsenring F, Leibing E. The effectiveness of psychodynamic therapy and cognitive behavior therapy in the treatment of personality disorders: a meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry 2003; 160: 1223–32, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- Bateman A, Fonagy P. Effectiveness of partial hospitalization in the treatment of borderline personality disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156: 1563–9, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Bateman A, Fonagy P. Treatment of borderline personality disorder with psychoanalytically oriented partial hospitalization: an 18-month follow-up. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158: 36–42, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- Bateman A, Fonagy P. Psychotherapy for borderline personality disorder: mentalization-based treatment. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2004
- Fonagy P. An update on BPD treatment evaluation research in England. Presented to the NIMH International Think Tank for the More Effective Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder, Lincthinum, MD, July, 2004
- Linehan M M. The application of dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) to chronic suicidality in borderline personality disorder. Presented to the International Society for the Study of Personality Disorders, FlorenceItaly, October, 2003
- Soloff P H, Cornelius J, George A, Nathan S, Perel J M, Ulrich R F. Efficacy of phenelzine and haloperidol in borderline personality disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993; 50: 377–85, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Chengappa K N, Ebeling T, Kang J S, Levine J, Parepally H. Clozapine reduces severe self-mutilation and aggression in psychotic patients with borderline personality disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1999; 60: 477–84, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Hough D W. Low-dose olanzapine for self-mutilation behavior in patients with borderline personality disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2001; 62: 296–7, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Zanarini M C, Frankenburg F R. Olanzapine treatment of female borderline personality disorder patients: a double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. J Clin Psychiatry 2001; 62: 849–54, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Markovitz P J, Calabrese J R, Schulz S C., Meltzer H Y. Fluoxetine in the treatment of borderline and schizotypal personality disorders. Am J Psychiatry 1991; 148: 1064–7, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Rinne T, van den Brink W, Wouters L, van Dyck R. SSRI treatment of borderline personality disorder: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial for female patients with borderline personality disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159: 2048–54, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- Gardner D L, Cowdry R W. Positive effects of carbamazepine on behavioral dyscontrol in borderline personality disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1986; 143: 519–22, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Pinto O, Akiskal H. Lamotrigine as a promising approach to borderline personality. J Affect Disord 1998; 51: 333–43, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Hollander E, Allen A, Lopez R P, et al. A preliminary double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of divalproex sodium in borderline personality disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2001; 62: 199–203, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Frankenburg F R, Zanarini M C. Divalproex sodium treatment of women with borderline personality disorder and bipolar II disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 63: 442–6, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Roth A S, Ostroff R B, Hoffman R E. Naltrexone as a treatment for repetitive self-injurious behaviour: an open-label trial. J Clin Psychiatry 1996; 57: 233–7, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Soloff P. Psychopharmacological treatment of borderline personality disorder. Psychiatr Clin N Am 2000; 23: 169–92, [CSA]
- Paris J. Personality disorders over time. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC 2003
- Livesley W J. The practical management of personality disorder. Guilford, New York 2003
- Rockland L H. A supportive approach: psychodynamically oriented supportive therapy of borderline patients who self-mutilate. J Personal Disord 1987; 1: 350–5
- Garner D M. Cognitive therapy for bulimia nervosa. Adolesc Psychiatry 1986; 13: 358–90, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
- Ciccheti D, Rogosch F A. A developmental psychopathology perspective on adolescence. J Consult Clin Psychol 2002; 70: 6–20, [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Paris J, Zweig-Frank H. A 27-year follow-up of borderline patients. Compr Psychiatry 2001; 42: 482–7, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Stone M H. The fate of borderline patients. Guilford, New York 1990
- Zanarini M C, Frankenburg F R, Hennen J, Silk K R. The longitudinal course of borderline psychopathology: 6-year prospective follow-up of the phenomenology of borderline personality disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2003; 160: 274–83, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
- Links P S, Heslegrave R, van Reekum R. Prospective follow-up study of borderline personality disorder: prognosis, prediction of outcome, and Axis II comorbidity. Can J Psychiatry 1998; 43: 265–70, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- McGlashan T H. The Chestnut Lodge follow-up study III: long- term outcome of borderline personalities. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986; 43: 2–30
- Gunderson J G, Bender D, Sanislow C, et al. Plausibility and possible determinants of sudden “remissions” in borderline patients. Psychiatry 2003; 66: 111–9, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- McGlashan T H. Implications of outcome research for the treatment of borderline personality disorder. Borderline personality disorder: etiology and treatment, J Paris. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC 1993; 235–60