References
- Akhigbe, J., Ebbadi, V., Huynh, K., Leckie, J., Major, M., Robinson, C., … Wasserstein, D. (2017). The public health implications of the legalization of recreational cannabis: Ontario Public Health Association Position Paper. Retrieved from http://www.opha.on.ca/getmedia/6b05a6bc-bac2-4c92-af18-62b91a003b1b/The-Public-Health-Implications-of-the-Legalization-of-Recreational-Cannabis.pdf.aspx?ext=.pdf
- Alberta Association of Municipal Districts and Counties. (2017). Alberta Cannabis Secretariat AAMDC Submission. Retrieved from http://rmalberta.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/AAMDC-Submission-to-Alberta-Cannabis-Secretariat.pdf
- Alberta Health Services. (2017). Public health perspectives on cannabis legalization in Alberta. Retrieved from http://www.auma.ca/sites/default/files/Advocacy/Programs_Initiatives/Marijuana/alberta_health_services_-_public_health_perspectives_on_cannabis_legalization_in_alberta.pdf
- Alberta Health Services. (2018). AHS recommendations on cannabis regulations for Alberta municipalities. Retrieved from http://rmalberta.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Webinar-recording-Cannabis-and-Public-Health-AHS-Cannabis-Information-Package-for-Municipalities.pdf
- Association des médecins psychiatres du Québec. (2017). Legalization of cannabis: Let’s protect future generations. Retrieved from http://ampq.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/enonce-de-positionanglais.pdf
- Authier, P. (2018). Quebec warns that growing cannabis at home will still be illegal. Montreal Gaeztte. Retrieved from http://montrealgazette.com/news/quebec/quebec-vows-to-fight-ottawas-pot-bill-in-the-courts
- Ball, D. P. (2018). B.C. public safety minister explains why cities to get veto on pot vendors. The Star Vancouver. Retrieved from http://www.thestar.com/vancouver/2018/06/26/bc-public-safety-minister-explains-why-cities-to-get-veto-on-pot-vendors.html
- Belle-Isle, L., Walsh, Z., Callaway, R., Lucas, P., Capler, R., Kay, R., & Holtzman, S. (2014). Barriers to access for Canadians who use cannabis for therapeutic purposes. International Journal of Drug Policy, 25(4), 691–699. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2014.02.009
- Bill C-45. (2017). An Act respecting Cannabis and to Amend the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act, the Criminal Code and Other Acts (the Cannabis Act).
- Bill 26. (2017). An Act to Control and Regulate Cannabis.
- Bill 30. (2018). Cannabis Control and Licensing Act.
- Bill 157. (2017). An Act to constitute the Société québécoise du cannabis, to enact the Cannabis Regulation Act and to amend various highway safety-related provisions.
- Bill 174. (2017). Cannabis, Smoke-Free Ontario and Road Safety Statute Law Amendment Act, 2017.
- Boak, A., Hamilton, H., Adlaf, E. M., & Mann, R. E. (2017). Drug use among Ontario students, 1977-2017: Detailed findings from the Ontario Student Drug Use and Health Survey (OSDUHS; CAMH Research Document Series No. 46). Toronto: Centre for Addiction and Mental Health.
- British Columbia Pharmacy Association. (2017). B.C. cannabis regulation: BC Pharmacy Association submission to the Ministry of Public Safety and Solicitor General. Retrieved from http://www.bcpharmacy.ca/system/files/assets/paragraphs/file/file/BCPhA%20Cannabis%202018%20Consultation%20Submission.pdf
- Brochu, S., Duff, C., Asbridge, M., & Erickson, P. G. (2011). “There’s what’s on paper and then there’s what happens, out on the sidewalk”: Cannabis users knowledge and opinions of Canadian drug laws. Journal of Drug Issues, 41(1), 95–115. doi:10.1177/002204261104100105
- Brockman, A. (2018). N.W.T. MLAs to give liquor stores a head start, but will allow private stores to sell legal cannabis. CBC News. Retrieved from http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/n-w-t-government-gives-liquor-stores-6-month-head-start-on-selling-legal-cannabis-1.4686169.
- Burris, S. (2017). Theory and methods in comparative drug and alcohol policy research: Response to a review of the literature. International Journal of Drug Policy, 41, 126–131. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.11.011
- Cain, P. (2018). With the clock ticking, we have many questions, few answers on Ontario’s marijuana plan. Global News. Retrieved from http://globalnews.ca/news/4288480/ontario-marijuana-plan/
- Calonge, N. (2018). Policy pitfalls and challenges in cannabis regulation: Lessons from Colorado. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 16(4), 783–790. doi:10.1007/s11469-018-9923-7
- Campbell, S., & Taylor, T. (2018). Guiding cannabis regulations in Canada. Craft Cannabis Association of British Columbia. Retrieved from http://www.craftcannabis.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/CCABC_GuidingCannabisRegulationsinCanada-final.pdf
- Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction. (2018). Summary of provincial and territorial cannabis regulations. Retrieved from http://app.powerbi.com/view?r=eyJrIjoiNTMyMDYzNTUtYzVmNy00MjFmLWEzNTQtNzBjZWQ0MTMyNzFkIiwidCI6IjJkYzk5ZWJkLTAyYjEtNDk0NS04NDNhLTgxZjkwZGVkYWU4NyJ9&pageName=ReportSectiond2ed09c710d0f91ad190
- Canadian Mental Health Association Ontario. (2017). Cannabis legalization and regulation. Retrieved from http://ontario.cmha.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Cannabis-Submission-to-MAG.pdf
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health. (2014). Cannabis Policy Framework. Toronto.
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health. (2017). Submission to the Ontario Legalization of Cannabis Secretariat. Retrieved from http://camh.ca/-/media/files/pdfs—public-policy-submissions/camhsubmission_legalizationsecretariaton_2017-08-11-pdf.pdf
- Chapados, M., Gagnon, F., Lapointe, G., Tessier, S., April, N., Coovi Fachehoun, R., & Samuel, O. (2016). Legalization of non-medical cannabis: A public health approach to regulation. Institut national de santé publique du Québec. Retrieved from http://www.inspq.qc.ca/en/publications/2233
- Christensen, H., Griffiths, K. M., & Gulliver, A. (2008). Plenty of activity but little outcome data: A review of the “grey literature” on primary care anxiety and depression programs in Australia. Medical Journal of Australia, 188, S103.
- Collier, R. (2016). How will pot legalization affect medical marijuana? Canadian Medical Association Journal, 188(11), 792–793. doi:10.1503/cmaj.109-5286
- Cox, C. (2018). The Canadian cannabis act legalizes and regulates recreational cannabis use in 2018. Health Policy, 122(3), 205–209. doi:10.1016/j.healthpol.2018.01.009
- Crawley, M. (2018). Questions swirl around Ontario’s pot plans as Doug Ford prepares to take power. CBC News. Retrieved from http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/ontario-marijuana-cannabis-sales-doug-ford-1.4713848
- Cyrenne, P., & Shanahan, M. (2018). Toward a regulatory framework for the legalization of cannabis: How do we get to there from here? Canadian Public Policy, 44(1), 54–76. doi:10.3138/cpp.2017-026
- Dene Nation calls on feds to postpone legalizing cannabis for at least 2 years. (2018, May 30). CBC News. Retrieved from http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/dene-nation-opposes-legal-cannabis-1.4684692
- Doherty, B. (2018). Calgary to consider allowing public pot-smoking at festivals and events. The Star Calgary, Retrieved from http://www.thestar.com/calgary/2018/06/06/calgary-to-consider-allowing-public-pot-smoking-at-festivals-and-events.html
- Dowsett, L. E., Memedovich, A., Holitzki, H., Sevick, L., Ghali, S., McCarron, T., … Clement, F. (2017). Cannabis evidence series. Calgary: The Health Technology Assessment Unit, University of Calgary.
- Enticott, J., Buck, K., & Shawyer, F. (2018). Finding “hard to find” literature on hard to find groups: A novel technique to search grey literature on refugees and asylum seekers. Int. J. Methods Psychiatric Res., 27(1), e1580. doi:10.1002/mpr.1580.
- Federation of Canadian Municipalities. (2018). Municipal guide to cannabis legalization: A roadmap for Canadian local governments. Ottawa: Federation of Canadian Municipalities.
- Fischer, B., Ala-Leppilampi, K., Single, E., & Robins, A. (2003). Cannabis law reform in Canada: Is the “saga of promise, hesitation and retreat” coming to an end? Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 45(3), 265–297. doi:10.3138/cjccj.45.3.265
- Fischer, B., Ialomiteanu, A. R., Russell, C., Rehm, J., & Mann, R. E. (2016). Public opinion towards cannabis control in Ontario: Strong but diversified support for reforming control of both use and supply. Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 58(3), 443–459. doi:10.3138/cjccj.2015E.43
- Fischer, B., Kuganesan, S., & Room, R. (2015). Medical Marijuana programs: Implications for cannabis control policy–observations from Canada. International Journal of Drug Policy, 26(1), 15–19. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2014.09.007
- Fischer, B., Murphy, Y., Rudzinski, K., & MacPherson, D. (2016). Illicit drug use and harms, and related interventions and policy in Canada: A narrative review of select key indicators and developments since 2000. International Journal of Drug Policy, 27, 23–35. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.08.007
- Fischer, B., Russell, C., Rehm, J., & Leece, P. (2018). Assessing the public health impact of cannabis legalization in Canada: Core outcome indicators towards an ‘index’ for monitoring and evaluation. Journal of Public Health, doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdy090
- Fischer, B., Russell, C., Sabioni, P., van den Brink, W., Le Foll, B., Hall, W., … Room, R. (2017). Lower-risk cannabis use guidelines: A comprehensive update of evidence and recommendations. American Journal of Public Health, 107(8), e1–e12. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2017.303818
- Flister, L. (2016). The cannabis market in Canada and British Columbia. Cannabis Growers of Canada. Retrieved from http://cannagrowers.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/CGC-Report-on-Cannabis-Labour-Impact-in-BC3.pdf
- Forrest, M. (2018). ‘One of the greatest paradoxes’: Indigenous communities grapple with the costs and benefits of legal weed. National Post. Retrieved from http://nationalpost.com/cannabis/cannabis-and-indigenous-communities
- Francis, A. (2018). Pot sales and weed bans: How these First Nations are tackling cannabis legalization. APTN National News, Retrieved from http://aptnnews.ca/2018/07/27/pot-sales-and-weed-bans-how-these-first-nations-are-tackling-cannabis-legalization/
- Galloway, G. (2017). First Nations demand control over cannabis sales. Globe and Mail. Retrieved from http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/first-nations-want-to-set-own-rules-for-cannabis-sales/article37231232/
- Giesbrecht, N., Stockwell, T., Kendall, P., Strang, R., & Thomas, G. (2011). Alcohol in Canada: reducing the toll through focused interventions and public health policies. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 183(4), 450–455. doi:10.1503/cmaj.100825
- Giesbrecht, N., Wettlaufer, A., April, N., Asbridge, M., Cukier, S., Mann, R., … Vallance, K. (2013). Strategies to reduce alcohol-related harms and costs in Canada: A comparison of provincial policies. Toronto: Centre for Addiction and Mental Health.
- Godin, K. M., Kirkpatrick, S. I., Hanning, R. M., Stapleton, J., & Leatherdale, S. T. (2017). Examining guidelines for school-based breakfast programs in Canada: A systematic review of the grey literature. Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research, 78(2), 92–100. doi:10.3148/cjdpr-2016-037
- Government of Alberta. (2017). Alberta Cannabis Framework. Retrieved from http://medicalstaff.covenanthealth.ca/media/419421/2017-10-17-alberta-cannabis-framework.pdf
- Government of Alberta. (2018). The future of cannabis in Alberta. Retrieved from http://www.alberta.ca/assets/documents/cannabis-future-of-cannabis-alberta.pdf
- Government of British Columbia. (2017). Cannabis regulation in B.C.: What we heard. Public and stakeholder engagement September 25–November 1, 2017. Retrieved from http://engage.gov.bc.ca/app/uploads/sites/217/2017/12/Cannabis-Regulation-in-B.C.-What-We-Heard.pdf
- Government of British Columbia. (2018). B.C. Cannabis private retail licensing guide: Applications and operations. Retrieved from http://news.gov.bc.ca/files/Cannabis_Private_Retail_Licensing_Guide.pdf
- Government of Canada. (2017). Government. Retrieved from http://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/services/new-immigrants/learn-about-canada/governement.html
- Hall, W., & Lynskey, M. (2016). Why it is probably too soon to assess the public health effects of legalisation of recreational cannabis use in the USA. Lancet Psychiatry, 3(9), 900–906. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30071-2
- Hansen, L. (2018). Cannabis edibles, drinks will mark ‘2nd wave’ of legalization. CBC News. Retrieved from http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/cannabis-legalization-second-wave-edibles-1.4901297
- Hathaway, A. D., & Erickson, P. G. (2003). Drug reform principles and policy debates: Harm reduction prospects for cannabis in Canada. Journal of Drug Issues, 33(2), 465–496. doi:10.1177/002204260303300209
- Health Canada. (2018). Cannabis Tracking and Licensing System: Monthly Reporting Guide for Provinces and Territories. Retrieved from http://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/tracking-system/monthly-reporting-guide-provinces-territories.html
- Her, M., Giesbrecht, N., Room, R., & Rehm, J. (1999). Privatizing alcohol sales and alcohol consumption: Evidence and implications. Addiction, 94(8), 1125–1139. doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.1999.94811253.x
- Hyshka, E. (2009). The saga continues: Canadian legislative attempts to reform cannabis law in the twenty-first century. Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 51(1), 73–91. doi:10.3138/cjccj.51.1.73
- Institut de la statistique du Québec. (2016). L’Enquête Québécoise sur la santé de la population, 2014-2015: pour en savoir plus sur la santé des Québécois. Retrieved from http://www.stat.gouv.qc.ca/statistiques/sante/etat-sante/sante-globale/sante-quebecois-2014-2015.pdf
- Jeffords, S. (2018). Ontario working out details on how rules around new pot plan would be enforced. CTV News. Retrieved from http://nationalpost.com/pmn/news-pmn/canada-news-pmn/ontario-working-out-details-on-how-rules-around-new-pot-plan-would-be-enforced
- Jones, R. P. (2018). Ontario to allow private retailers to sell cannabis, province will handle online sales. CBC News, Retrieved from http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/ontario-cannabis-private-sales-1.4783630
- Kelsall, D. (2017). Cannabis legislation fails to protect Canadian youth. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 189(21), E737–E738. doi:10.1503/cmaj.170555
- Kornik, S. (2017). Alberta police chiefs concerned pace of pot legalization will lead to more youth use and impaired driving. Global News. Retrieved from http://globalnews.ca/news/3864992/alberta-police-chiefs-concerned-pot-legalization-will-lead-to-more-youth-use-and-impaired-driving/
- La Direction des communications du ministère de la Santé et des Services sociaux. (2017). Regulation of cannabis in Québec: 2017 consultation document. Gouvernement du Québec. Retrieved from http://publications.msss.gouv.qc.ca/msss/en/document-001951/
- Lake, S., Kerr, T., Werb, D., Haines-Saah, R., Fischer, B., Thomas, G., … Milloy, M.-J. (2018). Guidelines for public health and safety metrics to evaluate the potential harms and benefits of cannabis regulation in Canada. Unpublished manuscript.
- Lough, S. (2015). Dispensaries: The Wild West of Vancouver. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 187(11), E345–E346. doi:10.1503/cmaj.109-5116
- Mahood, Q., Van Eerd, D., & Irvin, E. (2014). Searching for grey literature for systematic reviews: Challenges and benefits. Research Synthesis Methods, 5(3), 221–234. doi:10.1002/jrsm.1106
- Maimann, K. (2018). Edmonton’s lax pot-smoking proposal pleases industry but stresses out other businesses. The Star Edmonton, Retrieved from http://www.thestar.com/edmonton/2018/06/13/edmontons-lax-pot-smoking-proposal-pleases-industry-but-stresses-out-other-businesses.html
- Markusoff, J. (2018). With its patchwork of half-baked, absurd laws, Canada isn’t ready for legal weed. Maclean’s. Retrieved from http://www.macleans.ca/society/marijuana-laws-canada-isnt-ready-for-legal-weed/
- Maslov, A., Lawrence, A., & Ferguson, M. (2016). Cannabis performance metrics for policy consideration: What do we need to measure? Ottawa: Public Safety Canada.
- Mental Health Commission of Canada. (2018). MHCC receives $10 million to study cannabis use. Retrieved from http://www.mentalhealthcommission.ca/English/catalyst-march-2018-mhcc-receives-10-million-study-cannabis-use
- Moon, J. (2018). Ontario Premier Doug Ford set to privatize legal cannabis sales, reports say. The Star. Retrieved from http://www.thestar.com/news/cannabis/2018/07/26/doug-ford-set-to-privatize-legal-cannabis-sales-reports-say.html
- Ontario Public Health Unit Collaboration on Cannabis. (2017). Consultation paper: Cannabis legalization in Ontario. Retrieved from http://www.oninjuryresources.ca/downloads/workgroups/ophucc/Consultation_Letter_-_Ontario_Government_Draft_(Final_PDF).pdf.
- Pardo, B. (2014). Cannabis policy reforms in the Americas: A comparative analysis of Colorado, Washington, and Uruguay. International Journal of Drug Policy, 25(4), 727–735. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2014.05.010
- Picard, A. (2018). The legal age for cannabis won’t magically protect young people from harm. Globe and Mail. Retrieved from http://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/article-the-legal-age-for-cannabis-wont-magically-protect-young-people-from/
- Registered Nurses’ Association of Ontario. (2017). RNAO’s response on Bill 174: Cannabis, Smoke-Free Ontario and Road Safety Statute Law Amendment Act, 2017: Submission to Standing Committee on Justice Policy. Retrieved from http://rnao.ca/sites/rnao-ca/files/RNAO_submission_Bill_174_cannabis_nov_28_2017finalask.pdf.
- Ritter, A., Lancaster, K., & Diprose, R. (2018). Improving drug policy: The potential of broader democratic participation. International Journal of Drug Policy, 55, 1–7. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2018.01.016
- Ritter, A., Livingston, M., Chalmers, J., Berends, L., & Reuter, P. (2016). Comparative policy analysis for alcohol and drugs: Current state of the field. International Journal of Drug Policy, 31, 39–50. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.02.004
- Roffman, R. (2016). Legalization of cannabis in Washington state: How is it going? Addiction (Abingdon, England), 111(7), 1139–1140. doi:10.1111/add.13247
- Rogeberg, O., Bergsvik, D., Phillips, L. D., van Amsterdam, J., Eastwood, N., Henderson, G., … Nutt, D. (2018). A new approach to formulating and appraising drug policy: A multi-criterion decision analysis applied to alcohol and cannabis regulation. International Journal of Drug Policy, 56, 144–152. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2018.01.019
- Rolles, S., & Murkin, G. (2016). The commercial focus of US cannabis regulation models should not close our eyes to other options. Addiction, 111(12), 2092–2094. doi:10.1111/add.13383
- Senate of Canada. (2018). Status of provincial and territorial legislation. Retrieved from http://sencanada.ca/en/sencaplus/news/cannabis-act/#provinces
- Shingler, B. (2018). Quebec has passed its long-awaited cannabis law. Here’s what’s in it. CBC News. Retrieved from http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/quebec-cannabis-bill-157-1.4702498
- Sismondo, C. (2017). In defence of the LCBO: Ontario’s liquor history holds lessons for pot. Maclean’s. Retrieved from http://www.macleans.ca/news/canada/the-history-of-liquor-control-in-ontario-and-what-it-means-for-weed/
- Statistics Canada. (2015). Canadian Tobacco, Alcohol and Drugs (CTADS): 2015 supplementary tables. Retrieved from http://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/canadian-tobacco-alcohol-drugs-survey/2015-supplementary-tables.html#a14
- Statistics Canada. (2018a). Canada at a glance 2018: Population. Retrieved from http://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/12-581-x/2018000/pop-eng.htm
- Statistics Canada. (2018b). Cannabis Economic Account, 1961 to 2017. Retrieved from http://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/180125/dq180125c-eng.htm
- Statistics Canada. (2018c). National Cannabis Survey. Retrieved from http://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11-627-m/11-627-m2018009-eng.pdf
- Task Force on Cannabis Legalization and Regulation. (2016). A Framework for the legalization and regulation of cannabis in Canada. Ottawa: Health Canada.
- Turris, S. A., & Lund, A. (2017). Mortality at music festivals: Academic and grey literature for case finding. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 32(01), 58–63. doi:10.1017/S1049023X16001205
- University of Alberta School of Public Health. (2017). Cannabis use in Canada: By the numbers. Retrieved from http://www.ualberta.ca/public-health/about/this-is-public-health/this-is-public-health-articles/2017/october/cannabis-use-in-canada-by-the-numbers
- Walsh, M. (2018). Ontario municipalities skeptical about new cannabis timeline. iPolitics. Retrieved from http://ipolitics.ca/2018/08/21/ontario-municipalities-skeptical-about-new-cannabis-timeline/
- Werb, D., Nosyk, B., Kerr, T., Fischer, B., Montaner, J., & Wood, E. (2012). Estimating the economic value of British Columbia’s domestic cannabis market: Implications for provincial cannabis policy. International Journal of Drug Policy, 23(6), 436–441. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2012.05.003.
- Williams-Whitt, K., Bültmann, U., Amick, B., Munir, F., Tveito, T. H., & Anema, J. R. (2016). Workplace interventions to prevent disability from both the scientific and practice perspectives: A comparison of scientific literature, grey literature and stakeholder observations. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 26(4), 417–433. doi:10.1007/s10926-016-9664-z
- Zimonjic, P. (2018). Senate passes pot bill, paving way for legal cannabis in 8 to 12 weeks. CBC News. Retrieved from http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/senate-passes-government-pot-bill-1.4713222