102
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
REVIEWS

The Use of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors in Elderly Patients

, MD, , MD & , MD
Pages 242-253 | Received 04 Sep 2008, Accepted 26 Feb 2009, Published online: 13 Aug 2009

REFERENCES

  • Giron M S, Fastbom J, Winblad B. Clinical trials of potential antidepressants: to what extent are the elderly represented: a review. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2005; 20: 201–17
  • Nemeroff C B, De Vane C L, Pollock B G. Newer antidepressants and the cytochrome P450 system. Am J Psychiatry 1996; 153: 311–20
  • Stahl S M. Mechanism of action of serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors. Serotonin receptors and pathways mediate therapeutic effects and side effects. J Affect Disord 1998; 51: 215–35
  • Bruce M L, Ten Have T R, Reynolds C F, 3rd, et al. Reducing suicidal ideation and depressive symptoms in depressed older primary care patients: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004; 291: 1081–91
  • Lewin-Fetter V. Depression in elderly people. Lancet 2005; 366: 544–5
  • Beekman A T, Deeg D J, van Tilburg T, Smit J H, Hooijer C, van Tilburg W. Major and minor depression in later life: a study of prevalence and risk factors. J Affect Disord 1995; 36: 65–75
  • Alexopoulos G S, Katz I R, Reynolds C F, 3rd, Carpenter D, Docherty J P. Expert Consensus Panel for Pharmacotherapy of Depressive Disorders in Older Patients. The expert consensus guideline series. Pharmacotherapy of depressive disorders in older patients. Postgrad Med 2001, Spec No Pharmacotherapy:1–86
  • Raymond C B, Morgan S G, Caetano P A. Antidepressant utilization in British Columbia from 1996 to 2004: increasing prevalence but not incidence. Psychiatr Serv 2007; 58: 79–84
  • Trifiro G, Barbui C, Spina E, , UVEC group, Arcoraci V, et al. Antidepressant drugs: prevalence, incidence and indication of use in general practice of Southern Italy during the years 2003–2004. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2007; 16: 552–9
  • Soudry A, Dufouil C, Ritchie K, Dartigues J F, Tzourio C, Alperovitch A. Factors associated with changes in antidepressant use in a community-dwelling elderly cohort: the Three-City Study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2008; 64: 51–9
  • Sonnenberg C M, Deeg D J, Comijs H C, van Tilburg W, Beekman A T. Trends in antidepressant use in the older population: results from the LASA-study over a period of 10 years. J Affect Disord 2008; 111: 299–305
  • Conwell Y, Nelson J C, Kim K M, Mazure C M. Depression in late life: age of onset as marker of a subtype. J Affect Disord 1989; 17: 189–95
  • Aziz R, Lorberg B, Tampi R R. Treatments for late-life bipolar disorder. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother 2006; 4: 347–64
  • Mitchell A J, Subramaniam H. Prognosis of depression in old age compared to middle age: a systematic review of comparative studies. Am J Psychiatry 2005; 162: 1588–601
  • Reynolds C F, 3rd, Frank E, Dew M A, et al. Treatment of 70(+)-year-olds with recurrent major depression. Excellent short-term but brittle long-term response. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 1999; 7: 64–9
  • Reynolds C F, 3rd, Dew M A, Pollock B G, et al. Maintenance treatment of major depression in old age. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 1130–8
  • Flint A J, Rifat S L. Two-year outcome of psychotic depression in late life. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155: 178–83
  • Finkel S I. Efficacy and tolerability of antidepressant therapy in the old-old. J Clin Psychiatry 1996; 57(suppl 5)23–8
  • Mittmann N, Herrmann N, Einarson T R, et al. The efficacy, safety and tolerability of antidepressants in late life depression: a meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 1997; 46: 191–217
  • Mottram P, Wilson K, Strobl J. Antidepressants for depressed elderly. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006, (1):CD003491
  • Shanmugham B, Karp J, Drayer R, Reynolds C F, 3rd, Alexopoulos G. Evidence-based pharmacologic interventions for geriatric depression. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2005; 28: 821–35; viii
  • Solai L K, Mulsant B H, Pollock B G. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for late-life depression: a comparative review. Drugs Aging 2001; 18: 355–68
  • Cipriani A, Barbui C, Brambilla P, Furukawa T A, Hotopf M, Geddes J R. Are all antidepressants really the same? The case of fluoxetine: a systematic review. J Clin Psychiatry 2006; 67: 850–64
  • Roose S P, Schatzberg A F. The efficacy of antidepressants in the treatment of late-life depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2005; 25: S1–7
  • Mulsant B H, Alexopoulos G S, Reynolds C F, 3rd, , PROSPECT Study Group, et al. Pharmacological treatment of depression in older primary care patients: the PROSPECT algorithm. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2001; 16: 585–92
  • Roose S P, Sackeim H A, Krishnan K R, , Old-Old Depression Study Group, et al. Antidepressant pharmacotherapy in the treatment of depression in the very old: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry 2004; 161: 2050–9
  • Petrovic M, De Paepe P, Van Bortel L. Pharmacotherapy of depression in old age. Acta Clin Belg 2005; 60: 150–6
  • Katona C, Livingston G. How well do antidepressants work in older people? A systematic review of number needed to treat. J Affect Disord 2002; 69: 47–52
  • Alexopoulos G S, Canuso C M, Gharabawi G M, et al. Placebo-controlled study of relapse prevention with risperidone augmentation in older patients with resistant depression. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2008; 16: 21–30
  • Nierenberg A A, Ostacher M J, Calabrese J R, et al. Treatment-resistant bipolar depression: a STEP-BD equipoise randomized effectiveness trial of antidepressant augmentation with lamotrigine, inositol or risperidone. Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163: 210–6
  • Rutherford B, Sneed J, Miyazaki M, et al. An open trial of aripiprazole augmentation for SSRI non-remitters with late-life depression. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2007; 22: 986–91
  • Krishnan K R, Doraiswamy P M, Clary C M. Clinical and treatment response characteristics of late-life depression associated with vascular disease: a pooled analysis of two multicenter trials with sertraline. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2001; 25: 347–61
  • Salzman C. Practical considerations for the treatment of depression in elderly and very elderly long-term care patients. J Clin Psychiatry 1999; 60(suppl 20)30–3
  • Thapa P B, Gideon P, Cost T W, Milam A B, Ray W A. Antidepressants and the risk of falls among nursing home residents. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 875–82
  • Leipzig R M, Cumming R G, Tinetti M E. Drugs and falls in older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis: I. Psychotropic drugs. J Am Geriatr Soc 1999; 47: 30–9
  • Ensrud K E, Blackwell T L, Mangione C M, , Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group, et al. Central nervous system-active medications and risk for falls in older women. J Am Geriatr Soc 2002; 50: 1629–37
  • Liu B, Anderson G, Mittmann N, To T, Axcell T, Shear N. Use of selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors of tricyclic antidepressants and risk of hip fractures in elderly people. Lancet 1998; 351: 1303–7
  • Haney E M, Chan B K, Diem S J, , Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study Group, et al. Association of low bone mineral density with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor use by older men. Arch Intern Med 2007; 167: 1246–51
  • Diem S J, Blackwell T L, Stone K L, et al. Use of antidepressants and rates of hip bone loss in older women: the study of osteoporotic fractures. Arch Intern Med 2007; 167: 1240–5
  • Pisani F, Oteri G, Costa C, Di Raimondo G, Di Perri R. Effects of psychotropic drugs on seizure threshold. Drug Saf 2002; 25: 91–110
  • Jacob S, Spinler S A. Hyponatremia associated with selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors in older adults. Ann Pharmacother 2006; 40: 1618–22
  • Kirby D, Harrigan S, Ames D. Hyponatraemia in elderly psychiatric patients treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and venlafaxine: a retrospective controlled study in an inpatient unit. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2002; 17: 231–7
  • Liu B A, Mittmann N, Knowles S R, Shear N H. Hyponatremia and the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone associated with the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: a review of spontaneous reports. CMAJ 1996; 155: 519–27
  • Fabian T J, Amico J A, Kroboth P D, et al. Paroxetine-induced hyponatremia in older adults: a 12-week prospective study. Arch Intern Med 2004; 164: 327–32
  • Miyasaki J M, Shannon K, Voon V, , Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology, et al. Practice parameter: evaluation and treatment of depression, psychosis and dementia in Parkinson disease (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 2006; 66: 996–1002
  • Vajda F J, Solinas C. Current approaches to management of depression in Parkinson's disease. J Clin Neurosci 2005; 12: 739–43
  • Weintraub D, Taraborelli D, Morales K H, Duda J E, Katz I R, Stern M B. Escitalopram for major depression in Parkinson's disease: an open-label, flexible-dosage study. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2006; 18: 377–83
  • Menza M, Defronzo Dobkin R, Marin H, et al. A controlled trial of antidepressants in patients with Parkinson disease and depression. Neurology 2009; 72: 886–92
  • Okun M S, Fernandez H H. Will tricyclic antidepressants make a comeback for depressed Parkinson disease patients?. Neurology 2009; 72: 868–9
  • Gerber P E, Lynd L D. Selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor-induced movement disorders. Ann Pharmacother 1998; 32: 692–8
  • Caley C F. Extrapyramidal reactions and the selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors. Ann Pharmacother 1997; 31: 1481–9
  • Hedenmalm K, Guzey C, Dahl M L, Yue Q Y, Spigset O. Risk factors for extrapyramidal symptoms during treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, including cytochrome P-450 enzyme, and serotonin and dopamine transporter and receptor polymorphisms. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2006; 26: 192–7
  • Tatsumi M, Groshan K, Blakely R D, Richelson E. Pharmacological profile of antidepressants and related compounds at human monoamine transporters. Eur J Pharmacol 1997; 340: 249–58
  • Schneider L S, Nelson J C, Clary C M, , Sertraline Elderly Depression Study Group, et al. An 8-week multicenter, parallel-group, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of sertraline in elderly outpatients with major depression. Am J Psychiatry 2003; 160: 1277–85
  • Slaughter J R, Slaughter K A, Nichols D, Holmes S E, Martens M P. Prevalence, clinical manifestations, etiology, and treatment of depression in Parkinson's disease. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2001; 13: 187–96
  • Yuan Y, Tsoi K, Hunt R H. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and risk of upper GI bleeding: confusion or confounding?. Am J Med 2006; 119: 719–27
  • Opatrny L, Delaney J A, Suissa S. Gastro-intestinal haemorrhage risks of selective serotonin receptor antagonist therapy: a new look. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2008; 66: 76–81
  • Vidal X, Ibanez L, Vendrell L, Conforti A. Laporte JR; Spanish-Italian Collaborative Group for the Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Bleeding. Risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding and the degree of serotonin reuptake inhibition by antidepressants: a case-control study. Drug Saf 2008; 31: 159–68
  • Schalekamp T, Klungel O H, Souverein P C, de Boer A. Increased bleeding risk with concurrent use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and coumarins. Arch Intern Med 2008; 168: 180–5
  • Boyer E W, Shannon M. The serotonin syndrome. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 1112–20
  • Spina E, Scordo M G, D'Arrigo C. Metabolic drug interactions with new psychotropic agents. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2003; 17: 517–38
  • Cadieux R J. Drug interactions in the elderly. How multiple drug use increases risk exponentially. Postgrad Med 1989; 86: 179–86
  • Hohl C M, Dankoff J, Colacone A, Afilalo M. Polypharmacy, adverse drug-related events and potential adverse drug interactions in elderly patients presenting to an emergency department. Ann Emerg Med 2001; 38: 666–71
  • Montejo A L, Llorca G, Izquierdo J A, Rico-Villademoros F. Incidence of sexual dysfunction associated with antidepressant agents: a prospective multicenter study of 1022 outpatients. Spanish Working Group for the Study of Psychotropic-Related Sexual Dysfunction. J Clin Psychiatry 2001; 62(suppl 3)10–21
  • Segraves R T. Sexual dysfunction associated with antidepressant therapy. Urol Clin North Am 2007; 34: 575–9; vii
  • Gregorian R S, Golden K A, Bahce A, Goodman C, Kwong W J, Khan Z M. Antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction. Ann Pharmacother 2002; 36: 1577–89
  • Fava M, Nurnberg H G, Seidman S N, et al. Efficacy and safety of sildenafil in men with serotonergic antidepressant-associated erectile dysfunction: results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry 2006; 67: 240–6
  • Juurlink D N, Mamdani M M, Kopp A, Redelmeier D A. The risk of suicide with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in the elderly. Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163: 813–21
  • Gibbons R D, Brown C H, Hur K, Marcus S M, Bhaumik D K, Mann J J. Relationship between antidepressants and suicide attempts: an analysis of the Veterans Health Administration data sets. Am J Psychiatry 2007; 164: 1044–9
  • Erlangsen A, Canudas-Romo V, Conwell Y. Increased use of antidepressants and decreasing suicide rates: a population-based study using Danish register data. J Epidemiol Community Health 2008; 62: 448–54
  • Rahme E, Dasgupta K, Turecki G, Nedjar H, Galbaud du Fort G. Risks of suicide and poisoning among elderly patients prescribed selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: a retrospective cohort study. J Clin Psychiatry 2008; 69: 349–57
  • Ladwig K H, Klupsch D, Ruf E, , KORA Investigators, et al. Sex- and age-related increase in prevalence rates of death wishes and suicidal ideation in the community: results from the KORA-F3 Augsburg Study with 3,154 men and women, 35 to 84 years of age. Psychiatry Res 2008; 161: 248–52
  • Oxman T E. Antidepressants and cognitive impairment in the elderly. J Clin Psychiatry 1996; 57(suppl 5)38–44
  • Pollock B G, Mulsant B H, Nebes R, et al. Serum anticholinergicity in elderly depressed patients treated with paroxetine or nortriptyline. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155: 1110–2
  • Nebes R D, Pollock B G, Houck P R, et al. Persistence of cognitive impairment in geriatric patients following antidepressant treatment: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial with nortriptyline and paroxetine. J Psychiatr Res 2003; 37: 99–108
  • Lyketsos C G, Lee H B. Diagnosis and treatment of depression in Alzheimer's disease. A practical update for the clinician. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2004; 17: 55–64
  • Olin J T, Katz I R, Meyers B S, Schneider L S, Lebowitz B D. Provisional diagnostic criteria for depression of Alzheimer disease: rationale and background. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2002; 10: 129–41
  • Lyketsos C G, Del Campo L, Steinberg M, et al. Treating depression in Alzheimer disease: efficacy and safety of sertraline therapy, and the benefits of depression reduction: the DIADS. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003; 60: 737–46
  • Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness Alzheimer's Disease Study, http://www.catie.unc.edu/alzheimers/
  • National Institute of Mental Health. Depression in Alzheimer's Disease-2 (DIADS-2), http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00086138/
  • Swartz J R, Miller B L, Lesser I M, Darby A L. Frontotemporal dementia: treatment response to serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors. J Clin Psychiatry 1997; 58: 212–6
  • Moretti R, Torre P, Antonello R M, Cazzato G, Bava A. Frontotemporal dementia: paroxetine as a possible treatment of behavior symptoms. A randomized, controlled, open 14-month study. Eur Neurol 2003; 49: 13–9
  • Deakin J B, Rahman S, Nestor P J, Hodges J R, Sahakian B J. Paroxetine does not improve symptoms and impairs cognition in frontotemporal dementia: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2004; 172: 400–8
  • Mendez M F, Shapira J S. The spectrum of recurrent thoughts and behaviors in frontotemporal dementia. CNS Spectr 2008; 13: 202–8
  • Wilson K, Mottram P, Sivanranthan A, Nightingale A. Antidepressant versus placebo for depressed elderly. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001, (2):CD000561
  • Sauer W H, Berlin J A, Kimmel S E. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and myocardial infarction. Circulation 2001; 104: 1894–8
  • Lesperance F, Frasure-Smith N, Koszycki D, , CREATE Investigators, et al. Effects of citalopram and interpersonal psychotherapy on depression in patients with coronary artery disease: the Canadian Cardiac Randomized Evaluation of Antidepressant and Psychotherapy Efficacy (CREATE) trial. JAMA 2007; 297: 367–79
  • Santangelo A, Testai M, Barbagallo P, et al. Use of specific serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) (sertraline or citalopram) in the treatment of depression reduces the cardiovascular risk in the elderly: evidence from a Sicilian population > 80 years recovered in the assisted sanitary residences (RSA). Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2009; 48: 350–2
  • Barton D A, Dawood T, Lambert E A, et al. Sympathetic activity in major depressive disorder: identifying those at increased cardiac risk?. J Hypertens 2007; 25: 2117–24
  • O'Brien S M, Scott L V, Dinan T G. Antidepressant therapy and C-reactive protein levels. Br J Psychiatry 2006; 188: 449–52
  • Ramasubbu R. Cerebrovascular effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: a systematic review. J Clin Psychiatry 2004; 65: 1642–53
  • Singhal A B, Caviness V S, Begleiter A F, Mark E J, Rordorf G, Koroshetz W J. Cerebral vasoconstriction and stroke after use of serotonergic drugs. Neurology 2002; 58: 130–3
  • Bak S, Tsiropoulos I, Kjaersgaard J O, et al. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and the risk of stroke: a population-based case-control study. Stroke 2002; 33: 1465–73
  • Chen Y, Guo J J, Li H, Wulsin L, Patel N C. Risk of cerebrovascular events associated with antidepressant use in patients with depression: a population-based, nested case-control study. Ann Pharmacother 2008; 42: 177–84
  • Kharofa J, Sekar P, Haverbusch M, et al. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and risk of hemorrhagic stroke. Stroke 2007; 38: 3049–51
  • Williams M M, Clouse R E, Nix B D, et al. Efficacy of sertraline in prevention of depression recurrence in older versus younger adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care 2007; 30: 801–6
  • Arranz F J, Ros S. Effects of comorbidity and polypharmacy on the clinical usefulness of sertraline in elderly depressed patients: an open multicentre study. J Affect Disord 1997; 46: 285–91
  • Kurzthaler I, Hotter A, Miller C, et al. Risk profile of SSRIs in elderly depressive patients with co-morbid physical illness. Pharmacopsychiatry 2001; 34: 114–8
  • Small G W, Birkett M, Meyers B S, Koran L M, Bystritsky A, Nemeroff C B. Impact of physical illness on quality of life and antidepressant response in geriatric major depression. Fluoxetine Collaborative Study Group. J Am Geriatr Soc 1996; 44: 1220–5
  • Sheikh J I, Cassidy E L, Doraiswamy P M, et al. Efficacy, safety and tolerability of sertraline in patients with late-life depression and comorbid medical illness. J Am Geriatr Soc 2004; 52: 86–92
  • Le Couteur D G, McLean A J. The aging liver. Drug clearance and an oxygen diffusion barrier hypothesis. Clin Pharmacokinet 1998; 34: 359–73
  • DeVane C L, Pollock B G. Pharmacokinetic considerations of antidepressant use in the elderly. J Clin Psychiatry 1999; 60(suppl 20)38–44
  • Haider A, Miller D R, Staton R D. Use of serotonergic drugs for treating depression in older patients. Geriatrics 1993; 48: 48–51
  • Holbrook A M, Pereira J A, Labiris R, et al. Systematic overview of warfarin and its drug and food interactions. Arch Intern Med 2005; 165: 1095–106
  • Unutzer J. Clinical practice. Late-life depression. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 2269–76
  • Thomson PDR/Micromedex. USP DI Drug information for the health care professional. Vol. 1, 2007. U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, MD 1982
  • Lotrich F E, Pollock B G. Aging and clinical pharmacology: implications for antidepressants. J Clin Pharmacol 2005; 45: 1106–22
  • Hemeryck A, Belpaire F M. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and cytochrome P-450 mediated drug-drug interactions: an update. Curr Drug Metab 2002; 3: 13–37
  • Richelson E. Pharmacokinetic drug interactions of new antidepressants: a review of the effects on the metabolism of other drugs. Mayo Clin Proc 1997; 72: 835–47
  • Ereshefsky L, Dugan D. Review of the pharmacokinetics, pharmacogenetics and drug interaction potential of antidepressants: focus on venlafaxine. Depress Anxiety 2000; 12(suppl 1)30–44
  • Centorrino F, Baldessarini R J, Frankenburg F R, Kando J, Volpicelli S A, Flood J G. Serum levels of clozapine and norclozapine in patients treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Am J Psychiatry 1996; 153: 820–2

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.