Tobacco Use Depictions in Popular Soviet and Post-Soviet Movies from 1950 to 2019: The Possible Impact of Restrictive Policies

References

• Arora, M., Mathur, N., Gupta, V. K., Nazar, G. P., Reddy, K. S., & Sargent, J. D. (2012). Tobacco use in Bollywood movies, tobacco promotional activities and their association with tobacco use among Indian adolescents. Tobacco Control, 21(5), 482–487. https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.2011.043539
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balachova, T., Zander, R., Bonner, B., Isurina, G., Kyler, K., Tsvetkova, L., & Volkova, E. (2019). Smoking and alcohol use among women in Russia: Dual risk for prenatal exposure. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 18(2), 167–182. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332640.2017.1328325
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrientos-Gutierrez, I., Kollath-Cattano, C., Mejía, R., Arillo-Santillán, E., Hanewinkel, R., Morgenstern, M., Sargent, J. D., & Thrasher, J. F. (2015). Comparison of tobacco and alcohol use in films produced in Europe, Latin America, and the United States. BMC Public Health, 15(1), 1096https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-2378-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basil, M. D. (1997). The danger of cigarette “special placements” in film and television. Health Communication, 9(2), 191–198. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327027hc0902_4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bekalu, M. A., & Viswanath, K. (2019). Smoking portrayal in Ethiopian movies: A theory-based content analysis. Health Promotion International, 34(4), 687–696. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/day013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergamini, E., Demidenko, E., & Sargent, J. D. (2013). Trends in tobacco and alcohol brand placements in popular US movies, 1996 through 2009. JAMA Pediatrics, 167(7), 634–639. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.393
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bobak, M., Gilmore, A., McKee, M., Rose, R., & Marmot, M. (2006). Changes in smoking prevalence in Russia, 1996-2004. Tobacco Control, 15(2), 131–135. https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.2005.014274
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charlesworth, A., & Glantz, S. A. (2005). Smoking in the movies increases adolescent smoking: A review. Pediatrics, 116(6), 1516–1528. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2005-0141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1960). A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20(1), 37–46. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316446002000104
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper, R. (1982). Smoking in the Soviet Union. British Medical Journal (Clinical Research ed.), 285(6341), 549–551. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.285.6341.549
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalton, M. A., Sargent, J. D., Beach, M. L., Titus-Ernstoff, L., Gibson, J. J., Ahrens, M. B., Tickle, J. J., & Heatherton, T. F. (2003). Effect of viewing smoking in movies on adolescent smoking initiation: A cohort study. The Lancet, 362(9380), 281–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13970-0 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13970-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalton, M. A., Tickle, J. J., Sargent, J. D., Beach, M. L., Ahrens, M. B., & Heatherton, T. F. (2002). The incidence and context of tobacco use in popular movies from 1988 to 1997. Preventive Medicine, 34(5), 516–523. https://doi.org/10.1006/pmed.2002.1013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Escamilla, G., Cradock, A. L., & Kawachi, I. (2000). Women and smoking in Hollywood movies: A content analysis. American Journal of Public Health, 90(3), 412–414.https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.90.3.412
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Everett, S. A., Schnuth, R. L., & Tribble, J. L. (1998). Tobacco and alcohol use in topgrossing American films. Journal of Community Health, 23(4), 317–324. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018727606500 https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018727606500
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forey, B., Hamling, J., Hamling, J., Thornton, A., & Lee, P. (2016). International smoking statistics: A collection of historical data: USSR and successor countries (2nd ed.). P N Lee Statistics & Computing Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Gambaryan, M. G., & Drapkina, O. M. (2018). Prevalence of tobacco consumption in Russia: Dynamics and trends. Analysis of global and national survey results. Profilakticheskaya Meditsina, 21(5), 45–62. https://doi.org/10.17116/profmed20182105145
   Google Scholar
• Gerasimenko, N. F., Aleksandrova, O. Y., & Biksolt, A. M. (2014). Novoe zakonodatelstvo ob ogranichenii tabakokureniya v Rossiyskoy Federatsii [New tobacco control legislation in the Russian Federation]. Social Aspects of Population Health, 36(2). http://vestnik.mednet.ru/content/view/560/30/
   Google Scholar
• Gilmore, A., Pomerleau, J., McKee, M., Rose, R., Haerpfer, C. W., Rotman, D., & Tumanov, S. (2004). Prevalence of smoking in 8 countries of the former Soviet Union: Results from the living conditions, lifestyles and health study. American Journal of Public Health, 94(12), 2177–2187. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.94.12.2177
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glantz, S. A., Kacirk, K. W., & McCulloch, C. (2004). Back to the future: Smoking in movies in 2002 compared with 1950 levels. American Journal of Public Health, 94(2), 261–263. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.94.2.261
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Government of Russia. (2019). O kontseptsii osushchestvleniya gosudarstvennoy politiki protivodeystviya potrebleniyu tabaka i inoy nikotinsoderzhashchey produktsii v RF na period do 2035 g. I dalneyshuyu perspektivu [The concept of implementation of the public policy to counteract the consumption of tobacco and other nicotine-containing products in the Russian Federation for the period up to 2035 and beyond]. https://www.garant.ru/products/ipo/prime/doc/72943536/
   Google Scholar
• Hanewinkel, R., & Sargent, J. D. (2007). Exposure to smoking in popular contemporary movies and youth smoking in Germany. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 32(6), 466–473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2007.02.025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanewinkel, R., & Wiborg, G. (2007). Smoking in contemporary German television programming. International Journal of Public Health, 52(5), 308–312. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-007-6107-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hazan, A. R., Lipton, H. L., & Glantz, S. A. (1994). Popular films do not reflect current tobacco use. American Journal of Public Health, 84(6), 998–1000. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.84.6.998
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopkinson, N. S., Millett, C., Glantz, S., Arnott, D., & McNeill, A. (2016). UK government should fund stop smoking media campaigns not give tax breaks to films with smoking imagery. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 111(11), 2066–2067. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13511
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kacirk, K., & Glantz, S. A. (2001). Smoking in movies in 2000 exceeded rates in the 1960s. Tobacco Control, 10(4), 397–398. https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.10.4.397b
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanda, H., Okamura, T., Turin, T. C., Hayakawa, T., Kadowaki, T., & Ueshima, H. (2006). Smoking scenes in popular Japanese serial television dramas: Descriptive analysis during the same 3-month period in two consecutive years. Health Promotion International, 21(2), 98–103. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/dal007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulkarni, M. M., Kamath, V. G., Cranwell, J., Britton, J., Nazar, G. P., Arora, M., Ballal, K., & Kamath, A. (2020). Assessment of tobacco imagery and compliance with tobacco-free rules in popular Indian films. Tobacco Control, 29(1), 119–121. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054613
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lunze, K., & Migliorini, L. (2013). Tobacco control in the Russian Federation-a policy analysis. BMC Public Health, 13(1), 11–64. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyons, A., McNeill, A., & Britton, J. (2014). Tobacco imagery on prime time UK television. Tobacco Control, 23(3), 257–263. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050650
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyons, A., McNeill, A., Chen, Y., & Britton, J. (2010). Tobacco and tobacco branding in films most popular in the UK from 1989 to 2008. Thorax, 65(5), 417–422. https://doi.org/10.1136/thx.2009.130716
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntosh, W. D., Bazzini, D. G., Smith, S. M., & Wayne, S. M. (1998). Who smokes in Hollywood? Characteristics of smokers in popular films from 1940 to 1989. Addictive Behaviors, 23(3), 395–398. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4603(97)00071-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4603(97)00071-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKay, A. J., Negi, N. S., Murukutla, N., Laverty, A. A., Puri, P., Uttekar, B. V., Mullin, S., & Millett, C. (2020). Trends in tobacco, alcohol and branded fast-food imagery in Bollywood films, 1994–2013. PLoS One, 15(5), e0230050. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0230050
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKee, M., Bobak, M., Rose, R., Shkolnikov, V., Chenet, L., & Leon, D. (1998). Patterns of smoking in Russia. Tobacco Control, 7(1), 22–26. https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.7.1.22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mekemson, C., Glik, D., Titus, K., Myerson, A., Shaivitz, A., Ang, A., & Mitchell, S. (2004). Tobacco use in popular movies during the past decade. Tobacco Control, 13(4), 400–402. https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.2003.007211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgenstern, M., Sargent, J. D., Engels, R. C. M. E., Scholte, R. H. J., Florek, E., Hunt, K., Sweeting, H., Mathis, F., Faggiano, F., & Hanewinkel, R. (2013). Smoking in movies and adolescent smoking initiation. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 44(4), 339–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2012.11.037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perlman, F., Bobak, M., Gilmore, A., & McKee, M. (2007). Trends in the prevalence of smoking in Russia during the transition to a market economy. Tobacco Control, 16(5), 299–305. https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.2006.019455
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polansky, J. R., Driscoll, D., Glantz, S. A. (2020). Smoking in top-grossing US movies: 2019. UCSF: Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/86q9w25v
   Google Scholar
• Roberts, B., Gilmore, A., Stickley, A., Rotman, D., Prohoda, V., Haerpfer, C., & McKee, M. (2012). Changes in smoking prevalence in 8 countries of the former Soviet Union between 2001 and 2010. American Journal of Public Health, 102(7), 1320–1328. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300547
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sargent, J. D., Beach, M. L., Dalton, M. A., Ernstoff, L. T., Gibson, J. J., Tickle, J. J., & Heatherton, T. F. (2004). Effect of parental R-rated movie restriction on adolescent smoking initiation: A prospective study. Pediatrics, 114(1), 149–156. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.114.1.149
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sargent, J. D., Beach, M. L., Dalton, M. A., Mott, L. A., Tickle, J. J., Ahrens, M. B., & Heatherton, T. F. (2001). Effect of seeing tobacco use in films on trying smoking among adolescents: Cross sectional study. BMJ (Clinical Research ed.), 323(7326), 1394–1394. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.323.7326.1394
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stockwell, T. F., & Glantz, S. A. (1997). Tobacco use is increasing in popular films. Tobacco Control, 6(4), 282–284. https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.6.4.282
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Terre, L., Drabman, R. S., & Speer, P. (1991). Health-relevant behaviors in media. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 21(16), 1303–1319. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1991.tb00472.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tynan, M. A., Polansky, J. R., Driscoll, D., Garcia, C., & Glantz, S. A. (2019). Tobacco use in top-grossing movies – United States, 2010–2018. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 68(43), 974–978. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6843a4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (WHO). (2015). Smoke-free movies: from evidence to action (3rd ed.). World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar
• Yadav, A., & Glantz, S. A. (2021). Tobacco imagery in entertainment media: Evolution of tobacco-free movies and television programes rules in India. BMJ Global Health, 6(1), e003639. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003639
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar