A Longitudinal Analysis of Stressful Life Events, Smoking Behaviors, and Gender Differences in a Multicultural Sample of Adolescents

References

• Aiken L. S., West S. G. Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Sage, Newbury Park, CA 1991
   Google Scholar
• Baron R. M., Kenny D. A. The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology 1986; 51(6)1173–1182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry J. W. Acculturative stress. Readings in ethnic psychology, P. B. Organista, K. M. Chun, G. Marin. Routledge, New York 1998
   Google Scholar
• Bloch A. B., Mowery P. D., Caraballo R. S., Malarcher A. M., Pechacek T., Husten C. G., et al. Tobacco use, access, and exposure to tobacco in media among middle and high school students—United States, 2004. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2005; 54(12)
   Google Scholar
• Booker C. L., Gallaher P., Unger J. B., Ritt-Olson A., Johnson C. A. Stressful life events, smoking behavior, and intentions to smoke among a multiethnic sample of sixth graders. Ethnicity & Health 2004; 9(4)369–397
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Born D. O. Psychological adaptation and development under acculturative stress: Toward a general model. Social Science & Medicine 1970; 3: 529–547
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breslau N., Peterson E. L. Smoking cessation in young adults: Age at initiation of cigarette smoking an other suspected influences. American Journal of Public Health 1996; 86: 214–220
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke R. J., Weir T. Sex differences in adolescent life stress, social support, and well-being. Journal of Psychology 1978; 98: 277–288, (2nd Half)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne D. G., Byrne A. E., Reinhart M. I. Personality, stress, and the decision to commence cigarette smoking in adolescence. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 1995; 39(1)53–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne D. G., Mazanov A. J. Sources of adolescent stress, smoking and the use of other drugs. Stress Medicine 1999; 15: 215–227
   Google Scholar
• Byrne D. G., Mazanov J. Adolescent stress and future smoking behaviour: A prospective investigation. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 2003; 54: 313–321
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carvajal S. C., Granillo T. M. A prospective test of distal and proximal determinants of smoking initiation in early adolescents. Addictive Behaviors 2006; 31(4)649–660
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CDC. Cigarette smoking among adults—-United States, 1999. MMWR 2001a; 50: 40
   Google Scholar
• CDC. Surveillance Summaries: Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance-United States, 2003. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2004; 53(SS-2)
   Google Scholar
• Chassin L., Presson C. E., Sherman S. J., Edwards D. A. The natural history of cigarette smoking: predicting young adult smoking outcomes. Health Psychology 1990; 9: 701–716
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coambs R. B., Li S., Kozlowski L. T. Age interacts with heaviness of smoking in predicting success in cessation of smoking. American Journal of Epidemiology 1992; 135(3)240–246
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Academic Press, New York 1969
   Google Scholar
• Cohen S., Kamarck T., Mermelstein R. A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health & Social Behavior 1983; 24: 385–396
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen S., Lichtenstein E. Perceived stress, quitting smoking, and smoking relapse. Health Psychology 1990; 9: 466–478
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen S., Tyrrell A. J., Smith A. P. Negative life events, perceived stress, negative affect, and susceptibility to the common cold. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology 1993; 64(1)131–140
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen S., Williamson G. M. Perceived stress in a probability sample of the United States. The social psychology of health, S. Spacapan, S. Oskamp. Sage, Newbury Park, CA 1988
   Google Scholar
• Cohen S., Wills T. A. Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin 1985; 98(2)310–357
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colarossi L. G. Adolescent gender differences in social support: Structure, function and provider type. Social Work Research 2001; 25(4)233–241
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colarossi L. G., Eccles J. S. A prospective study of adolescents' peer support: Gender differences and the influence of parental relationships. Journal of Youth & Adolescence 2000; 29(6)661–678
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Compas B. E., Davis G. E., Forsythe C. J. Characteristics of life events during adolescence. American Journal of Community Psychology 1985; 13(6)677–691
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coogan P. F., Adams M., Geller A. C., Brooks D., Miller D. R., Lew R. A., et al. Factors associated with smoking among children and adolescents in Connecticut. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 1998; 15(1)17–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook C. C., Morris E. W., Winter M. Economic, social, psychological, and health consequences of housing decisions of rural families. Final report of NC-178. Dept. of Design, Housing and Apparel, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 1988
   Google Scholar
• Elder J. P., de Moor C., Young R. L., Wildey M. B., Molgaard C. A., Golbeck A. L., et al. Stages of adolescent tobacco-use acquisition. Addictive Behaviors 1990; 14: 449–454
   Google Scholar
• Flay B. R. Youth tobacco use: Risks, patterns, and control. Nicotine addiction: Principles and management, C. T. Orleans, J. Slade. Oxford University Press, New York 1993
   Google Scholar
• Folkman S. Personal control and stress and coping processes: A theoretical analysis. Journal of Personal & Social Psychology 1984; 46(4)839–852
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frazier P. A., Tix A. P., Barron K. E. Testing moderator and mediator effects in counseling psychology research. Journal of Counseling Psychology 2004; 51(1)115–134
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gil A. G., Vega W. A., Dimas J. M. Acculturative stress and personal adjustment among Hispanic adolescent boys. Journal of Community Psychology 1994; 22: 43–54
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gong J., Li Y., Chen X. G., Johnson C. A. A baseline survey on the association of smoking onset and life events on adolescents in Wuhan, China. Chinese Journal of Epidemiology 2004; 25(2)142–145
   Google Scholar
• Goodman E. Depressive symptoms and cigarette smoking among teens. Pediatrics 2000; 106: 748–755
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson E. H., Gilbert D. Familial and psychological correlates of smoking in black and white adolescents. Ethnicity & Disease 1991; 1(4)320–334
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Johnston L. D., O'Malley P. M., Bachman J. G. Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use, 1975–2000. Volume I: Secondary school students. National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD 2001
   Google Scholar
• Kassel J. D., Stroud L. R., Paronis C. A. Smoking, stress, and negative affect: Correlation, causation, and context across stages of smoking. Psychological Bulletin 2003; 129(2)270–304
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelder S. H., Perry C. L., Klepp K. I., Lytle L. L. Longitundal tracking of adolescent smoking, physical activity, and food choice behaviors. American Journal of Public Health 1994; 84(7)1121–1126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kopstein A. N., Crum R. M., Celentano D. D., Martin S. S. Sensation seeking needs among 8th and 11th graders: Characteristics associated with cigarette and marijuana use. Drug and Alcohol Dependency 2001; 1: 195–203
   Google Scholar
• Koval J. J., Pederson L. L., Chan S. S. H. Psychosocial variables in a cohort of students in grades 8 and 11: A comparison of current and never smokers. Preventive Medicine 2004; 39: 1017–1025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koval J. J., Pederson L. L., Mills C. A., McGrady G. A., Carvajal S. C. Models of the relationship of stress, depression and other psychosocial factors to smoking behavior: A comparison of a cohort of students in grades 6 and 8. Preventive Medicine 2000; 30: 463–477
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazarus R. S. Psychological stress and the coping process. McGraw-Hill, New York 1966
   Google Scholar
• Lazarus R. S. Psychological stress and the coping in adaptation and illness. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 1974; 5: 321–333
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazarus R. S. Puzzles in the study of daily hassles. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 1984; 7(4)375–389
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazarus R. S., Folkman S. Stress, appraisal and coping. Springer, New York 1984
   Google Scholar
• Li Y., Anderson C., Gong J., Chen J., Yang X., Jennifer B., et al. Psychologically stressful factors in middle school students in Wuhan: A preliminary analysis. Chinese Mental Health Journal 2000; 14(3)197–200
   Google Scholar
• Malina R. M. Physical activity and fitness: Pathways from childhood to adulthood. American Journal Human Biology 2001; 13: 162–172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malina R. M. Tracking of physical activity across the lifespan. Presidential Council on Fitness & Sports Research Digest 2002; 3(14)1–8
   Google Scholar
• Mead M. Childhood in contemporary cultures. University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 1955
   Google Scholar
• Munsch J., Wampler R. S. Ethnic differences in early adolescents' coping with school stress. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 1993; 63(4)663–646
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray D. M., Hannan P. J. Planning for the appropriate analysis in school-based drug-use prevention studies. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology 1990; 58(4)458–468
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray D. M., Moskowitz J. M., Dent C. W. Design and analysis issues in community-based drug abuse prevention. American Behavioral Scientist 1996; 39(7)853–867
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray D. M., Short B. J. Intraclass correlation among measures related to tobacco use by adolescents: Estimates, correlates, and applications in intervention studies. Addictive Behaviors 1997; 22(1)1–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers M. G., Brown S. A. Smoking and health in substance-abusing adolescents: A two-year follow-up. Pediatrics 1994; 93(4)561–566
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Center for Health Statistics. Health interview survey procedures, 1957–1974. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Health Resources Administration, Rockville (MD) 1975, (Vital and Health Statistics. Series 1, No. 11.)
   Google Scholar
• National Center for Health Statistics. Current estimates from the Health Interview Survey: United States—1977. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville (MD) 1978, (Vital and Health Statistics. Series 10, No. 126)
   Google Scholar
• Orton G. L. A comparative study of children's worries. Journal of Psychology 1982; 110: 153–162
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padilla A. M. The role of cultural awareness and ethnic loyalty in acculturation. Acculturation: Theory, models and some new findings, A. M. Padilla. Westview, Boulder, CO 1980; 47–84
   Google Scholar
• Pierce J. P., Choi W. S., Gilpin E. A., Farkas A. J., Merritt R. K. Validation of susceptibility as a predictor of which adolescents take up smoking in the United States. Health Psychology 1996; 15(5)355–361
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Portes A., Rumbaut R. G. The story of the immigrant second generation: Legacies. University of California Press, Los Angeles 2001
   Google Scholar
• Sanchez J. I., Fernandez D. M. Acculturative stress among Hispanics: A bidimensional model of ethnic identification. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 1993; 23(8)654–668
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selye H. Stress and disease. Science 1955; 122(3171)625–631
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selye H., Fortier C. Adaptive reaction to stress. Psychosomatic Medicine 1950; 12(3)149–157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skara S., Sussman S., Dent C. W. Predicting regular cigarette use among continuation high school students. American Journal of Health Behavior 2001; 25(2)147–156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanton W. R., Oei T. P. S., Silva P. A. Sociodemographic characteristics of adolescent smokers. International Journal of Addiction 1994; 29: 913–925
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern R. A., Prochaska J. O., Velicer W. F., Elder J. P. Stages of adolescent cigarette smoking acquisition: Measurement and sample profiles. Addictive Behaviors 1987; 12: 319–329
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steuber T. L., Banner F. Adolescent smoking and depression: Which comes first?. Addictive Behaviors 2006; 31(1)133–136
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun P., Unger J. B., Sussman S. A new measure of smoking initiation and progression among adolescents. American Journal of Health Behavior 2005; 29(1)3–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tailoi E., Wynder E. Effect of the age at which smoking begins on frequency of smoking in adulthood. New England Journal of Medicine 1991; 325: 968–969
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Global Youth Tobacco Survey Collaborative Group. Tobacco use among youth: A cross country comparison. Tobacco Control 2002; 11: 252–270
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Global Youth Tobacco Survey Collaborative Group. Differences in worldwide tobacco use by gender: Findings from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey. Journal of School Health 2003; 73(6)207–215
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trost S. G., Owen N., Bauman A. E., Sallis J. F., Brown W. Correlates of adults' participation in physical activity: Review and update. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2002; 34: 1996–2001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyc V. L., Hadley W., Allen D., Varnell S., Ey S., Rai S. N., et al. Predictors of smoking intentions and smoking status among nonsmoking and smoking adolescents. Addictive Behaviors 2004; 29(6)1143–1147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unger J. B., Chou C.-P., Palmer P. H., Ritt-Olson A., Gallaher P., Cen S., et al. Project FLAVOR: 1-Year outcomes of a multicultural, school-based smoking prevention curriculum for adolescents. American Journal of Public Health 2004; 94(2)263–265
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unger J. B., Li Y., Johnson C. A., Gong J., Chen X., Li C. Y., et al. Stressful life events among adolescents in Wuhan, China: Associations with smoking, alcohol use, and depressive symptoms. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine 2001; 8(1)1–18
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unger J. B., Palmer P. H., Dent C. W., Rohrbach L. A., Johnson C. A. Ethnic differences in adolescent smoking prevalence in California: Are multi-ethnic youth at higher risk?. Tobacco Control 2000; 9: ii9–ii14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• US DHHS. 1997 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) Provisional Public Use Data Release. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, Division of Health Interview Statistics, Hyattsville (MD) 1999
   Google Scholar
• Vaccaro D., Wills T. A. Stress-coping factors in adolescent substance use: Test of ethnic and gender differences in samples of urban adolescents. Journal of Drug Education 1998; 28(3)257–282
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vega W. A. Theoretical and pragmatic implications of cultural diversity for community research. American Journal of Community Psychology 1992; 20: 375–391
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang S.-Q., Yu J.-J., Zhu B.-P., Liu M., He G.-Q. Cigarette smoking and its risk factors among senior high school students in Beijing, China, 1988. Tobacco Control 1994; 3: 107–114
   Google Scholar
• Ward C. Culture learning: Acculturative stress, and psychopathology: Three perspectives on acculturation. Applied Psychology: An International Review 1997; 46(1)58–62
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams C. L., Berry J. W. Primary prevention of acculturative stress among refugees: Application of psychological theory and practice. American Psychologist 1991; 46: 632–641
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wills T. A. Stress and coping in early adolescence: Relationships to substance use in urban school samples. Health Psychology 1986; 5(6)503–529
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wills T. A., Filer M. Stress-coping model of adolescent substance use. Advances in clinical child psychology, T. H. Ollendick, R. J. Prinz. Plenum, New York 1996; Vol. 18: 91–132
   Google Scholar
• Wills T. A., Sandy J. M., Yaeger A. M. Stress and smoking in adolesccence: A test of directional hypotheses. Health Psychology 2002; 21(2)122–130
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wills T. A., Vaccaro D., McNamara G. Novelty seeking, risk taking, and related constructs as predictors of adolescent substance use: An application of Cloninger's theory. Journal of Substance Abuse 1994; 6(1)1–20
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• World Health Organization: Tobacco Free Initiative. Why is tobacco a public health priority?. 2002, Retrieved June 22, 2005, from http://www.who.int/tobacco/health_priority/en/index.html
   Google Scholar
• Yang G., Fan L., Tan J., et al. Smoking in China: Findings of the 1996 National Prevalence Survey. Journal of the American Medical Association 1999; 282: 1247–1253
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang G., Ma J., Chen A. P., Brown S., Taylor C. E., Samet J. M. Smoking among adolescents in China: 1998 survey findings. International Journal of Epidemiology 2004; 33: 1103–1110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ystgaard M. Life stress, social support and psychological distress in late adolescence. Social Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology 1997; 32(5)277–283
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang L., Wang W., Zhao Q., Vartiainen E. Psychosocial predictors of smoking among secondary school students in Henan. China. Health Education Research 2000; 15(4)415–422
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar