Long-Acting Opioid-Agonists in the Treatment of Heroin Addiction: Why Should We Call Them “Substitution”?

References

• Comer S. D., Sullivan M. A., Whittington R. A., Vosburg S. K., Kowalczyk W. J. Abuse liability of prescription opioids compared to heroin in morphine-maintained heroin abusers. Neuro-Psychopharmacology 2008; 33(5)1179–1191
   Google Scholar
• Di Chiara G., Bassareo V., Fenu S., De Luca M. A., Spina L., Cadoni C., et al. Dopamine and drug addiction: the nucleus accumbens shell connection. Neuropharmacology 2004; 47(Suppl 1)227–241
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donny E. C., Brasser S. M., Bigelow G. E., Stitzer M. L., Walsh S. L. Methadone doses of 100 mg or greater are more effective than lower doses at suppressing heroin self-administration in opioid-dependent volunteers. Addiction 2005; 100(10)1496–1509
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garland E. J., Zis A. P. Effect of codeine and oxazepam on afternoon cortisol secretion in men. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1989; 14(5)397–402
   Google Scholar
• Gerra G., Zaimovic A., Moi G., Bussandri M., Bubici C., Mossini M., et al. Aggressive responding in abstinent heroin addicts: neuroendocrine and personality correlates. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology Biological Psychiatry 2004; 28(1)129–139
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwald M., Johanson C. E., Bueller J., Chang Y., Moody D. E., Kilbourn M., et al. Buprenorphine duration of action: mu-opioid receptor availability and pharmacokinetic and behavioral indices. Biological Psychiatry 2007; 61(1)101–110, Epub 2006 Sep 1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jasinski D. R., Preston K. L. Comparison of intravenously administered methadone, morphine and heroin. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 1986; 17(4)301–310
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kakko J., von Wachenfeldt J., Svanborg K. D., Lidström J., Barr C. S., Heilig M. Mood and neuroendocrine response to a chemical stressor, Metyrapone, in buprenorphine-maintained heroin dependence. Biological Psychiatry 2008; 63(2)172–177
   Google Scholar
• Kreek M. J. Methadone-related opioid agonist pharmacotherapy for heroin addiction. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 2000; 909(2)186–216, History, recent molecular and neurochemical research and future in mainstream medicine. (Review)
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kreek M. J., Wardlaw S. L., Hartman N., Raghunath J., Friedman J., Schneider B., et al. Circadian rhythms and levels of beta-endorphin, ACTH, and cortisol during chronic methadone maintenance treatment in humans. Life Science 1983; 33(Suppl 1)409–411
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koob G., Kreek M. J. Stress, dysregulation of drug reward pathways, and the transition to drug dependence. American Journal of Psychiatry 2007; 164(8)1149–1159
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosten T. R., Morgan C., Kreek M. J. Beta endorphin levels during heroin, methadone, buprenorphine, and naloxone challenges: preliminary findings. Biological Psychiatry 1992; 32(6)523–528
   Google Scholar
• Lugo R. A., Satterfield K. L., Kern S. E. Pharmacokinetics of methadone. Journal of Pain Palliative Care Pharmacotherapy 2005; 19(4)13–24
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mitchell T. B., White J. M., Somogyi A. A., Bochner F. Slow-release oral morphine versus methadone: a crossover comparison of patient outcomes and acceptability as maintenance pharmacotherapies for opioid dependence. Addiction 2004; 99(8)940–945
   Google Scholar
• Nava F., Caldiroli E., Premi S., Lucchini A. Relationship between plasma cortisol levels, withdrawal symptoms and craving in abstinent and treated heroin addicts. Journal of Addictive Diseases 2006; 25(2)9–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sacerdote P., Franchi S., Parolini C., Gerra G., Leccese V., Panerai A. E., et al. Buprenorphine and methadone maintenance treatment of heroin addicts preserves immune function. Brain, Behavior and Immunity 2008; 22(4)606–613
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stimmel B., Kreek M. J. Neurobiology of addictive behaviors and its relationship to methadone maintenance. Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine 2000; 67(5–6)375–380
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tzschentke T. M. Behavioral pharmacology of buprenorphine, with a focus on preclinical models of reward and addiction. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2002; 161(1)1–16, Epub 2002 Mar 6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vivian J. A., Liang Y. J., Higley J. D., Linnoila M., Woods J. H. Oral self-administration of ethanol, phencyclidine, methadone, pentobarbital and quinine in rhesus monkeys. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1999; 147(2)113–124
   Google Scholar
• Wolff K., Rostami-Hodjegan A., Shires S., Hay A. W., Feely M., Calvert R., et al. The pharmacokinetics of methadone in healthy subjects and opiate users. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1997; 44(4)325–334
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar