Circulating markers of nitric oxide homeostasis and cardiometabolic diseases: insights from population-based studies

References

• Habib SH, Saha S. Burden of non-communicable disease: global overview. Diabetes Metab Syndr Clin Res Rev. 2010;4:41–47.
   Google Scholar
• D’Agostino RB, Pencina MJ, Massaro JM. Cardiovascular disease risk assessment: insights from Framingham. Glob Heart. 2013;8:11–23.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hozawa A, Folsom AR, Sharrett AR, et al.. Absolute and attributable risks of cardiovascular disease incidence in relation to optimal and borderline risk factors: comparison of African American with white subjects—atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167:573–579.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang J, Tan G-J, Han L-N, et al. Novel biomarkers for cardiovascular risk prediction. J Geriatr Cardiol. 2017;14:135–150.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ge Y, Wang TJ. Identifying novel biomarkers for cardiovascular disease risk prediction. J Intern Med. 2012;272:430–439.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlström M, Wilcox CS, Arendshorst WJ. Renal autoregulation in health and disease. Physiol Rev. 2015;95:405–511.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghasemi A, Zahediasl S. Is nitric oxide a hormone? Iran Biomed J. 2011;15:59–65.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lundberg JO, Weitzberg E, Gladwin MT. The nitrate–nitrite-nitric oxide pathway in physiology and therapeutics. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2008;7:156–167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knott AB, Bossy-Wetzel E. Impact of nitric oxide on metabolism in health and age-related disease. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2010;12:126–133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryan NS. Pharmacological therapies, lifestyle choices and nitric oxide deficiency: a perfect storm. Pharmacol Res. 2012;66:448–456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baylis C. Nitric oxide deficiency in chronic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2008;294:F1–F9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masha A, Dinatale S, Allasia S, et al. Role of the decreased nitric oxide bioavailability in the vascular complications of diabetes mellitus. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2011;12:1354–1363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoclet JC, Muller B, Andriantsitohaina R, et al. Overproduction of nitric oxide in pathophysiology of blood vessels. Biochemistry Mosc. 1998;63:826–832.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perreault M, Marette A. Targeted disruption of inducible nitric oxide synthase protects against obesity-linked insulin resistance in muscle. Nat Med. 2001;7:1138–1143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hewala TI, El-Moneim NAA, Ebied SAE-M, et al. Diagnostic and prognostic value of serum nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, basic fibroblast growth factor and copper as angiogenic markers in premenopausal breast cancer patients: a case-control study. Br J Biomed Sci. 2010;67:167–176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muto S, Takagi H, Owada Y. and others. Serum nitric oxide as a predictive biomarker for bevacizumab in non-small cell lung cancer patients. Anticancer Res. 2017;37:3169–3174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milkowski A, Garg HK, Coughlin JR, et al. Nutritional epidemiology in the context of nitric oxide biology: a risk-benefit evaluation for dietary nitrite and nitrate. Nitric Oxide. 2010;22:110–119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghasemi A, Zahediasl S, Azimzadeh I, et al. Increased serum nitric oxide metabolites in dysglycaemia. Ann Hum Biol. 2011;38:577–582.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghasemi A, Zahediasl S, Azizi F. High serum nitric oxide metabolites and incident metabolic syndrome. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2012;72:523–530.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghasemi A, Zahediasl S, Azizi F. Elevated nitric oxide metabolites are associated with obesity in women. Arch Iran Med. 2013;16:521–525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelm M. Nitric oxide metabolism and breakdown. Biochim Biophys Acta Bioenerg. 1999;1411:273–289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlström M, Liu M, Yang T, et al. Cross-talk between nitrate–nitrite-NO and NO synthase pathways in control of vascular NO homeostasis. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2015;23:295–306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castillo L, Beaumier L, Ajami AM, et al. Whole body nitric oxide synthesis in healthy men determined from [15N] arginine-to-[15N]citrulline labeling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996;93:11460–11465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mariotti F, Petzke KJ, Bonnet D, et al. Kinetics of the utilization of dietary arginine for nitric oxide and urea synthesis: insight into the arginine-nitric oxide metabolic system in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013;97:972–979.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryan NS, Calvert JW, Gundewar S, et al. Dietary nitrite restores NO homeostasis and is cardioprotective in endothelial nitric oxide synthase-deficient mice. Free Radic Biol Med. 2008;45:468–474.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hord NG, Tang Y, Bryan NS. Food sources of nitrates and nitrites: the physiologic context for potential health benefits. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;90:1–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benjamin N, O'Driscoll F, Dougall H, et al. Stomach NO synthesis. Nature 1994;368:502.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundberg JO, Weitzberg E, Lundberg JM, et al. Intragastric nitric oxide production in humans: measurements in expelled air. Gut 1994;35:1543–1546.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weitzberg E, Lundberg JO. Nonenzymatic nitric oxide production in humans. Nitric Oxide. 1998;2:1–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zweier JL, Samouilov A, Kuppusamy P. Non-enzymatic nitric oxide synthesis in biological systems. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1999;1411:250–262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weitzberg E, Lundberg JO. Novel aspects of dietary nitrate and human health. Annu Rev Nutr. 2013;33:129–159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen JD, Giordano T, Kevil CG. Nitrite and nitric oxide metabolism in peripheral artery disease. Nitric Oxide. 2012;26:217–222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundberg JO, Weitzberg E. NO generation from nitrite and its role in vascular control. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005;25:915–922.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsikas D. Methods of quantitative analysis of the nitric oxide metabolites nitrite and nitrate in human biological fluids. Free Radic Res. 2005;39:797–815.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miranda KM, Espey MG, Wink DA. A rapid, simple spectrophotometric method for simultaneous detection of nitrate and nitrite. Nitric Oxide. 2001;5:62–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghasemi A, Zahediasl S. Preanalytical and analytical considerations for measuring nitric oxide metabolites in serum or plasma using the Griess method. Clin Lab. 2012;58:615–624.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Townsend MK, Eliassen AH, et al. Stability and reproducibility of the measurement of plasma nitrate in large epidemiologic studies. N Am J Med Sci (Boston). 2013;6:82–86.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ghasemi A, Zahedi Asl S, Mehrabi Y, et al. Serum nitric oxide metabolite levels in a general healthy population: relation to sex and age. Life Sci. 2008;83:326–331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe T, Akishita M, Toba K, et al. Influence of sex and age on serum nitrite/nitrate concentration in healthy subjects. Clin Chim Acta. 2000;301:169–179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghasemi A, Zahediasl S, Azizi F. Reference values for serum nitric oxide metabolites in an adult population. Clin Biochem. 2010;43:89–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghasemi A, Zahediasl S, Azizi F. Reference values for serum nitric oxide metabolites in pediatrics. Nitric Oxide. 2010;23:264–268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi H, Nakanishi T, Nishimura M, et al. Measurements of serum levels of nitrate ions in men and women: implications of endothelium-derived relaxing factor in blood pressure regulation and atherosclerosis. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1992;20:S214–S216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higashino H, Miya H, Mukai H, et al. Serum nitric oxide metabolite (NO(x)) levels in hypertensive patients at rest: a comparison of age, gender, blood pressure and complications using normotensive controls. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2007;34:725–731.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akarasereenont P, Nuamchit T, Thaworn A, et al. Serum nitric oxide levels in patients with coronary artery disease. J Med Assoc Thai. 2001;84:S730–S739.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Salimi S, Naghavi A, Shafiee SM, et al. Plasma nitric oxide concentrations and nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphisms in coronary artery disease.  78th Congress of the European-Atherosclerosis-Society, Vol.11, 2010; 109–222.
   Google Scholar
• Chaturvedi P, Mehrotra V, Saxena Y, et al. Correlation of serum nitric oxide (NO) with Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) in acute ischemic stroke patient: a study in North India. Ind J Clin Biochem. 2018;33:322–327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jilma B, Kastner J, Mensik C, et al. Sex differences in concentrations of exhaled nitric oxide and plasma nitrate. Life Sci. 1996;58:469–476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peinado MA, López-Ramos JC, Camacho MV, et al. Age and sex-related serum changes in nitric oxide: correlations with serological markers. Int J Cardiol. 2007;121:88–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giovannoni G, Land JM, Keir G, et al. Adaptation of the nitrate reductase and Griess reaction methods for the measurement of serum nitrate plus nitrite levels. Ann Clin Biochem. 1997;34:193–198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahid SM, Jawed M, Mahboob T. Relationship between serum nitric oxide and sialic acid in coexisted diabetes, hypertension and nephropathy. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2013;26:593–597.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maas R, Xanthakis V, Göen T, et al. Plasma nitrate and incidence of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in the community: the Framingham Offspring Study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6(11): pii: e006224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toprakçi M, Ozmen D, Mutaf I, et al. Age-associated changes in nitric oxide metabolites nitrite and nitrate. Int J Clin Lab Res. 2000;30:83–85.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yoon Y, Song J, Hong SH, et al. Plasma nitric oxide concentrations and nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphisms in coronary artery disease. Clin Chem. 2000;46:1626–1630.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferlito S, Gallina M. Nitrite plasma levels in acute and chronic coronary heart disease. Minerva Cardioangiol. 1997;45:553–558.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Manju M, Mishra S, Toora BD, et al. Relationship between glycosylated hemoglobin, serum nitric oxide and mean arterial blood pressure. Int J Biomed Sci IJBS. 2014;10:252–257.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pereira FO, Frode TS, Medeiros YS. Evaluation of tumour necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-2 soluble receptor, nitric oxide metabolites, and lipids as inflammatory markers in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Mediators Inflamm. 2006;2006:39062.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang SH, Ding JS, Jiao Y, et al. Association between serum nitric oxide and hypertension among 1453 women in Suzhou. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2011;32:760–763.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liu HY, Peng H, Tang LY, et al. Association between serum nitric oxide level and microalbuminuria: a 1:2 matched case-control study. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2012;33:746–749.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ghosh A, Sherpa ML, Bhutia Y, et al. Serum nitric oxide status in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Sikkim. Int J App Basic Med Res. 2011;1:31–35.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vanizor B, Örem A, Karahan SC, et al. Decreased nitric oxide end-products and its relationship with high density lipoprotein and oxidative stress in people with type 2 diabetes without complications. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2001;54:33–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caimi G, Hopps E, Montana M, et al. Evaluation of nitric oxide metabolites in a group of subjects with metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2012;6:132–135.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ghasemi A, Zahediasl S, Syedmoradi L. Association between serum nitric oxide metabolites and hypertension in a general population. Int Angiol. 2011;30:380–387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zahedi Asl S, Ghasemi A, Azizi F. Serum nitric oxide metabolites in subjects with metabolic syndrome. Clin Biochem. 2008;41:1342–1347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caimi G, Hopps E, Montana M, et al. Nitric oxide metabolites (nitrite and nitrate) in several clinical condition. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc. 2014;56:359–369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waise A, Price HC. The upper limit of the reference range for thyroid-stimulating hormone should not be confused with a cut-off to define subclinical hypothyroidism. Ann Clin Biochem. 2009;46:93–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghasemi A, Tohidi M, Derakhshan A, et al. Cut-off points of homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, beta-cell function, and fasting serum insulin to identify future type 2 diabetes: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Acta Diabetol. 2015;52:905–915.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sikaris KA. Physiology and its importance for reference intervals. Clin Biochem Rev. 2014;35:3–14.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Seals D, Jablonski K, Donato A. Aging and vascular endothelial function in humans. Clin Sci. 2011;120:357–375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cau SBA, Carneiro FS, Tostes RC. Differential modulation of nitric oxide synthases in aging: therapeutic opportunities. Front Physiol. 2012;3:218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeng Q-P. Artemisinin and nitric oxide: mechanisms and implications in disease and health. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Reckelhoff JF, Hennington BS, Moore AG, et al. Gender differences in the renal nitric oxide (NO) system: dissociation between expression of endothelial NO synthase and renal hemodynamic response to NO synthase inhibition. Am J Hypertens. 1998;11:97–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu R, Zhang LX, Zhang PH, et al. Gender differences in age-related decline in glomerular filtration rates in healthy people and chronic kidney disease patients. BMC Nephrol. 2010;11:20–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adkisson EJ. Effects of the menstrual cycle on vascular function [master’s thesis]. Florida: University of Florida; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Bednarek-Tupikowska G, Tworowska-Bardzińska U, Tupikowski K. Effects of estrogen and estrogen-progesteron on serum nitric oxide metabolite concentrations in post-menopausal women. J Endocrinol Invest. 2008;31:877–881.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balci H, Altunyurt S, Acar B, et al. Effects of transdermal estrogen replacement therapy on plasma levels of nitric oxide and plasma lipids in postmenopausal women. Maturitas. 2005;50:289–293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tehrani FR, Behboudi-Gandevani S, Ghasemi A, et al. Menopause status as the main factor explaining the gender differences of serum nitric oxide concentrations in middle-aged population. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2015;291:159–163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramezani Tehrani F, Behboudi-Gandevani S, Ghasemi A, et al. Association between serum concentrations of nitric oxide and transition to menopause. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2015;94:708–714.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owusu Darkwa E, Djagbletey R, Sottie D. Serum nitric oxide levels in healthy pregnant women: a case- control study in a tertiary facility in Ghana. Matern Health Neonatol Perinatol. 2018;4:3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Orange SJ, Painter D, Horvath J, et al. Placental endothelial nitric oxide synthase localization and expression in normal human pregnancy and pre-eclampsia. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2003;30:376–381.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buttery L, Mccarthy A, Springall D, et al. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase in the human placenta: regional distribution and proposed regulatory role at the feto-maternal interface. Placenta 1994;15:257–265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaamash AH, Elsnosy ED, Makhlouf AM, et al. Maternal and fetal serum nitric oxide (NO) concentrations in normal pregnancy, pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2000;68:207–214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu DH, Peng J, Zhang X, et al. Thyroid hormone exacerbates vasoconstriction in insulin resistance: the role of ONOO(−). Eur J Pharmacol. 2014;730:41–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrillo-Sepúlveda MA, Ceravolo GS, Fortes ZB, et al. Thyroid hormone stimulates NO production via activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway in vascular myocytes. Cardiovasc Res. 2010;85:560–570.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagheripuor F, Gharibzadeh S, Ghanbari M, et al. Association between serum nitric oxide metabolites and thyroid hormones in a general population: Tehran Thyroid Study. Endocr Res. 2016;41:193–199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verma M, Dahiya K, Ghalaut VS, et al. Thyroid disorders and nitric oxide levels. Sci Med. 2015;5:4–8.
   Google Scholar
• Atta MN, Elessawy R, Deghedy A, et al. Hashimoto thyroiditis is an independent cardiovascular risk factor in clinically hypothyroid patients. Alex J Med. 2011;47:267–276.
   Google Scholar
• Kearney MT. Changing the way we think about endothelial cell insulin sensitivity, nitric oxide, and the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes: the FoxO is loose. Diabetes 2013;62:1386–1388.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrie JR, Ueda S, Webb DJ, et al. Endothelial nitric oxide production and insulin sensitivity. A physiological link with implications for pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 1996;93:1331–1333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makhzani P, Afghan M, Tohidi M, et al. Endocr Res. 2017;42(2):96–101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Julinar REA, Bachtiar H, Oenzil F. Correlation nitric oxide level and homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance in obese adolescent. Int J Pediatr Endocrinol. 2013;2013:84.
   Google Scholar
• Zavaroni I, Platti PM, Monti LD, et al. Plasma nitric oxide concentrations are elevated in insulin-resistant healthy subjects. Metabolism. 2000;49:959–961.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nene S, Gelabert H, Moore W, et al. Cigarette smoking increases endothelial-derived vasorelaxation in the rat carotid artery in a dose-dependent manner. J Surg Res. 1997;71:101–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller VM, Lewis DA, Rud KS, et al. Plasma nitric oxide before and after smoking cessation with nicotine nasal spray. J Clin Pharmacol. 1998;38:22–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo X, Oldham MJ, Kleinman MT, et al. Effect of cigarette smoking on nitric oxide, structural, and mechanical properties of mouse arteries. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2006;291:H2354–H2361.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anazawa T, Dimayuga PC, Li H, et al. Effect of exposure to cigarette smoke on carotid artery intimal thickening: the role of inducible NO synthase. Arter. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2004;24:1652–1658.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghasemi A, Syedmoradi L, Momenan AA, et al. The influence of cigarette and qalyan (hookah) smoking on serum nitric oxide metabolite concentration. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2010;70:116–121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazzone A, Cusa C, Mazzucchelli I, et al. Cigarette smoking and hypertension influence nitric oxide release and plasma levels of adhesion molecules. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2001;39:822–826.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuchiya M, Asada A, Kasahara E, et al. Smoking a single cigarette rapidly reduces combined concentrations of nitrate and nitrite and concentrations of antioxidants in plasma. Circulation. 2002;105:1155–1157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moncada S. Nitric oxide in the vasculature: physiology and pathophysiology. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1997;811:60–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsukiyama Y, Ito T, Nagaoka K, et al. Effects of exercise training on nitric oxide, blood pressure and antioxidant enzymes. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2017;60:180–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jabłecka A, Bogdański P, Balcer N, et al. The effect of oral L-arginine supplementation on fasting glucose, HbA1c, nitric oxide and total antioxidant status in diabetic patients with atherosclerotic peripheral arterial disease of lower extremities. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2012;16:342–350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tangphao O, Chalon S, Coulston AM, et al. L-arginine and nitric oxide-related compounds in plasma: comparison of normal and arginine-free diets in a 24-h crossover study. Vasc Med. 1999;4:27–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirmiran P, Bahadoran Z, Ghasemi A, et al. The association of dietary L-arginine intake and serum nitric oxide metabolites in adults: a population-based study. Nutrients 2016;8:311.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bahadoran Z, Ghasemi A, Mirmiran P, et al. Estimation and validation of dietary nitrate and nitrite intake in Iranian population. Iran J Public Health. 2018;48:162–170.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toda N, Arakawa K. Salt-induced hemodynamic regulation mediated by nitric oxide. J Hypertens. 2011;29:415–424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sansbury BE, Hill BG. Regulation of obesity and insulin resistance by nitric oxide. Free Radic Biol Med. 2014;73:383–399.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jobgen WS, Fried SK, Fu WJ, et al. Regulatory role for the arginine–nitric oxide pathway in metabolism of energy substrates. J Nutr Biochem. 2006;17:571–588.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGrowder D, Ragoobirsingh D, Brown P. Modulation of glucose uptake in adipose tissue by nitric oxide-generating compounds. J Biosci. 2006;31:347–354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engeli S, Janke J, Gorzelniak K, et al. Regulation of the nitric oxide system in human adipose tissue. J Lipid Res. 2004;45:1640–1648.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jankovic A, Korac A, Buzadzic B, et al. Targeting the NO/superoxide ratio in adipose tissue: relevance to obesity and diabetes management. Br J Pharmacol. 2017;174:1570–1590.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gámez-Méndez AM, Vargas-Robles H, Arellano-Mendoza M, et al. Early stage of obesity potentiates nitric oxide reduction during the development of renal failure. J Nephrol. 2014;27:281–287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mastronardi CA, Yu WH, McCann SM. Resting and circadian release of nitric oxide is controlled by leptin in male rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002;99:5721–5726.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korda M, Kubant R, Patton S, Malinski T. Leptin-induced endothelial dysfunction in obesity. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2008;295:H1514–H1521.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapur S, Picard F, Perreault M, et al. Nitric oxide: a new player in the modulation of energy metabolism. Int J Obes. 2000;24:S36–S40.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elizalde M, Rydén M, van Harmelen V, et al. Expression of nitric oxide synthases in subcutaneous adipose tissue of nonobese and obese humans. J Lipid Res. 2000;41:1244–1251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sansbury BE, Hill BG. Antiobesogenic role of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Vitam Horm. 2014;96:323–346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avogaro A, de Kreutzenberg SV. Mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction in obesity. Clin Chim Acta. 2005;360:9–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pryor WA, Squadrito GL. The chemistry of peroxynitrite: a product from the reaction of nitric oxide with superoxide. Am J Physiol. 1995;268:L699–L722.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujita K, Wada K, Nozaki Y, et al. Serum nitric oxide metabolite as a biomarker of visceral fat accumulation: clinical significance of measurement for nitrate/nitrite. Med Sci Monit. 2011;17:CR123–CR131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kondo T, Ueyama J, Imai R, et al. Association of abdominal circumference with serum nitric oxide concentration in healthy population. Environ Health Prev Med. 2006;11:321–325.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Higashi Y, Sasaki S, Nakagawa K, et al. Low body mass index is a risk factor for impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation in humans: role of nitric oxide and oxidative stress. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42:256–263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Correia-Costa L, Sousa T, Morato M, et al. Oxidative stress and nitric oxide are increased in obese children and correlate with cardiometabolic risk and renal function. Br J Nutr. 2016;116:805–815.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Codoñer-Franch P, Tavárez-Alonso S, Porcar-Almela M, et al. Plasma resistin levels are associated with homocysteine, endothelial activation, and nitrosative stress in obese youths. Clin Biochem. 2014;47:44–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gruber H-J, Mayer C, Mangge H, et al. Obesity reduces the bioavailability of nitric oxide in juveniles. Int J Obes. 2008;32:826–831.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin L-Y, Lee W-J, Shen H-N, et al. Nitric oxide production is paradoxically decreased after weight reduction surgery in morbid obesity patients. Atherosclerosis. 2007;190:436–442.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bahadoran Z, Ghasemi A, Mirmiran P, et al. Beneficial effects of inorganic nitrate/nitrite in type 2 diabetes and its complications. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2015;12:16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Assmann TS, Brondani LA, Bouças AP, et al. Nitric oxide levels in patients with diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nitric Oxide. 2016;61:1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozcelik O, Algul S. Nitric oxide levels in response to the patients with different stage of diabetes. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-Grand). 2017;63:49–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adela R, Nethi SK, Bagul PK, et al. Hyperglycaemia enhances nitric oxide production in diabetes: a study from South Indian patients. Plos One. 2015;10:e0125270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kagota S, Yamaguchi Y, Tanaka N, et al. Disturbances in nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine monophosphate system in SHR/NDmcr-cp rats, a model of metabolic syndrome. Life Sci. 2006;78:1187–1196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scherrer U, Sartori C. Defective nitric oxide synthesis: a link between metabolic insulin resistance, sympathetic overactivity and cardiovascular morbidity. Eur J Endocrinol. 2000;142:315–323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tessari P, Cecchet D, Cosma A, et al. Nitric oxide synthesis is reduced in subjects with Type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. Diabetes. 2010;59:2152–2159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu S, Bohlen HG. High concentration of glucose inhibits glomerular endothelial eNOS through a PKC mechanism. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2004;287:F384–F392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gumanova NG, Deev AD, Klimushina MV, et al. Serum nitrate and nitrite are associated with the prevalence of various chronic diseases except cancer. Int Angiol. 2017;36:160–166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermann M, Flammer A, Lscher TF. Nitric oxide in hypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2006;8:17–29.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Walford G, Loscalzo J. Nitric oxide in vascular biology. J Thromb Haemost. 2003;1:2112–2118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ignarro LJ. Endothelium-derived nitric oxide: actions and properties. .FASEB J. 1989;3:31–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dominiczak AF, Bohr DF. Nitric oxide and its putative role in hypertension. Hypertension. 1995;25:1202–1211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emdin CA, Khera AV, Klarin D, et al. Phenotypic consequences of a genetic predisposition to enhanced nitric oxide signaling. Circulation. 2018;137:222–232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliveira-Paula GH, Lacchini R, Tanus-Santos JE. Inducible nitric oxide synthase as a possible target in hypertension. Curr Drug Targets 2014;15:164–174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li R, Lyn D, Lapu-Bula R, et al. Relation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene to plasma nitric oxide level, endothelial function, and blood pressure in African Americans. Am J Hypertens. 2004;17:560–567.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takase H, Sugiyama M, Nakazawa A, et al. Long-term effect of antihypertensive therapy with calcium antagonist or angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor on serum nitrite/nitrate levels in human essential hypertension. Arzneimittelforschung. 2000;50:530–534.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klahr S. The role of nitric oxide in hypertension and renal disease progression. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2001;16:60–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt RJ, Baylis C. Total nitric oxide production is low in patients with chronic renal disease. Kidney Int. 2000;58:1261–1266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt RJ, Yokota S, Tracy TS, et al. Nitric oxide production is low in end-stage renal disease patients on peritoneal dialysis. Am J Physiol. 1999;276:F794–F797.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blum M, Yachnin T, Wollman Y, et al. Low nitric oxide production in patients with chronic renal failure. Nephron. 1998;79:265–268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jepson RE, Syme HM, Vallance C, Elliott J. Plasma asymmetric dimethylarginine, symmetric dimethylarginine, l-arginine, and nitrite/nitrate concentrations in cats with chronic kidney disease and hypertension. J Vet Intern Med. 2008;22:317–324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meenakshi SR, Agarwal R. Nitric oxide levels in patients with chronic renal disease. J Clin Diagn Res. 2013;7:1288–1290.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bahadoran Z, Mirmiran P, Tahmasebi Nejad Z, et al. Serum nitric oxide is associated with the risk of chronic kidney disease in women: Tehran lipid and glucose study. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2016;76:304–308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esmailnasab N, Moradi G, Delaveri A. Risk factors of non-communicable diseases and metabolic syndrome. Iran J Public Health. 2012;41:77–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litvinova L, Atochin DN, Fattakhov N, et al. Nitric oxide and mitochondria in metabolic syndrome. Front Physiol. 2015;6:20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghasemi A, Zahediasl S, Azizi F. Nitric oxide and clustering of metabolic syndrome components in pediatrics. Eur J Epidemiol. 2010;25:45–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadaegh F, Asgari S, Bozorgmanesh M, et al. Added value of total serum nitrate/nitrite for prediction of cardiovascular disease in middle east Caucasian residents in Tehran. Nitric Oxide. 2016;54:60–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bahadoran Z, Mirmiran P, Ghasemi A, et al. Serum nitric oxide metabolites are associated with the risk of hypertriglyceridemic-waist phenotype in women: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Nitric Oxide. 2015;50:52–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beberashvili I, Sinuani I, Azar A, et al. Increased basal nitric oxide amplifies the association of inflammation with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in prevalent hemodialysis patients. Int Urol Nephrol. 2013;45:1703–1713.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayashi T, Nomura H, Osawa M, et al. Nitric oxide metabolites are associated with survival in older patients. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007;55:1398–1403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gumanova NG, Deev AD, Zhang W, et al. Serum nitrite and nitrate levels, NOx, can predict cardiovascular mortality in the elderly in a 3-year follow-up study. BioFactors. 2017;43:82–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gumanova NG, Deev AD, Kots AY, et al. Elevated levels of serum nitrite and nitrate, NOx, are associated with increased total and cardiovascular mortality in an 8-year follow-up study. Eur J Clin Invest. 2019;49(3);e13061.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bahadoran ZM, Ghasemi P, Azizi A, et al. The association of serum nitric oxide metabolites and 6-year changes of visceral fat accumulation in adults: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. 5th World Congress on Controversies to Consensus in Diabetes, Obesity and Hypertension (CODHy). Istanbul, Turkey; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Osawa M, Hayashi T, Nomura H, et al. Nitric oxide (NO) is a new clinical biomarker of survival in the elderly patients and its efficacy might be nearly equal to albumin. Nitric Oxide. 2007;16:157–163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendy A. Association of urinary nitrate with lower prevalence of hypertension and stroke and with reduced risk of cardiovascular mortality. Circulation. 2018;137:2295–2297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baylis C, Vallance P. Measurement of nitrite and nitrate levels in plasma and urine–what does this measure tell us about the activity of the endogenous nitric oxide system? Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 1998;7:59–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pham TN, Rahman P, Tobin YM, et al. Elevated serum nitric oxide levels in patients with inflammatory arthritis associated with co-expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and protein kinase C-eta in peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages. J Rheumatol. 2003;30:2529–2534.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belmont HM, Levartovsky D, Goel A, et al. Increased nitric oxide production accompanied by the up-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase in vascular endothelium from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 1997;40:1810–1816.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang J, Brown MA, Tarn SH, et al. Effects of diet on measurement of nitric oxide metabolites. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1997;24:418–420.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higashino H, Tabuchi M, Yamagata S, et al. Serum nitric oxide metabolite levels in groups of patients with various diseases in comparison of healthy control subjects. J Med Sci. 2010;10:1–11.
   Google Scholar
• Jobgen WS, Jobgen SC, Li H, Meininger CJ, et al. Analysis of nitrite and nitrate in biological samples using high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2007;851:71–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buga GM, Griscavage JM, Rogers NE, et al. Negative feedback regulation of endothelial cell function by nitric oxide. Circ Res. 1993;73:808–812.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gheibi S, Jeddi S, Carlström M, et al. Effects of long-term nitrate supplementation on carbohydrate metabolism, lipid profiles, oxidative stress, and inflammation in male obese type 2 diabetic rats. Nitric Oxide. 2018;75:27–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeddi S, Khalifi S, Ghanbari M, et al. Effects of nitrate intake on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in diabetic rats. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2016;107:339–347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller GD, Marsh AP, Dove RW, et al. Plasma nitrate and nitrite are increased by a high-nitrate supplement but not by high-nitrate foods in older adults. Nutr Res (New York, N.Y.) 2012;32:160–168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundberg JO, Govoni M. Inorganic nitrate is a possible source for systemic generation of nitric oxide. Free Radic Biol Med. 2004;37:395–400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuchiya K, Kanematsu Y, Yoshizumi M, et al. Nitrite is an alternative source of NO in vivo. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2005;288:H2163–H2170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castiglione N, Rinaldo S, Giardina G, et al. Nitrite and nitrite reductases: from molecular mechanisms to significance in human health and disease. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2012;17:684–716.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendgen-Cotta UB, Luedike P, Totzeck M, et al. Dietary nitrate supplementation improves revascularization in chronic ischemia. Circulation. 2012;126:1983–1992.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapil V, Weitzberg E, Lundberg JO, et al. Clinical evidence demonstrating the utility of inorganic nitrate in cardiovascular health. Nitric Oxide. 2014;38:45–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu S-G, Kukreja RC, Das A, et al. Dietary nitrate supplementation protects against doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy by improving mitochondrial function. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57:2181–2189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh M, Arya A, Kumar R, et al. Dietary nitrite attenuates oxidative stress and activates antioxidant genes in rat heart during hypobaric hypoxia. Nitric Oxide. 2012;26:61–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hord NG. Dietary nitrates, nitrites, and cardiovascular disease. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2011;13:484–492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Machha A, Schechter AN. Dietary nitrite and nitrate: a review of potential mechanisms of cardiovascular benefits. Eur J Nutr. 2011;50:293–303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chien S-J, Lin K-M, Kuo H-C, et al. Two different approaches to restore renal nitric oxide and prevent hypertension in young spontaneously hypertensive rats: l-citrulline and nitrate. Transl Res. 2014;163:43–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khalifi S, Rahimipour A, Jeddi S, et al. Dietary nitrate improves glucose tolerance and lipid profile in an animal model of hyperglycemia. Nitric Oxide. 2015;44:24–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golzarand M, Bahadoran Z, Mirmiran P, et al. Consumption of nitrate-containing vegetables is inversely associated with hypertension in adults: a prospective investigation from the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. J Nephrol. 2016;29:377–384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirmiran P, Bahadoran Z, Golzarand M, et al. Consumption of nitrate containing vegetables and the risk of chronic kidney disease: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Ren Fail. 2016;38:937–944.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hezel M, Peleli M, Liu M, et al. Dietary nitrate improves age-related hypertension and metabolic abnormalities in rats via modulation of angiotensin II receptor signaling and inhibition of superoxide generation. Free Radic Biol Med. 2016;99:87–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blekkenhorst LC, Bondonno NP, Liu AH, et al. Nitrate, the oral microbiome, and cardiovascular health: a systematic literature review of human and animal studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 2018;107:504–522.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varzandi T, Abdollahifar MA, Haeri Rohani SA, et al. Effect of long-term nitrite administration on browning of white adipose tissue in type 2 diabetic rats: a stereological study. Life Sci. 2018;207:219–226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerley CP, Dolan E, Cormican L. Nitrate-rich beetroot juice selectively lowers ambulatory pressures and LDL cholesterol in uncontrolled but not controlled hypertension: a pilot study. Ir J Med Sci. 2017;186:895–902.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar