A Comprehensive Examination of the Links between Cannabis Use and Motivation

References

• Adamson, S. J., Kay-Lambkin, F. J., Baker, A. L., Lewin, T. J., Thornton, L., Kelly, B. J., & Sellman, J. D. (2010). An improved brief measure of cannabis misuse—The cannabis use disorders identification test-revised (CUDIT-R). Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 110(1–2), 137–143. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.02.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen, J., & Holder, M. D. (2014). Marijuana use and well-being in university students. Journal of Happiness Studies, 15(2), 301–321. doi:10.1007/s10902-013-9423-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arria, A. M., Caldeira, K. M., Bugbee, B. A., Vincent, K. B., & O’Grady, K. E. (2015). The academic consequences of marijuana use during college. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 29(3), 564–575. doi:10.1037/adb0000108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babor, T. F., Higgins-Biddle, J. C., Saunders, J. B., & Monteiro, M. G. (2001). The alcohol use disorders identification test: Guidelines for use in primary care (2nd ed.). Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191–215. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (1994). Self-efficacy. In R. J. Corsini (Ed.), Encyclopedia of psychology (2nd ed., Vol. 3, pp. 368–369). New York, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Barnwell, S. S., Earleywine, M., & Wilcox, R. (2006). Cannabis, motivation, and life satisfaction in an internet sample. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 1(1), 2. doi:10.1186/1747-597X-1-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). BDI-II: Beck depression inventory manual (2nd ed.). San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Buckner, J. D., Ecker, A. H., & Cohen, A. S. (2010). Mental health problems and interest in marijuana treatment among marijuana using college students. Addictive Behaviors, 35(9), 826–833. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.04.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carver, C. S., & White, T. L. (1994). Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: The BIS/BAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(2), 319–333. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.67.2.319
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. (2008). Managing depressive symptoms in substance abuse clients during early recovery. In Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series, No. 48. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK64063/
   Google Scholar
• Cerdá, M. (2017). Commentary: Does early cannabis initiation reduce educational attainment? New contributions and unanswered questions. International Journal of Epidemiology, 46(5), 1650–1652. doi:10.1093/ije/dyx162
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook, D. A., Gas, B. L., & Artino, A. R. (2018). Measuring mindsets and achievement goal motivation: A validation study of three instruments. Academic Medicine, 93(9), 1391–1399. doi:10.1097/ACM.0000000000002290
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO personality inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO five-factor inventory (NEO-FFI) professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
   Google Scholar
• Cuttler, C., & Spradlin, A. (2017). Measuring cannabis consumption: Psychometric properties of the Daily Sessions, Frequency, Age of Onset, and Quantity of Cannabis Use Inventory (DFAQ-CU). PLoS One, 12(5), e0178194. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0178194
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Meneses-Gaya, C., Zuardi, A. W., Loureiro, S. R., & Crippa, J. A. S. (2009). Alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT): An updated systematic review of psychometric properties. Psychology & Neuroscience, 2(1), 83–97. doi:10.3922/j.psns.2009.1.12
   Google Scholar
• Duncan, D. F. (1987). Lifetime prevalence of “amotivational syndrome” among users and non-users of hashish. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 1(2), 114–119. doi:10.1037/h0080444
   Google Scholar
• Elliot, A. J., & Murayama, K. (2008). On the measurement of achievement goals: Critique, illustration, and application. Journal of Educational Psychology, 100(3), 613–628. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.100.3.613
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flory, K., Lynam, D., Milich, R., Leukefeld, C., & Clayton, R. (2002). The relations among personality, symptoms of alcohol and marijuana abuse, and symptoms of comorbid psychopathology: Results from a community sample. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 10(4), 425–434. doi:10.1037/1064-1297.10.4.425
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fridberg, D. J., Vollmer, J. M., O’Donnell, B. F., & Skosnik, P. D. (2011). Cannabis users differ from non-users on measures of personality and schizotypy. Psychiatry Research, 186(1), 46–52. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2010.07.035
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gobbi, G., Atkin, T., Zytynski, T., Wang, S., Askari, S., Boruff, J., … Mayo, N. (2019). Association of cannabis use in adolescence and risk of depression, anxiety, and suicidality in young adulthood. JAMA Psychiatry, 76(4), 426–434. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.4500
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart, J. W., Stasson, M. F., Mahoney, J. M., & Story, P. (2007). The Big Five and achievement motivation: Exploring the relationship between personality and a two-factor model of motivation. Individual Differences Research, 5(4), 267–274.
   Google Scholar
• Hogan, R., Mankin, D., Conway, J., & Sherman, F. (1970). Personality correlates of undergraduate marijuana use. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 35(1, Pt 1), 58–63. doi:10.1037/h0029618
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooper, S. R., Woolley, D., & De Bellis, M. D. (2014). Intellectual, neurocognitive, and academic achievement in abstinent adolescents with cannabis use disorder. Psychopharmacology, 231(8), 1467–1477. doi:10.1007/s00213-014-3463-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horwood, L. J., Fergusson, D. M., Coffey, C., Patton, G. C., Tait, R., Smart, D., … Hutchinson, D. M. (2012). Cannabis and depression: An integrative data analysis of four Australasian cohorts. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 126(3), 369–378. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.06.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horwood, L. J., Fergusson, D. M., Hayatbakhsh, M. R., Najman, J. M., Coffey, C., Patton, G. C., … Hutchinson, D. M. (2010). Cannabis use and educational achievement. Findings from three Australasian cohort studies. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 110(3), 247–253. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.03.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karriker-Jaffe, K. J., Subbaraman, M. S., Greenfield, T. K., & Kerr, W. C. (2018). Contribution of alcohol and drug co-use to substance use problems: Data from a nationally-representative sample of US adults who have never been to treatment. Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 35(6), 428–442. doi:10.1177/1455072518806122
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komarraju, M., & Karau, S. J. (2005). The relationship between the big five personality traits and academic motivation. Personality and Individual Differences, 39(3), 557–567. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.02.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kouri, E., Pope, H. G., Yurgelun-Todd, D., & Gruber, S. (1995). Attributes of heavy vs. occasional marijuana smokers in a college population. Biological Psychiatry, 38(7), 475–481. doi:10.1016/0006-3223(94)00325-W
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lane, S. D., Cherek, D. R., Pietras, C. J., & Steinberg, J. L. (2005). Performance of heavy marijuana-smoking adolescents on a laboratory measure of motivation. Addictive Behaviors, 30(4), 815–828. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2004.08.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawn, W., Freeman, T. P., Pope, R. A., Joye, A., Harvey, L., Hindocha, C., … Curran, H. V. (2016). Acute and chronic effects of cannabinoids on effort-related decision-making and reward learning: An evaluation of the cannabis ‘amotivational’ hypotheses. Psychopharmacology, 233(19–20), 3537–3552. doi:10.1007/s00213-016-4383-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lev-Ran, S., Roerecke, M., Le Foll, B., George, T., McKenzie, K., & Rehm, J. (2014). The association between cannabis use and depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychological Medicine, 44(4), 797–810. doi:10.1017/S0033291713001438
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lilienfeld, S. O., & Andrews, B. P. (1996). Development and preliminary validation of a self-report measure of psychopathic personality traits in noncriminal populations. Journal of Personality Assessment, 66(3), 488–524. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa6603_3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Looby, A., & Earleywine, M. (2007). Negative consequences associated with dependence in daily cannabis users. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 2(1), 3. doi:10.1186/1747-597X-2-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maggs, J. L., Staff, J., Kloska, D. D., Patrick, M. E., O'Malley, P. M., & Schulenberg, J. (2015). Predicting young adult degree attainment by late adolescent marijuana use. Journal of Adolescent Health, 57(2), 205–211. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.04.028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marin, R. S., Biedrzycki, R. C., & Firinciogullari, S. (1991). Reliability and validity of the Apathy Evaluation Scale. Psychiatry Research, 38(2), 143–162. doi:10.1016/0165-1781(91)90040-V
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGlothlin, W. H., & West, L. J. (1968). The marihuana problem: An overview. American Journal of Psychiatry, 125(3), 370–378. doi:10.1176/ajp.125.3.370
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meier, M. H., & White, M. (2018). Do young-adult cannabis users show amotivation? An analysis of informant reports. Translational Issues in Psychological Science, 4(1), 99–107. doi:10.1037/tps0000150
   Google Scholar
• Melchior, M., Bolze, C., Fombonne, E., Surkan, P. J., Pryor, L., & Jauffret-Roustide, M. (2017). Early cannabis initiation and educational attainment: Is the association causal? Data from the French TEMPO study. International Journal of Epidemiology, 46(5), 1641–1650. doi:10.1093/ije/dyx065
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mellinger, G. D., Somers, R. H., Davidson, S. T., & Manheimer, D. I. (1976). The amotivational syndrome and the college student. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 282(1 Chronic Canna), 37–55. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1976.tb49883.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Murray, G., Rawlings, D., Allen, N. B., & Trinder, J. (2003). Neo Five-Factor Inventory scores: Psychometric properties in a community sample. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 36(3), 140–149. doi:10.1080/07481756.2003.11909738
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pacheco-Colón, I., Coxe, S., Musser, E. D., Duperrouzel, J. C., Ross, J. M., & Gonzalez, R. (2017). Is cannabis use associated with various indices of motivation among adolescent? Substance Use & Misuse, 53(7), 1–12. doi:10.1080/10826084.2017.1400566
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pineapple Express. (2008). [IMdB]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0910936/
   Google Scholar
• Schwarzer, R., & Jerusalem, M. (1995). Generalized self-efficacy scale. In J. Weinman, S. Wright, & M Johnston, Measures in health psychology: A user’s portfolio. Causal and control beliefs (pp. 35–37). Windsor, UK: Nfer-Nelson
   Google Scholar
• Sexton, M., Cuttler, C., Finnell, J. S., & Mischley, L. K. (2016). A cross sectional survey of medical cannabis users: Patterns of use and perceived efficacy. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, 1(1), 131–138.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith, D. E. (1968). Acute and chronic toxicity of marijuana. Journal of Psychedelic Drugs, 2(1), 37–48. doi:10.1080/02791072.1968.10524399
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sobell, L. C., Kwan, E., & Sobell, M. B. (1995). Reliability of a drug history questionnaire (DHQ). Addictive Behaviors, 20(2), 233–241. doi:10.1016/0306-4603(94)00071-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephens, R. S., Roffman, R. A., & Curtin, L. (2000). Comparison of extended versus brief treatments for marijuana use. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(5), 898–908. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.68.5.898
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strunk, K. K. (2014). A factor analytic examination of the achievement goal questionnaire-revised supports a three factor model. Psychological Reports, 115(2), 400–414. doi:10.2466/14.03.PR0.115c24z0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). (2016). Marijuana (Cannabis). Retrieved from https://www.samhsa.gov/atod/marijuana
   Google Scholar
• Suerken, C. K., Reboussin, B. A., Egan, K. L., Sutfin, E. L., Wagoner, K. G., Spangler, J., & Wolfson, M. (2016). Marijuana use trajectories and academic outcomes among college students. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 162, 137–145. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.02.041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terracciano, A., Löckenhoff, C. E., Crum, R. M., Bienvenu, O. J., & Costa, P. T. (2008). Five-factor model personality profiles of drug users. BMC Psychiatry, 8(1), 22. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-8-22
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Torrubia, R., Ávila, C., Moltó, J., & Caseras, X. (2001). The sensitivity to punishment and sensitivity to reward questionnaire (SPSRQ) as a measure of Gray’s anxiety and impulsivity dimensions. Personality and Individual Differences, 31(6), 837–862. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00183-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Y.-P., & Gorenstein, C. (2013). Psychometric properties of the Beck depression inventory-II: A comprehensive review. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 35(4), 416–431. doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2012-1048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, N. E., Scerpella, D., & Lisdahl, K. M. (2016). Marijuana use is associated with behavioral approach and depressive symptoms in adolescents and emerging adults. PLoS One, 11(11), e0166005. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0166005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar