153
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Substance Use among Exclusive Electronic Cigarette Users and Dual Combustible Cigarette Users: Extending Work to Adult Users

, , , ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon

References

  • Abrams, D. B., Glasser, A. M., Villanti, A. C., Pearson, J. L., Rose, S., & Niaura, R. S. (2018). Managing nicotine without smoke to save lives now: Evidence for harm minimization. Preventive Medicine, 117, 88–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.06.010
  • Allen, J. P., Litten, R. Z., Fertig, J. B., & Babor, T. (1997). A Review of Research on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 21(4), 613–619. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1997.tb03811.x
  • Azzopardi, D., Patel, K., Jaunky, T., Santopietro, S., Camacho, O. M., McAughey, J., & Gaça, M. (2016). Electronic cigarette aerosol induces significantly less cytotoxicity than tobacco smoke. Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 26(6), 477–491. https://doi.org/10.1080/15376516.2016.1217112
  • Baker, T. B., Piper, M. E., McCarthy, D. E., Majeskie, M. R., & Fiore, M. C. (2004). Addiction Motivation Reformulated: An Affective Processing Model of Negative Reinforcement. Psychological Review, 111(1), 33–51. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.111.1.33
  • Barrington-Trimis, J. L., Urman, R., Berhane, K., Unger, J. B., Cruz, T. B., Pentz, M. A., Samet, J. M., Leventhal, A. M., & McConnell, R. (2016). E-Cigarettes and Future Cigarette Use. Pediatrics, 138(1). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-0379
  • Benmarhnia, T., Pierce, J. P., Leas, E., White, M. M., Strong, D. R., Noble, M. L., & Trinidad, D. R. (2018). Can e-cigarettes and pharmaceutical aids increase smoking cessation and reduce cigarette consumption? Findings from a nationally representative cohort of American smokers. American Journal of Epidemiology, 187(11), 2397–2404. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwy129
  • Benowitz, N. L., & Fraiman, J. B. (2017). Cardiovascular effects of electronic cigarettes. Nature Reviews Cardiology, 14(8), 447.
  • Berg, C. J., Barr, D. B., Stratton, E., Escoffery, C., & Kegler, M. (2014). Attitudes toward e-cigarettes, reasons for initiating e-cigarette use, and changes in smoking behavior after initiation: A pilot longitudinal study of regular cigarette smokers. Open Journal of Preventive Medicine, 04 (10), 789–800. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojpm.2014.410089
  • Boland, V. C., Stockings, E. A., Mattick, R. P., McRobbie, H., Brown, J., & Courtney, R. J. (2018). The methodological quality and effectiveness of technology-based smoking cessation interventions for disadvantaged groups: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 20(3), 276–285. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntw391
  • Bold, K. W., Krishnan-Sarin, S., & Stoney, C. M. (2018). E-cigarette use as a potential cardiovascular disease risk behavior. American Psychologist, 73(8), 955–967. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000231
  • Bonn‐Miller, M. O., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2009). An Evaluation of the Nature of Marijuana Use and Its Motives among Young Adult Active Users. The American Journal on Addictions, 18(5), 409–416. https://doi.org/10.1080/10550490903077705
  • Borrelli, B., & O’Connor, G. T. (2019). E-cigarettes to assist with smoking cessation. Mass Medical Soc.
  • Bowe, A. K., Doyle, F., Stanistreet, D., O’Connell, E., Durcan, M., Major, E., O’Donovan, D., & Kavanagh, P. (2021). E-Cigarette-Only and Dual Use among Adolescents in Ireland: Emerging Behaviours with Different Risk Profiles. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(1), 332. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010332
  • Brikmanis, K., Petersen, A., & Doran, N. (2017). E-cigarette use, perceptions, and cigarette smoking intentions in a community sample of young adult nondaily cigarette smokers. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 31(3), 336.
  • Brown, R. A., Lejuez, C., Kahler, C. W., & Strong, D. R. (2002). Distress tolerance and duration of past smoking cessation attempts. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111(1), 180–185.
  • Buckner, J. D., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2014). Cannabis and related impairment: The unique roles of cannabis use to cope with social anxiety and social avoidance. The American Journal on Addictions, 23(6), 598–603. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1521-0391.2014.12150.x
  • Butler, S. F., Budman, S. H., Fernandez, K. C., Houle, B., Benoit, C., Katz, N., & Jamison, R. N. (2007). Development and Validation of the Current Opioid Misuse Measure. Pain, 130(1-2), 144–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2007.01.014
  • Case, K. R., Mantey, D. S., Creamer, M. R., Harrell, M. B., Kelder, S. H., & Perry, C. L. (2018). E-cigarette- specific symptoms of nicotine dependence among Texas adolescents. Addictive Behaviors, 84, 57–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.03.032
  • Chadi, N., Schroeder, R., Jensen, J. W., & Levy, S. (2019). Association Between Electronic Cigarette Use and Marijuana Use Among Adolescents and Young Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics, 173(10), e192574–e192574. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.2574
  • Chaffee, B. W. (2019). Electronic Cigarettes: Trends, Health Effects and Advising Patients Amid Uncertainty. Journal of the California Dental Association, 47(2), 85–92.
  • Choi, K. & Forster, J. (2013). Characteristics associated with awareness, perceptions, and use of electronic nicotine delivery systems among young US Midwestern adults Am. J. Public Health, 103, 556–561.
  • Chou, S. P., Saha, T. D., Zhang, H., Ruan, W. J., Huang, B., Grant, B. F., Blanco, C., & Compton, W. (2017). Prevalence, correlates, comorbidity and treatment of electronic nicotine delivery system use in the United States. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 178, 296–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.05.026
  • Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed). L. Erlbaum Associates.
  • Curran, K. A., Burk, T., Pitt, P. D., & Middleman, A. B. (2018). Trends and Substance Use Associations With E-Cigarette Use in US Adolescents. Clinical Pediatrics, 57(10), 1191–1198. https://doi.org/10.1177/0009922818769405
  • Das, S., Tonelli, M., & Ziedonis, D. (2016). Update on smoking cessation: E-cigarettes, emerging tobacco products trends, and new technology-based interventions. Current Psychiatry Reports, 18(5), 51https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-016-0681-6
  • Du, P., Fan, T., Yingst, J., Veldheer, S., Hrabovsky, S., Chen, C., & Foulds, J. (2019). Changes in E-Cigarette Use Behaviors and Dependence in Long-term E-Cigarette Users. Am J Prev Med, 57(3), 374–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2019.04.021
  • Dugas, E. N., Sylvestre, M.-P., & O’Loughlin, J. (2020). Type of e-liquid vaped, poly-nicotine use and nicotine dependence symptoms in young adult e-cigarette users: A descriptive study. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09056-y
  • Dunbar, M. S., Tucker, J. S., Ewing, B. A., Pedersen, E. R., Miles, J. N. V., Shih, R. A., & D’Amico, E. J. (2017). Frequency of E-cigarette Use, Health Status, and Risk and Protective Health Behaviors in Adolescents. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 11(1), 55–62. https://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000272
  • Dutra, L. M., & Glantz, S. A. (2014). Electronic cigarettes and conventional cigarette use among US adolescents: a cross-sectional study. JAMA pediatrics, 168(7), 610–617.
  • Evans, J. R., & Mathur, A. (2018). The value of online surveys: A look back and a look ahead. Internet Research, 28(4), 854–887. https://doi.org/10.1108/IntR-03-2018-0089
  • Farsalinos, K. E., & Niaura, R. (2020). E-cigarettes and smoking cessation in the United States according to frequency of e-cigarette use and quitting duration: Analysis of the 2016 and 2017 National Health Interview Surveys. Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 22(5), 655–662. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntz025
  • Farsalinos, K. E., & Polosa, R. (2014). Safety evaluation and risk assessment of electronic cigarettes as tobacco cigarette substitutes: A systematic review. Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety, 5(2), 67–86. https://doi.org/10.1177/2042098614524430
  • Foulds, J., Veldheer, S., Yingst, J., Hrabovsky, S., Wilson, S. J., Nichols, T. T., & Eissenberg, T. (2015). Development of a Questionnaire for Assessing Dependence on Electronic Cigarettes Among a Large Sample of Ex-Smoking E-cigarette Users. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 17(2), 186–192. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntu204
  • Goniewicz, M. L., Smith, D. M., Edwards, K. C., Blount, B. C., Caldwell, K. L., Feng, J., Wang, L., Christensen, C., Ambrose, B., Borek, N., van Bemmel, D., Konkel, K., Erives, G., Stanton, C. A., Lambert, E., Kimmel, H. L., Hatsukami, D., Hecht, S. S., Niaura, R. S., … Hyland, A. J. (2018). Comparison of Nicotine and Toxicant Exposure in Users of Electronic Cigarettes and Combustible Cigarettes. JAMA Network Open, 1(8), e185937. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.5937
  • Grant, J. E., Lust, K., Fridberg, D. J., King, A. C., & Chamberlain, S. R. (2019). E-cigarette use (vaping) is associated with illicit drug use, mental health problems, and impulsivity in university students. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists, 31(1), 27–35.
  • Hartmann-Boyce, J., Begh, R., & Aveyard, P. (2018). Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation. BMJ, 360
  • Hecht, S. S., Carmella, S. G., Kotandeniya, D., Pillsbury, M. E., Chen, M., Ransom, B. W. S., Vogel, R. I., Thompson, E., Murphy, S. E., & Hatsukami, D. K. (2015). Evaluation of Toxicant and Carcinogen Metabolites in the Urine of E-Cigarette Users Versus Cigarette Smokers. Nicotine & Tobacco Research : official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 17(6), 704–709. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntu218
  • Heen, M., Lieberman, J., & Miethe, T. (2014). A Comparison of Different Online Sampling Approaches for Generating National Samples, https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.24283.62243
  • Hefner, K. R., Sollazzo, A., Mullaney, S., Coker, K. L., & Sofuoglu, M. (2019). E-cigarettes, alcohol use, and mental health: Use and perceptions of e-cigarettes among college students, by alcohol use and mental health status. Addictive Behaviors, 91, 12–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.10.040
  • Jackson, S. E., Shahab, L., West, R., & Brown, J. (2020). Associations between dual use of e-cigarettes and smoking cessation: A prospective study of smokers in England. Addictive Behaviors, 103, 106230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106230
  • Kalkhoran, S., & Glantz, S. A. (2016). E-cigarettes and smoking cessation in real-world and clinical settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet. Respiratory Medicine, 4(2), 116–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(15)00521-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(15)00521-4
  • Kelly, P. J., Robinson, L. D., Baker, A. L., Deane, F. P., McKetin, R., Hudson, S., & Keane, C. (2017). Polysubstance use in treatment seekers who inject amphetamine: Drug use profiles, injecting practices and quality of life. Addictive Behaviors, 71, 25–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.02.006
  • Kristjansson, A. L., Mann, M. J., & Sigfusdottir, I. D. (2015). Licit and Illicit Substance Use by Adolescent E-Cigarette Users Compared with Conventional Cigarette Smokers, Dual Users, and Nonusers. The Journal of Adolescent Health : official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 57(5), 562–564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.07.014
  • Kristjansson, A. L., Mann, M. J., & Smith, M. L. (2017). Prevalence of substance use among middle school-aged e-cigarette users compared with cigarette smokers, nonusers, and dual users: Implications for primary prevention . Substance Abuse, 38(4), 473–476. https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2017.1343218
  • Layden, J. E., Ghinai, I., Pray, I., Kimball, A., Layer, M., Tenforde, M. W., Navon, L., Hoots, B., Salvatore, P. P., Elderbrook, M., Haupt, T., Kanne, J., Patel, M. T., Saathoff-Huber, L., King, B. A., Schier, J. G., Mikosz, C. A., & Meiman, J. (2020). Pulmonary illness related to e-cigarette use in Illinois and Wisconsin—Preliminary report. New England Journal of Medicine, 382(10), 903–916. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1911614
  • Leventhal, A. M., Strong, D. R., Sussman, S., Kirkpatrick, M. G., Unger, J. B., Barrington-Trimis, J. L., & Audrain-McGovern, J. (2016). Psychiatric comorbidity in adolescent electronic and conventional cigarette use. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 73, 71–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.11.008
  • Littlefield, A. K., Gottlieb, J. C., Cohen, L. M., & Trotter, D. R. M. (2015). Electronic Cigarette Use Among College Students: Links to Gender, Race/Ethnicity, Smoking, and Heavy Drinking. Journal of American College Health, 63(8), 523–529. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2015.1043130
  • Liu, G., Wasserman, E., Kong, L., & Foulds, J. (2017). A comparison of nicotine dependence among exclusive E-cigarette and cigarette users in the PATH study. Preventive Medicine, 104, 86–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.04.001
  • Manning, K., Rogers, A. H., Bakhshaie, J., Hogan, J. B. D., Buckner, J. D., Ditre, J. W., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2018). The association between perceived distress tolerance and cannabis use problems, cannabis withdrawal symptoms, and self-efficacy for quitting cannabis: The explanatory role of pain-related affective distress. Addictive Behaviors, 85, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.05.009
  • Martínez, Ú., Martínez-Loredo, V., Simmons, V. N., Meltzer, L. R., Drobes, D. J., Brandon, K. O., Palmer, A. M., Eissenberg, T., Bullen, C. R., Harrell, P. T., & Brandon, T. H. (2020). How does smoking and nicotine dependence change after onset of vaping? A Retrospective analysis of dual users. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 22(5), 764–770. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntz043
  • Mayorga, N. A., Garey, L., Nizio, P., Buckner, J. D., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2020). The effects of cannabis use: A test among dual electronic and combustible cigarette users. The American Journal on Addictions, 29(4), 287–294. Behaviors, 85, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.05.009https://doi.org/10.1111/ajad.13021
  • McCabe, S. E., & West, B. T. (2017). The 3-Year Course of Multiple Substance Use Disorders in the United States: A National Longitudinal Study . The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 78(5), e537–e544. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.16m10657
  • Mirbolouk, M., Charkhchi, P., Kianoush, S., Uddin, S. M. I., Orimoloye, O. A., Jaber, R., Bhatnagar, A., Benjamin, E. J., Hall, M. E., Defilippis, A. P., Maziak, W., Nasir, K., & Blaha, M. J. (2018). Prevalence and Distribution of E-Cigarette Use Among U.S. Adults: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2016. Annals of Internal Medicine, 169(7), 429–438. https://doi.org/10.7326/M17-3440
  • Morean, M., Krishnan-Sarin, S., & O’Malley, S. S. (2018). Comparing cigarette and e-cigarette dependence and predicting frequency of smoking and e-cigarette use in dual-users of cigarettes and e-cigarettes. Addictive Behaviors, 87, 92–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.06.027
  • Owusu, D., Huang, J., Weaver, S. R., Pechacek, T. F., Ashley, D. L., Nayak, P., & Eriksen, M. P. (2019). Patterns and trends of dual use of e-cigarettes and cigarettes among U.S. adults, 2015–2018. Preventive Medicine Reports, 16, 101009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2019.101009
  • Patel, D., Davis, K. C., Cox, S., Bradfield, B., King, B. A., Shafer, P., Caraballo, R., & Bunnell, R. (2016). Reasons for current E-cigarette use among US adults. Preventive Medicine, 93, 14–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.09.011
  • Rhoades, D. A., Comiford, A. L., Dvorak, J. D., Ding, K., Hopkins, M., Spicer, P., Wagener, T. L., & Doescher, M. P. (2019). Vaping patterns, nicotine dependence and reasons for vaping among American Indian dual users of cigarettes and electronic cigarettes. BMC Public Health, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7523-5
  • Rigotti, N. A., Chang, Y., Tindle, H. A., Kalkhoran, S. M., Levy, D. E., Regan, S., Kelley, J. H. K., Davis, E. M., & Singer, D. E. (2018). Association of E-Cigarette Use With Smoking Cessation Among Smokers Who Plan to Quit After a Hospitalization: A Prospective Study. Annals of Internal Medicine, 168(9), 613–620. https://doi.org/10.7326/M17-2048
  • Roser, M., Ritchie, H., Ortiz-Ospina, E. (2015). Internet. Our World in Data. https://ourworldindata.org/internet
  • Royal College of Physicians of London (2016). Nicotine without smoke Tobacco harm reduction. Royal College of Physicians of London.
  • Saddleson, M. L., Kozlowski, L. T., Giovino, G. A., Hawk, L. W., Murphy, J. M., MacLean, M. G., Goniewicz, M. L., Homish, G. G., Wrotniak, B. H., & Mahoney, M. C. (2015). Risky behaviors, e-cigarette use and susceptibility of use among college students. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 149, 25–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.01.001
  • Saunders, J. B., Aasland, O. G., Babor, T. F., De La Fuente, J. R., & Grant, M. (1993). Development of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): WHO Collaborative Project on Early Detection of Persons with Harmful Alcohol Consumption-II. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 88(6), 791–804. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02093.x
  • Shahab, L., Goniewicz, M. L., Blount, B. C., Brown, J., Mcneill, A., Alwis, K. U., Feng, J., Wang, L., & West, R. (2017). Nicotine, carcinogen, and toxin exposure in long-term e-cigarette and nicotine replacement therapy users: A cross-sectional study. Annals of Internal Medicine, 166(6), 390–400. https://doi.org/10.7326/M16-1107
  • Shan, L., Manzione, L. C., & Azagba, S. (2020). Psychological well-being and dual-use of cigarettes and e-cigarettes among high school students in Canada. Journal of Affective Disorders, 265, 357–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.085
  • Spindle, T. R., Hiler, M. M., Cooke, M. E., Eissenberg, T., Kendler, K. S., & Dick, D. M. (2017). Electronic cigarette use and uptake of cigarette smoking: A longitudinal examination of U.S. college students. Addictive Behaviors, 67, 66–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.12.009
  • Sung, H.-Y., Wang, Y., Yao, T., Lightwood, J., & Max, W. (2018). Polytobacco Use and Nicotine Dependence Symptoms Among US Adults, 2012-2014. Nicotine & Tobacco Research : official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 20(suppl_1), S88–S98. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/nty050
  • Sutfin, E. L., McCoy, T. P., Morrell, H. E. R., Hoeppner, B. B., & Wolfson, M. (2013). Electronic cigarette use by college students. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 131(3), 214–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.05.001
  • Temple, J. R., Shorey, R. C., Lu, Y., Torres, E., Stuart, G. L., & Le, V. D. (2017). E-cigarette use of young adults motivations and associations with combustible cigarette alcohol, marijuana, and other illicit drugs. The American Journal on Addictions, 26(4), 343–348. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajad.12530
  • Timko, C., Han, X., Woodhead, E., Shelley, A., & Cucciare, M. A. (2018). Polysubstance Use by Stimulant Users: Health Outcomes Over Three Years. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 79(5), 799–807. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2018.79.799
  • Trivers, K. F., Phillips, E., Gentzke, A. S., Tynan, M. A., & Neff, L. J. (2018). Prevalence of Cannabis Use in Electronic Cigarettes Among US Youth. JAMA Pediatrics, 172(11), 1097–1099. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.1920
  • Viswam, D., Trotter, S., Burge, P. S., & Walters, G. I. (2018). Respiratory failure caused by lipoid pneumonia from vaping e-cigarettes. Case Reports, 2018, bcr-2018.
  • Warner, K. E., & Mendez, D. (2019). E-cigarettes: Comparing the Possible Risks of Increasing Smoking Initiation with the Potential Benefits of Increasing Smoking Cessation. Nicotine & Tobacco Research : official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 21(1), 41–47. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/nty062
  • Weinberger, A. H., Zhu, J., Barrington-Trimis, J. L., Wyka, K., & Goodwin, R. D. (2020). Cigarette use, e-cigarette use, and dual product use is higher among adults with serious psychological distress in the United States. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 22(10), 1875–2017. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntaa061
  • Weisstein, E. W. (2004). Bonferroni correction. https://Mathworld.Wolfram.Com/.
  • Westling, E., Rusby, J. C., Crowley, R., & Light, J. M. (2017). Electronic Cigarette Use by Youth: Prevalence, Correlates, and Use Trajectories From Middle to High School. The Journal of Adolescent Health : official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 60(6), 660–666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.12.019
  • Zhu, S.-H., Zhuang, Y.-L., Wong, S., Cummins, S. E., & Tedeschi, G. J. (2017). E-cigarette use and associated changes in population smoking cessation: Evidence from US current population surveys. BMJ, 358, j3262. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j3262
  • Wills, T. A., Knight, R., Williams, R. J., Pagano, I., & Sargent, J. D. (2015). Risk Factors for Exclusive E-Cigarette Use and Dual E-Cigarette Use and Tobacco Use in Adolescents. Pediatrics, 135(1), e43–e51. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-0760
  • Wright, K. B. (2006). Researching Internet-Based Populations: Advantages and Disadvantages of Online Survey Research, Online Questionnaire Authoring Software Packages, and Web Survey Services. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 10(3), 00–00. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2005.tb00259.x
  • Zale, E. L., Dorfman, M. L., Hooten, W. M., Warner, D. O., Zvolensky, M. J., & Ditre, J. W. (2015). Tobacco Smoking, Nicotine Dependence, and Patterns of Prescription Opioid Misuse: Results From a Nationally Representative Sample. Nicotine & Tobacco Research : official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 17(9), 1096–1103. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntu227
  • Zvolensky, M. J., Mayorga, N. A., & Garey, L. (2019a). Main and Interactive Effects of e-Cigarette Use Health Literacy and Anxiety Sensitivity in Terms of e-Cigarette Perceptions and Dependence. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 43(1), 121–130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-018-9953-2
  • Zvolensky, M. J., Mayorga, N. A., & Garey, L. (2019b). Positive Expectancies for E-Cigarette Use and Anxiety Sensitivity Among Adults. Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 21(10), 1355–1362. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/nty106

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.