Factors Associated with Nonfatal Overdose During a Public Health Emergency

References

• BC Coroners Service. (2018). Illicit Drug Overdose Deaths in BC: January 1, 2008 – January 31, 2018. Retrieved from https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/public-safety-and-emergency-services/death-investigation/statistical/illicit-drug.pdf
   Google Scholar
• BC Health. (2016). Provincial health officer declares public health emergency [Press release]. Retrieved from https://news.gov.bc.ca/releases/2016HLTH0026-000568
   Google Scholar
• BCCDC. (2017). March 17, 2017). The BC Public Health Opiod Overdose Emergency. Retrieved from http://www.bccdc.ca/resource-gallery/Documents/Educational%20Materials/Epid/Other/Public%20Surveillance%20Report_2017_03_17.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Bohnert, A. S., Tracy, M., & Galea, S. (2009). Circumstances and witness characteristics associated with overdose fatality. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 54(4), 618–624.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyd, S., Murray, D., & MacPherson, D. (2017). Telling our stories: Heroin-assisted treatment and SNAP activism in the downtown eastside of Vancouver. Harm Reduction Journal, 14(1), 27. doi:10.1186/s12954-017-0152-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carroll, J. J., Marshall, B. D., Rich, J. D., & Green, T. C. (2017). Exposure to fentanyl-contaminated heroin and overdose risk among illicit opioid users in Rhode Island: A mixed methods study. International Journal of Drug Policy, 136–145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caudarella, A., Dong, H., Milloy, M., Kerr, T., Wood, E., & Hayashi, K. (2016). Non-fatal overdose as a risk factor for subsequent fatal overdose among people who inject drugs. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 162, 51–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciccarone, D. (2017). Fentanyl in the US heroin supply: A rapidly changing risk environment. The International Journal on Drug Policy, 46, 107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciccarone, D., Ondocsin, J., & Mars, S. G. (2017). Heroin uncertainties: Exploring users’ perceptions of fentanyl-adulterated and -substituted ‘heroin’. International Journal of Drug Policy, 46, 146–155. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.06.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coffin, P. O., Tracy, M., Bucciarelli, A., Ompad, D., Vlahov, D., & Galea, S. (2007). Identifying injection drug users at risk of nonfatal overdose. Academic Emergency Medicine, 14(7), 616–623.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darke, S., & Farrell, M. (2014). Would legalizing illicit opioids reduce overdose fatalities? Implications from a natural experiment. Addiction, 109(8), 1237–1242. doi:10.1111/add.12456
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeBeck, K., Small, W., Wood, E., Li, K., Montaner, J., & Kerr, T. (2009). Public injecting among a cohort of injecting drug users in Vancouver, Canada. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 63(1), 81–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Escudero, D. J., Marshall, B. D. L., Kerr, T., Hayashi, K., Feng, C., Guillemi, S. A., … Milloy, M.-J. (2016). No association between HIV status and risk of non-fatal overdose among people who inject drugs in Vancouver, Canada. Addictive Behaviors, 60, 8–12. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.03.029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairbairn, N., Coffin, P. O., & Walley, A. Y. (2017). Naloxone for heroin, prescription opioid, and illicitly made fentanyl overdoses: Challenges and innovations responding to a dynamic epidemic. International Journal of Drug Policy, 46, 172–179. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.06.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank, R. G., & Pollack, H. A. (2017). Addressing the fentanyl threat to public health. The New England Journal of Medicine, 376(7), 605–607.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gladden, R. M., Martinez, P., & Seth, P. (2016). Fentanyl law enforcement submissions and increases in synthetic opioid-involved overdose deaths—27 States, 2013–2014. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 65(33), 837. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6533a2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holloway, K. R., Bennett, T. H., & Hills, R. (2016). Non-fatal overdose among opiate users in Wales: A national survey. Journal of Substance Use, 21(5), 471–477. doi:10.3109/14659891.2015.1063718
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horyniak, D., Dietze, P., Degenhardt, L., Higgs, P., McIlwraith, F., Alati, R., … Burns, L. (2013). The relationship between age and risky injecting behaviours among a sample of Australian people who inject drugs. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 132(3), 541–546.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ivsins, A., Chow, C., Macdonald, S., Stockwell, T., Vallance, K., Marsh, D. C., … Duff, C. (2012). An examination of injection drug use trends in Victoria and Vancouver, BC after the closure of Victoria’s only fixed-site needle and syringe programme. International Journal of Drug Policy, 23(4), 338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerensky, T., & Walley, A. Y. (2017). Opioid overdose prevention and naloxone rescue kits: What we know and what we don’t know. Addiction Science & Clinical Practice, 12(1), 4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kerr, T., Fairbairn, N., Tyndall, M., Marsh, D., Li, K., Montaner, J., & Wood, E. (2007). Predictors of non-fatal overdose among a cohort of polysubstance-using injection drug users. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 87(1), 39–45. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.07.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lake, S., Wood, E., Buxton, J., Dong, H., Montaner, J., & Kerr, T. (2015). Prescription opioid use and non-fatal overdose in a cohort of injection drug users. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 41(3), 257–263. doi:10.3109/00952990.2014.998366
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lima, V. D., Harrigan, R., Murray, M., Moore, D. M., Wood, E., Hogg, R. S., & Montaner, J. S. (2008). Differential impact of adherence on long-term treatment response among naive HIV-infected individuals. Aids, 22(17), 2371–2380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lysyshyn, M. (2017). Evaluation of a fentanyl drug checking program for clients of a supervised injection site, Vancouver, Canada. Paper presented at the Harm Reduction International, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
   Google Scholar
• MacNeil, J., & Pauly, B. (2010). Impact: A case study examining the closure of a large urban fixed site needle exchange in Canada. Harm Reduction Journal, 7(1), 11.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marshall, B. D., Milloy, M. J., Wood, E., Montaner, J. S., & Kerr, T. (2011). Reduction in overdose mortality after the opening of North America’s first medically supervised safer injecting facility: A retrospective population-based study. Lancet, 377(9775), 1429. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)62353-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Misailidi, N., Papoutsis, I., Nikolaou, P., Dona, A., Spiliopoulou, C., & Athanaselis, S. (2017). Fentanyls continue to replace heroin in the drug arena: The cases of ocfentanil and carfentanil. Forensic Toxicology, 1, 21.
   Google Scholar
• Mounteney, J., Giraudon, I., Denissov, G., & Griffiths, P. (2015). Fentanyls: Are we missing the signs? Highly potent and on the rise in Europe. International Journal of Drug Policy, 26(7), 626–631.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moyer, V. A. (2013). Screening and behavioral counseling interventions in primary care to reduce alcohol misuse: US preventive services task force recommendation statement. Annals of Internal Medicine, 159(3), 210–218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oviedo-Joekes, E., Guh, D., Brissette, S., Marchand, K., MacDonald, S., Lock, K., … Schechter, M. T. (2016). Hydromorphone compared with diacetylmorphine for long-term opioid dependence. A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Psychiatry, 73(5), 447–455.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pauly, B., Wallace, B., & Barber, K. (2018). Turning a blind eye: Implementation of harm reduction in a transitional programme setting. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 25(1), 1–10. doi:10.1080/09687637.2017.1337081
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Small, W., Rhodes, T., Wood, E., & Kerr, T. (2007). Public injection settings in Vancouver: physical environment, social context and risk. International Journal of Drug Policy, 18(1), 27–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoové, M. A., Dietze, P. M., & Jolley, D. (2009). Overdose deaths following previous non‐fatal heroin overdose: Record linkage of ambulance attendance and death registry data. Drug and Alcohol Review, 28(4), 347–352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Dam-Bates, P., Fyfe, M., & Cowen, L. L. (2015). Applying open population capture–recapture models to estimate the abundance of injection drug users in Victoria, Canada. Journal of Substance Use, 21(2), 1–190.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallace, B., Pauly, B., Barber, K., Vallance, K., Patterson, J., & Stockwell, T. (2016). Every Washroom: De Facto Consumption Sites in the Epicenter of an Overdose Public Health Emergency, Victoria, BC. Retrieved from www.uvic.ca/research/centres/carbc/assets/docs/bulletin-15-every-washroom-overdose-emergency.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Warner-Smith, M., Darke, S., & Day, C. (2002). Morbidity associated with non-fatal heroin overdose. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 97(8), 963–967.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, E., Tyndall, M. W., Li, K., Lloyd-Smith, E., Small, W., Montaner, J. S., & Kerr, T. (2005). Do supervised injecting facilities attract higher-risk injection drug users? American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 29(2), 126-130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar