543
Views
12
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Effects of Kratom (Mitragyna Speciosa Korth.) Use in Regular Users

, , ORCID Icon, &

References

  • Adkins, J. E., Boyer, E. W., & McCurdy, C. R. (2011). Mitragyna speciosa, A psychoactive tree from Southeast Asia with opioid activity. Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry, 11, 1165–1175.
  • Ahmad, K., & Aziz, Z. (2012). Mitragyna speciosa use in the northern states of Malaysia: Cross-sectional study. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 141(1), 446–450.
  • Assanangkornchai, S., Muekthong, A., Sam-Angsri, N., & Pattanasattayawong, U. (2007). The use of Mitragyna speciosa (‘kratom’), an addictive plant, in Thailand. Substance Use & Misuse, 42(14), 2145–2157. doi: 10.1080/10826080701205869
  • Brown, P. N., Lund, J. A., & Murch, S. J. (2017). A botanical, phytochemical and ethnomedicinal review of the genus Mitragyna Korth: Implications for products sold as kratom. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 202, 302–325. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.03.020
  • EMCDD, Kratom drug profile. http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/kratom.
  • Grewal, K. S. (1932). The effect of mitragynine on man. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 12(1), 41–58. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8341.1932.tb01062.x
  • Grundmann, O. (2017). Patterns of Kratom use and health impact in the US-Results from an online survey. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 176, 63–70. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.03.007
  • Hanajiri, R. K., Kawamura, T. M., Kitajima, M., Takayama, H., & Goda, Y. (2009). Simultaneous analysis of mitragynine, 7-hydroxymitragynine, and other alkaloids in the psychotropic plant “kratom” (Miyragyna speciosa) by LC-ESI-MS. Forensic Toxicology, 27, 67–74. doi: 10.1007/s11419-009-0070-5
  • Henningfield, J.E., Fant, R.V., & Wang, D.W. (2017). The abuse potential of kratom according the 8 factor of the controlled substances act: implications for regulation and research. Psychopharmacology, 235, 573–589.
  • Kruegel, A. C., & Grundmann, O. (2018). The medicinal chemistry and neuropharmacology of kratom: A preliminary discussion of a promising medicinal plant and analysis of its potential for abuse. Neuropharmacology, 134, 108–120. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.08.026
  • Kruegel, A. C., Gassaway, M. M., Kapoor, A., Váradi, A., Majumdar, S., Filizola, M., … Sames, D. (2016). Synthetic and receptor signaling explorations of the mitragyna alkaloids: mitragynine as an atypical molecular framework for opioid receptor modulators. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 138(21), 6754–6756. doi: 10.1021/jacs.6b00360
  • Lydecker, A. G., Sharma, A., McCurdy, C. R., Avery, B. A., Babu, K. M., & Boyer, E. W. (2016). Suspected adulteration of commercial kratom products with 7-hydroxymitragynine. Journal of Medical Toxicology, 12(4), 341–349. doi: 10.1007/s13181-016-0588-y
  • Olsen, E. O., O’Donnell, J., Mattson, C. L., Schier, J. G., & Wilson, N. (2019). Notes from the field. unintentional drug overdose deaths with kratom detected – 27 States, July 2016 – December 2017. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 68(14), 326–327. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6814a2
  • Post, S., Spiller, H. A., Chounthirath, T., & Smith, G. A. (2019). Kratom exposure reported to United States poison control centers 2011–2017. Clinical Toxicology, doi: 10.1080/15563650.2019.1569236
  • Prozialeck, W. C., Avery, B. A., Boyer, E. W., Grundmann, O., Henningfield, J. E., Kruegel, A. C., … Singh, D. (2019). Kratom policy: The challenge of balancing therapeutic potential with public with public safety. International Journal of Drug Policy, 70, 70–77. doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.05.003
  • Prozialeck, W. C., Jivan, J. K., & Andurkar, S. V. (2012). Pharmacology of kratom: An emerging botanical agent with stimulant, analgesic and opioid-like effects. Journal of the American Osteopathic Association, 112(12), 792–799.
  • Rueger, S. Y., & King, A. C. (2013). Validation of the brief biphasic alcohol effects scale (B-BAES). Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 37(3), 470–476. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2012.01941.x
  • Rueger, S. Y., McNamara, P. J., & King, A. C. (2009). Expanding the Utility of the biphasic alcohol effects scale (BAES) and initial psychometric support for their brief-BAES (B-BAES). Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 33(5), 916–924. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.00914.x
  • Saingam, D., Assanangkornchai, S., Geater, A. F., & Balthip, Q. (2013). Pattern and consequences of krathom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) use among male villagers in southern Thailand: A qualitative study. International Journal of Drug Policy, 24(4), 351–358. doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2012.09.004
  • Singh, D., Muller, C. P., & Vicknasingam, B. (2014). Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) dependence, withdrawal symptoms and craving in regular users. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 139, 132–137. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.03.017
  • Singh, D., Narayanan, S., & Vicknasingam, B. (2016). Traditional and non-traditional uses of Mitragynine (Kratom): A survey of the literature. Brain Research Bulletin, 126, 41–46. doi: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.05.004
  • Smith, K. E., & Lawson, T. (2017). Prevalence and motivations of kratom use in a sample of substance users enrolled in a residential treatment program. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 180, 340–348. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.034
  • Suwanlert, S. (1975). A study of kratom eaters in Thailand. Bullentin on Narcotics, 27(3), 21–27.
  • Takayama, H. (2004). Chemistry and pharmacology of analgesic indole alkaloids from the rubiaceous plant, Mitragyna speciosa. Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 52(8), 916–928. doi: 10.1248/cpb.52.916
  • Tanguay, P. (2011). Kratom in Thailand: Decriminalisation and community control? Series on legislative reform of drug policies, vol. 13, International Drug Policy Consortium (IDPC).
  • Vicknasingam, B., Narayanan, S., Beng, G. T., & Mansor, S. M. (2010). The informal use of ketum (Mitragyna speciosa) for opioid withdrawal in the northern states of peninsular Malaysia and implications for drug substitution therapy. International Journal of Drug Policy, 21(4), 283–288. doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2009.12.003

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.