A₁ and A₃ adenosine receptors alter glutathione status in an organ-specific manner and influence the changes after inhibition of γ-glutamylcysteine ligase

References

• Daré E, Schulte G, Karovic O, Hammarberg C, Fredholm BB. Modulation of glial cell functions by adenosine receptors. Physiol Behav 2007; 92: 15–20
   Google Scholar
• Gessi S, Merighi S, Varani K, Leung E, Mac Lennan S, Borea PA. The A3 adenosine receptor: an enigmatic player in cell biology. Pharmacol Ther 2008; 117: 123–140
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredholm BB, Abbracchio MP, Burnstock G, Daly JW, Harden TK, Jacobson KA, Leff P, Williams M. Nomenclature and classification of purinoceptors. Pharmacol Rev 1994; 46: 143–156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ralevic V, Burnstock G. Receptors for purines and pyrimidines. Pharmacol Rev 1998; 50: 413–492
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yaar R, Jones MR, Chen JF, Ravid K. Animal models for the study of adenosine receptor function. J Cell Physiol 2005; 202: 9–20
   Google Scholar
• Funakoshi H, Zacharia LC, Tang Z, Zhang J, Lee LL, Good JC, Herrmann DE, Higuchi Y, Koch WJ, Jackson EK, Chan TO, Feldman AM. A1 adenosine receptor upregulation accompanies decreasing myocardial adenosine levels in mice with left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation 2007; 15: 2307–2315
   Google Scholar
• Min KJ, Kim JH, Jou I, Joe EH. Adenosine induces hemeoxygenase-1 expression in microglia through the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and nuclear factor E2-related factor 2. Glia 2008; 56: 1028–1037
   Google Scholar
• Narayan P, Mentzer RM, Jr, Lasley RD. Adenosine A1 receptor activation reduces reactive oxygen species and attenuates stunning in ventricular myocytes. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2001; 33: 121–129
   Google Scholar
• Salvatore CA, Tilley SL, Latour AM, Fletcher DS, Koller BH, Jacobson MA. Disruption of the A(3) adenosine receptor gene in mice and its effect on stimulated inflammatory cells. J Biol Chem 2000; 75: 4429–4434
   Google Scholar
• Zheng J, Wang R, Zambraski E, Wu D, Jacobson KA, Liang B. Protective roles of adenosine A1, A2A, and A3 receptors in skeletal muscle ischemia and reperfusion injury. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 293: H3685–H3691
   Google Scholar
• Cho CG, Kim HJ, Chung SW, Jung KJ, Shim KH, Yu BP, Yodoi J, Chung HY. Modulation of glutathione and thioredoxin systems by calorie restriction during the aging process. Exp Gerontol 2003; 38: 539–548
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Paolicchi A, Dominaci S, Pieri L, Maellaro E, Pompella A. Glutathione catabolism as a signaling mechanism. Biochem Pharmacol 2002; 64: 1027–1035
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynaert NL, Van der Vliet A, Guala AS, McGovern T, Hristova M, Pantano C, Heintz NH, Heim J, Ho YS, Matthews DE, Wouters EF, Janssen-Heininger YM. Dynamic redox control of NF-kappaB through glutaredoxin-regulated S-glutathionylation of inhibitory kappaB kinase beta. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006; 103: 13086–13091
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chi L, Ke Y, Luo C, Gozal D, Liu R. Depletion of reduced glutathione enhances motor neuron degeneration in vitro and in vivo. Neuroscience 2007; 144: 991–1003
   Google Scholar
• Limón-Pacheco JH, Hernández NA, Fanjul-Moles ML, Gonsebatt ME. Glutathione depletion activates mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways that display organ-specific responses and brain protection in mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2007; 43: 1335–1347
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato H, Tamba M, Okuno S, Sato K, Keino-Masu K, Masu M, Bannai S. Distribution of cystine/glutamate exchange transporter, system x(c)-, in the mouse brain. J Neurosci 2002; 22: 8028–8033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansson B, Halldner L, Dunwiddie TV, Masino SA, Poelchen W, Giménez-Llort L, Escorihuela RM, Fernández-Teruel A, Wiesenfeld-Hallin Z, Xu XJ, Hårdemark A, Betsholtz C, Herlenius E, Fredholm BB. Hyperalgesia, anxiety, and decreased hypoxic neuroprotection in mice lacking the adenosine A1 receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98: 9407–9412
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ge ZD, Peart JN, Kreckler LM, Wan TC, Jacobson MA, Gross GJ, Auchampach JA. Cl-IB-MECA [2-chloro-N6-(3-iodobenzyl)adenosine-5′-N-methylcarboxamide] reduces ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice by activating the A3 adenosine receptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 319: 1200–1210
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee HT, Kim M, Joo JD, Gallos G, Chen JF, Emala CW. A3 adenosine receptor activation decreases mortality and renal and hepatic injury in murine septic peritonitis. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2006; 291: R959–R969
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahman I, Kode A, Biswas SK. Assay for quantitative determination of glutathione and glutathione disulfide levels using enzymatic recycling method. Nat Protoc 2006; 1: 3159–3165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffith OW, Meister A. Potent and specific inhibition of glutathione synthesis by buthionine sulfoximine (S-n-butyl homocysteine sulfoximine). J Biol Chem 1976; 25: 7558–7560
   Google Scholar
• Fredholm BB, Irenius E, Kull B, Schulte G. Comparison of the potency of adenosine as an agonist at human adenosine receptors expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2001; 61: 443–448
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickinson DA, Levonen AL, Moellering DR, Arnold EK, Zhang H, Darley-Usmar VM, Forman HJ. Human glutamate cysteine ligase gene regulation through the electrophile response element. Free Radic Biol Med 2004; 37: 1152–1159
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JI, Kang J, Stipanuk MH. Differential regulation of glutamate-cysteine ligase subunit expression and increased holoenzyme formation in response to cysteine deprivation. Biochem J 2006; 393: 181–190
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wakabayashi N, Dinkova-Kostova AT, Holtzclaw WD, Kang MI, Kobayashi A, Yamamoto M, Kensler TW, Talalay P. Protection against electrophile and oxidant stress by induction of the phase 2 response: fate of cysteines of the Keap1 sensor modified by inducers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101: 2040–2045
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velichkova M, Hasson T. Keap1 regulates the oxidation-sensitive shuttling of Nrf2 into and out of the nucleus via a Crm1-dependent nuclear export mechanism. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25: 4501–4513
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen T, Sherratt PJ, Nioi P, Yang CS, Pickett CB. Nrf2 controls constitutive and inducible expression of ARE-driven genes through a dynamic pathway involving nucleocytoplasmic shuttling by Keap1. J Biol Chem 2005; 280: 32485–32492
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasaki H, Sato H, Kuriyama-Matsumura K, Sato K, Maebara K, Wang H, Tamba M, Itoh K, Yamamoto M, Bannai S. Electrophile response element-mediated induction of the cystine/glutamate exchange transporter gene expression. J Biol Chem 2002; 277: 44765–44771
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee HT, Ota-Setlik A, Xu H, D'Agati VD, Jacobson MA, Emala CW. A3 adenosine receptor knockout mice are protected against ischemia- and myoglobinuria-induced renal failure. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2003; 284: F267–F273
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasko G, Nemeth ZH, Vizi ES, Salzman AL, Szabo C. An agonist of adenosine A3 receptors decreases interleukin-12 and interferon-gamma production and prevents lethality in endotoxemic mice. Eur J Pharmacol 1998; 358: 261–268
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mabley J, Soriano F, Pacher P, Hasko G, Marton A, Wallace R, Salzman A, Szabo C. The adenosine A3 receptor agonist, N6-(3-iodobenzyl)-adenosine-5′-N-methyluronamide, is protective in two murine models of colitis. Eur J Pharmacol 2003; 466: 323–329
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan GW, Fang G, Linden J, Scheld WM. A2A adenosine receptor activation improves survival in mouse models of endotoxemia and sepsis. J Infect Dis 2004; 189: 1897–1904
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linden J. Molecular approach to adenosine receptors: receptor-mediated mechanisms of tissue protection. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2001; 41: 775–787
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Platts SH, Duling BR. Adenosine A3 receptor activation modulates the capillary endothelial glycocalyx. Circ Res 2004; 94: 77–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar