How Do Clinicians of Different Specialties Perceive and Use Opioid Risk Mitigation Strategies? A Qualitative Study

References

• Albrecht, J. S., Khokhar, B., Pradel, F., Campbell, M., Palmer, J., Harris, I., & Palumbo, F. (2015). Perceptions of patient provider agreements. Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research, 6(3), 139–144.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali, M. M., Dowd, W. N., Classen, T., Mutter, R., & Novak, S. P. (2017). Prescription drug monitoring programs, nonmedical use of prescription drugs, and heroin use: Evidence from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health. Addictive Behaviors, 69, 65–77. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030646031730014X. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.01.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Argoff, C. E., Alford, D. P., Fudin, J., Adler, J. A., Bair, M. J., Dart, R. C., Gandolfi, R., McCarberg, B. H., Stanos, S. P., Gudin, J. A., Polomano, R. C., & Webster, L. R. (2018). Rational urine drug monitoring in patients receiving opioids for chronic pain: Consensus recommendations. Pain Medicine, 19(1), 97–117. https://doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnx285
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bali, V., Raisch, D. W., Moffett, M. L., & Khan, N. (2013). Determinants of nonmedical use, abuse or dependence on prescription drugs, and use of substance abuse treatment. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 9(3), 276–287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker, W. C., Starrels, J. L., Heo, M., Li, X., Weiner, M. G., & Turner, B. J. (2011). Racial differences in primary care opioid risk reduction strategies. The Annals of Family Medicine, 9(3), 219. http://www.annfammed.org/content/9/3/219.abstract
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchman, D. Z., & Ho, A. (2013). What’s trust got to do with it? Revisiting opioid contracts. Journal of Medical Ethics. 40, 649. https://doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2013-101320. http://jme.bmj.com/content/early/2013/09/07/medethics-2013-101320.abstract
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016). CDC guidelines for prescribing opioids for chronic pain: Guidelines at a Glance. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018). Quality improvement and care coordination: Implementing the CDC guideline for prescribing opioids for chronic pain. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
   Google Scholar
• Chang, Y.-P. (2018). Factors associated with prescription opioid misuse in adults aged 50 or older. Nursing Outlook, 66(2), 112–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.outlook.2017.10.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman, L., Dela Cruz, A. M., & Hutto, J. (2016). Opioid treatment agreements: Helpful or hurtful?American Journal of Psychiatry Residents’ Journal, 11(9), 14–16. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp-rj.2016.110905
   Google Scholar
• Charmaz, K. (2014). Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis (2nd d.).Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Chaudhary, S., & Compton, P. (2017). Use of risk mitigation practices by family nurse practitioners prescribing opioids for the management of chronic nonmalignant pain. Substance Abuse, 38(1), 95–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2016.1265038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chou, R. (2009). 2009 clinical guidelines from the American Pain Society and the American Academy of Pain Medicine on the use of chronic opioid therapy in chronic noncancer pain: What are the key messages for clinical practice?Pol Arch Med Wewn, 119, 469.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collen, M. (2009). Opioid contracts and random drug testing for people with chronic pain — think twice. The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 37(4), 841–845. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720X.2009.00455.xRetrieved from
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. C. (2008). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. Sage Publications, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Dowell, D., Haegerich, T. M., & Chou, R. (2016). CDC guideline for prescribing opioids for chronic pain - United States, 2016. JAMA, 315(15), 1624. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.1464
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fink, D. S., Schleimer, J. P., Sarvet, A., Grover, K. K., Delcher, C., Castillo-Carniglia, A., Kim, J. H., Rivera-Aguirre, A. E., Henry, S. G., & Martins, S. S. & Cerdá, M. (2018). Association between prescription drug monitoring programs and nonfatal and fatal drug overdoses: A systematic review. Annals of Internal Medicine, 168(11), 783–790. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29801093. https://doi.org/10.7326/M17-3074
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finley, E. P., Garcia, A., Rosen, K., McGeary, D., Pugh, M. J., & Potter, J. S. (2017). Evaluating the impact of prescription drug monitoring program implementation: A scoping review. BMC Health Serv Res, 17(1), 420. p https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-017-2354-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fishman, S. M., Bandman, T. B., Edwards, A., & Borsook, D. (1999). The opioid contract in the management of chronic pain. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 18(1), 27–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0885-3924(99)00035-4Retrieved from
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghods, M. P., Schmid, I. T., Pamer, C. A., Lappin, B. M., & Slavin, D. C. (2015). Developing and initiating validation of a model opioid patient-prescriber agreement as a tool for patient-centered pain treatment. Patient, 8(4), 349–358.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hariharan, J., Lamb, G. C., & Neuner, J. M. (2007). Long-term opioid contract use for chronic pain management in primary care practice. A five year experience. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 22(4), 485–490. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-006-0084-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hausmann, L. R., Gao, S., Lee, E. S., & Kwoh, C. K. (2013). Racial disparities in the monitoring of patients on chronic opioid therapy. Pain, 154(1), 46–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2012.07.034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hildebran, C., Cohen, D., Irvine, J., Foley, C., O’Kane, N., Beran, T., & Deyo, R. A. (2104). How clinicians use prescription drug monitoring programs: A qualitative inquiry. Pain Medicine., 15(7), 1526–4637. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24833113
   Google Scholar
• Kaye, A. D., Marshall, Z. J., Lambert, S. M., Trescot, A. M., Prabhakar, A., Elhassan, A. O., & Urman, R. D. (2014). Ethical perspectives on urine drug screening for pain physicians. Pain Physician, 17(5), E559–564.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilaru, A. S., Gadsden, S. M., Perrone, J., Paciotti, B., Barg, F. K., & Meisel, Z. F. (2014). How do physicians adopt and apply opioid prescription guidelines in the emergency department? A qualitative study. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 64(5), 482–489. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196064414002212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2014.03.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein, K. J., & Sorra, J. S. (1996). The challenge of innovation implementation. The Academy of Management Review, 21(4), 1055.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klimas, J., Gorfinkel, L., Fairbairn, N., Amato, L., Ahamad, K., Nolan, S., Simel, D. L., & Wood, E. (2019). Strategies to identify patient risks of prescription opioid addiction when initiating opioids for pain: A systematic review. JAMA Network Open, 2(5), e193365. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.3365
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korneeva, N., Cvek, U., Leskova, A., Hutchinson, K., Callahan, A., Patek, G., Trutschl, M., Kilgore, P. C. S. R., McGauly, P., Goeders, N., & Arnold, T. (2018). Urine Drug screen trends from 1998 through 2011 among emergency department patients treated in a university teaching hospital. Toxicology Communications, 2(1), 24–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/24734306.2018.1468539.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Krebs, E. E., Bergman, A. A., Coffing, J. M., Campbell, S. R., Frankel, R. M., & Matthias, M. S. (2014). Barriers to guideline-concordant opioid management in primary care–a qualitative study. Journal of Pain, 15(11), 1148–1155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2014.08.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laffer, A., Murphy, R., Winegarden, W., Pesce, A., Mikel, C., West, C., Egan-City, K., Strickland, J., & Christie, J. M. (2011). An economic analysis of the costs and benefits associated with regular urine drug testing for chronic pain patients in the United States. Nashville, TN.
   Google Scholar
• Leichtling, G. J., Irvine, J. M., Hildebran, C., Cohen, D. J., Hallvik, S. E., & Deyo, R. A. (2017). Clinicians’ use of prescription drug monitoring programs in clinical practice and decision-making. Pain Medicine., 18(6), 1063–1069. https://doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnw251
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, E. T., & Trafton, J. A. (2011). Opioid use in primary care: Asking the right questions. Current Pain and Headache Reports, 15(2), 137–143. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11916-010-0172-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall, M. N. (1996). Sampling for qualitative research. Family Practice, 13(6), 522–526. https://doi.org/10.1093/fampra/13.6.522
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mastarone, G. L., Wyse, J. J., Wilbur, E. R., Morasco, B. J., Saha, S., & Carlson, K. F. (2020). Barriers to utilization of prescription drug monitoring programs among prescribing physicians and advanced practice registered nurses at veterans health administration facilities in Oregon. Pain Medicine, 21(4), 695–703. https://doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnz289
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAuliffe Staehler, T. M., & Palombi, L. C. (2019). Beneficial opioid management strategies: A review of the evidence for the use of opioid treatment agreements. Substance Abuse, 41(2), 1–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McBane, S., & Weigle, N. (2010). Is it time to drug test your chronic pain patient?The Journal of Family Practice, 59(11), 628–633.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Alliance for Model State Drug Laws. (2016). Mandated use of state prescription drug monitoring programs. http://www.namsdl.org/library/14D3122C-96F5-F53E-E8F23E906B4DE09D/
   Google Scholar
• National Conference of State Legislatures. (2018). Prescribing policies: States confront opioid overdose epidemic Retrieved 2018 from http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/prescribing-policies-states-confront-opioid-overdose-epidemic.aspx.
   Google Scholar
• Nicholson, H. L. (2020). Socioeconomic status, fundamental cause theory, and prescription opioid use behaviors: A theoretical examination. Sociological Spectrum, 40(1), 1–32. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/02732173.2019.1707138
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rich, R., Chou, R., Mariano, E. R., Degreid Dopp, A., Sullenger, R., Burstin, H. & Pain Management Guidelines and Evidence Standards Working Group of the Action Collaborative on Countering the U.S. Opioid Epidemic. (2020). Best practices, research gaps, and future priorities to support tapering patients on long-term opioid therapy for chronic non-cancer pain in outpatient settings. Discussion Paper. National Academy of Medicine. NAM Perspectives. https://doi.org/10.31478/202008c
   Google Scholar
• Rieder, T. N. (2020). Is nonconsensual tapering of high-dose opioid therapy justifiable?AMA Journal of Ethics, 22(8), 651–657.
   Google Scholar
• Robinson, O. C. (2014). Sampling in interview-based qualitative research: A theoretical and practical guide. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 11(1), 25–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2013.801543
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saldana, J. (2009). The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers. Sage Publications, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Schulte, F., & Lucas, E. (2017). How doctors are getting rich on urine tests for opioid patients. Bloomberg, Retrieved November 6, 2017, from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2017-11-06/how-doctors-are-getting-rich-on-urine-tests-for-opioid-patients
   Google Scholar
• Starrels, J. L., Becker, W. C., Alford, D. P., Kapoor, A., Williams, A. R., & Turner, B. J. (2010). Systematic review: Treatment agreements and urine drug testing to reduce opioid misuse in patients with chronic pain. Annals of Internal Medicine, 152(11), 712–720. http://annals.org/data/Journals/AIM/20207/0000605-201006010-00004.pdf. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-152-11-201006010-00004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Starrels, J. L., Becker, W. C., Weiner, M. G., Li, X., Heo, M., & Turner, B. J. (2011). Low use of opioid risk reduction strategies in primary care even for high risk patients with chronic pain. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 26(9), 958–964. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-011-1648-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Starrels, J. L., Wu, B., Peyser, D., Fox, A. D., Batchelder, A., Barg, F. K., Arnsten, J. H., & Cunningham, C. O. (2014). It made my life a little easier: Primary care providers’ beliefs and attitudes about using opioid treatment agreements. J Opioid Manag, 10(2), 95–102. https://doi.org/10.5055/jom.2014.0198
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (2013). SAMHSA Opioid Overdose Prevention Toolkit. HHS Publication Rockville, MD.
   Google Scholar
• Tobin, D. G., Keough Forte, K., & Johnson McGee, S. (2016). Breaking the pain contract: A better controlled-substance agreement for patients on chronic opioid therapy. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine, 83(11), 827–835. https://doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.83a.15172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toye, F., Seers, K., Tierney, S., & Barker, K. L. (2017). A qualitative evidence synthesis to explore healthcare professionals’ experience of prescribing opioids to adults with chronic non-malignant pain. BMC Family Practice, 18(1), 94. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12875-017-0663-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wallace, L. S., Keenum, A. J., Roskos, S. E., & McDaniel, K. S. (2007). Development and validation of a low-literacy opioid contract. The Journal of Pain, 8(10), 759–766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2007.05.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warner, E. A., Walker, R. M., & Friedmann, P. D. (2003). Should informed consent be required for laboratory testing for drugs of abuse in medical settings?The American Journal of Medicine, 115(1), 54–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9343(03)00236-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winstanley, E. L., Zhang, Y., Mashni, R., Schnee, S., Penm, J., Boone, J., McNamee, C., & MacKinnon, N. J. (2018). Mandatory review of a prescription drug monitoring program and impact on opioid and benzodiazepine dispensing. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 188, 169–174. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0376871618302369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.03.036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wyse, J. J., Ganzini, L., Dobscha, S. K., Krebs, E. E., & Morasco, B. J. (2019). Setting expectations, following orders, safety, and standardization: Clinicians’ strategies to guide difficult conversations about opioid prescribing. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 34(7), 1200–1206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-019-04983-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar