β-Carotene generates thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances by interaction with nitrogen dioxide in air

References

• Krinsky N.I. Antioxidant functions of carotenoids. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 1989; 7: 617–635
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palozza P., Krinsky N.I. Antioxidant effects of carotenoids in vivo and in vitro: An overview. Methods in Enzymology 1992; 213: 403–420
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rice-Evans C.A., Sampson J., Bramley F.M., Holloway D.E. Why do we expect carotenoids to be antioxidants in vivo?. Free Radical Research 1997; 26: 381–398
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burton G.W., Ingold K.U. β-Carotene: An unusual type of lipid antioxidant. Science 1984; 224: 569–573
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stocker R., Yamamoto Y., McDonagh A.F., Glazer A.L., Ames B.N. Bilirubin is an antioxidant of possible physiological importance. Science 1987; 235: 1043–1046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vile G.F., Winterbourn C.C. Inhibition of adriamycin-promoted microsomal lipid peroxidation by β-carotene, α-tocopherol and retinol at high and low oxygen partial pressures. Federation of European Biochemical Societies Letters 1988; 238: 353–356
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palozza P., Krinsky N.I. The inhibition of radical initiated peroxidation of microsomal lipids by both α-tocopherol and β-carotene. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 1991; 11: 407–414
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palozza P., Krinsky N.I. Effects of β-carotene and α-tocopherol on radical initiated peroxidation of microsomes. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 1992; 13: 127–136
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy T.A., Liebler D.C. Peroxy radical scavenging by β-carotene in lipid bilayers. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 1992; 267: 4658–4663
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palozza P., Calviello G., Bartoli G.M. Prooxidant activity of β-carotene under 100% oxygen pressure in rat liver microsomes. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 1995; 19: 887–892
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palozza P., Luberto C., Calviello G., Ricci P., Bartoli M. Antioxidant and prooxidant role of β-carotene in murine normal and tumor thermocytes: Effects of oxygen partial pressure. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 1997; 22: 1065–1073
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moncada S., Palmer R.M.J., Higgs E.A. Nitric oxide: Physiology, pathophysiology and pharmacology. Pharmacological Reviews 1991; 43: 109–142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menzel D.B. The role of free radicals in the toxicity of air pollutants (nitrogen oxides and ozone). Free Radicals in Biology, II, W.A. Pryor. Academic Press, New York 1976; 181–202
   Google Scholar
• Thomas H.V., Mueller P.K., Lyman R.L. Lipoperoxidation of lung lipids in rats exposed to nitrogen dioxide. Science 1968; 159: 532–534
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roehm J.N., Hadley J.G., Menzel D.B. Oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids by ozone and nitrogen dioxide. Archives of Environmental Health 1971; 23: 142–148
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohm F., Tinkler J.H., Truscott T.G. Carotenoids protect against cell damage by the nitrogen dioxide radical. Nature Medicine 1995; 2: 98–99
   Google Scholar
• Khopde S.M., Priyadarsini K.I., Mukherjee T., Kulkarni P.B., Satav J.V., Bhattacharya R.K. Does β-carotene protect membrane lipids from nitrogen dioxide?. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 1998; 25: 66–71
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kosugi K., Kikugawa K. Potential thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances in peroxidized lipids. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 1989; 7: 205–207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kikugawa K. Use and limitation of thiobarbituric acid (TBA) test for lipid peroxidation. Recent Research and Development in Lipid Research 1997; 1: 73–96
   Google Scholar
• Kosugi H., Kato T., Kikugawa K. Formation of red pigment by a two-step 2-thiobarbituric acid reaction of alka-2,4-dienals. Potential products of lipid oxidation. Lipid 1988; 23: 1024–1031
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosugi H., Kojima T., Yamaki S., Kikugawa K. Interpretation of the thiobarbituric acid reactivity of rat liver and brain homogenates in the presence of ferric ion and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. Analytical Biochemistry 1992; 202: 249–255
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kosugi H., Kojima T., Kikugawa K. Characteristics of the thiobarbituric acid reactivity of oxidized fats and oils. Journal of American Oil Chemists' Society 1991; 68: 51–55
   Google Scholar
• Inoue T., Ando K., Kikugawa K. Specific determination of malonaldehyde by N-methyl-2-phenylindole and thiobarbituric acid. Journal of American Oil Chemists' Society 1998; 75: 597–600
   Google Scholar
• Kosugi H., Kojima T., Kikugawa K. Characteristics of the thiobarbituric acid reactivity of human urine as a possible consequence of lipid peroxidation. Lipids 1993; 28: 337–343
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kikugawa K., Hiramoto K., Tomiyama S., Asano Y. β-Carotene effectively scavenges toxic nitrogen oxides: Nitrogen dioxide and peroxynitrous acid. Federation of European Biochemical Societies Letters 1997; 404: 175–178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buring J.E., Hennekens C.H. β-Carotene and chemoprevention. Journal of Cell Biology 1995; 22: 226–230, (Suppl.)
   Google Scholar
• Peterson K. Natural cancer prevention trial halted. Science 1996; 271: 441–441
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• α-Tocopherol, β-Carotene Prevention Study Group. The effect of vitamin E and betacarotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers. New England Journal of Medicine 1994; 330: 1029–1035
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cooney R.V., Hawood J., Custer L.J., Franke A.A. Light mediated conversion of nitrogen dioxide to nitric oxide by carotenoids. Environmental Health Perspectives 1995; 102: 460–462
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Everett S.A., Dennis M.F., Patel K.B., Maddix S., Kundu S.C., Wilson R. Scavenging of nitrogen dioxide, thiyl and sufonyl free radicals by the nutritional antioxidant β-carotene. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 1996; 27: 3988–3994
   Google Scholar
• Kikugawa K., Hiramoto K., Tomiyama S., Nakauchi K. Effect of β-carotene on the transformation of tyrosine by nitrogen dioxide and peroxynitrous acid. Free Radical Research 1999; 30: 37–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar