Relative Efficacy of an Acceptance and Commitment Therapy-Based Smartphone App with a Standard US Clinical Practice Guidelines-Based App for Smoking Cessation in Dual Users of Combustible and Electronic Cigarettes: Secondary Findings from a Randomized Trial

References

• Assmann, S. F., Pocock, S. J., Enos, L. E., & Kasten, L. E. (2000). Subgroup analysis and other (mis)uses of baseline data in clinical trials. Lancet (London, England), 355(9209), 1064–1069. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02039-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bricker, J. B., Levin, M., Lappalainen, R., Mull, K., Sullivan, B., & Santiago-Torres, M. (2021). Mechanisms of Smartphone Apps for Cigarette Smoking Cessation: Results of a Serial Mediation Model From the iCanQuit Randomized Trial. JMIR mHealth and uHealth, 9(11), e32847. https://doi.org/10.2196/32847
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bricker, J. B., Watson, N. L., Mull, K. E., Sullivan, B. M., & Heffner, J. L. (2020). Efficacy of Smartphone Applications for Smoking Cessation: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Internal Medicine, 180(11), 1472–1480. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.4055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caraballo, R. S., Shafer, P. R., Patel, D., Davis, K. C., & McAfee, T. A. (2017). Quit Methods Used by US Adult Cigarette Smokers, 2014-2016. Preventing Chronic Disease, 14, E32. https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd14.160600
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022). Smoking & Tobacco Use. About Electronic Cigarettes (E-Cigarettes). https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/basic_information/e-cigarettes/about-e-cigarettes.html#e-cigarettes-help-adults-quit-cigarettes.
   Google Scholar
• Chang, J. T., Anic, G. M., Rostron, B. L., Tanwar, M., & Chang, C. M. (2021). Cigarette Smoking Reduction and Health Risks: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Nicotine & Tobacco Research: Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 23(4), 635–642. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntaa156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman, S. R. M., Piper, M. E., Byron, M. J., & Bold, K. W. (2022). Dual Use of Combustible Cigarettes and E-cigarettes: A Narrative Review of Current Evidence. Current Addiction Reports, 9(4), 353–362. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-022-00448-1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cornelius, M. E., Wang, T. W., Jamal, A., Loretan, C. G., & Neff, L. J. (2020). Tobacco Product Use Among Adults - United States, 2019. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69(46), 1736–1742. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6946a4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farris, S. G., DiBello, A. M., Heggeness, L. F., Reitzel, L. R., Vidrine, D. J., Schmidt, N. B., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2016). Sustained smoking abstinence is associated with reductions in smoking-specific experiential avoidance among treatment-seeking smokers. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 51, 51–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.12.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farris, S. G., Zvolensky, M. J., DiBello, A. M., & Schmidt, N. B. (2015). Validation of the Avoidance and Inflexibility Scale (AIS) among treatment-seeking smokers. Psychological Assessment, 27(2), 467–477. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000059
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Federal Drug Administration. (2023). E-Cigarettes, Vapes, and other Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS). https://www.fda.gov/tobacco-products/products-ingredients-components/e-cigarettes-vapes-and-other-electronic-nicotine-delivery-systems-ends.
   Google Scholar
• Fiore, M., Jaén, C. R., Baker, T. B., et al. (2008). A clinical practice guideline for treating tobacco use and dependence: 2008 update. A U.S. Public Health Service report. Am J Prev Med, 35(2), 158–176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gifford, E. V., Kohlenberg, B. S., Hayes, S. C., Antonuccio, D. O., Piasecki, M. M., Rasmussen-Hall, M. L., & Palm, K. M. (2004). Acceptance-based treatment for smoking cessation. Behavior Therapy, 35(4), 689–705. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(04)80015-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2009). Statistical Mediation Analysis in the New Millennium. Communication Monographs, 76(4), 408–420. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637750903310360
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. (2nd ed). Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hayes, S. C., Levin, M. E., Plumb-Vilardaga, J., Villatte, J. L., & Pistorello, J. (2013). Acceptance and commitment therapy and contextual behavioral science: Examining the progress of a distinctive model of behavioral and cognitive therapy. Behavior Therapy, 44(2), 180–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2009.08.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heatherton, T. F., Kozlowski, L. T., Frecker, R. C., & Fagerström, K. O. (1991). The Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence: A revision of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire. British Journal of Addiction, 86(9), 1119–1127. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01879.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Herbec, A., Brown, J., Shahab, L., & West, R. (2019). Lessons learned from unsuccessful use of personal carbon monoxide monitors to remotely assess abstinence in a pragmatic trial of a smartphone stop smoking app - A secondary analysis. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 9, 100122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2018.07.003
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hitsman, B., Papandonatos, G. D., McChargue, D. E., DeMott, A., Herrera, M. J., Spring, B., Borrelli, B., & Niaura, R. (2013). Past major depression and smoking cessation outcome: A systematic review and meta-analysis update. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 108(2), 294–306. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jorenby, D. E., Smith, S. S., Fiore, M. C., & Baker, T. B. (2017). Nicotine levels, withdrawal symptoms, and smoking reduction success in real world use: A comparison of cigarette smokers and dual users of both cigarettes and E-cigarettes. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 170, 93–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.10.041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karekla, M., & Savvides, S. N. (2021). Smoking cessation avatar-led Acceptance and Commitment Therapy digital intervention: Feasibility and acceptability in young adults. Translational Behavioral Medicine, 11(1), 198–205. https://doi.org/10.1093/tbm/ibz128
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kernan, W. N., Viscoli, C. M., Makuch, R. W., Brass, L. M., & Horwitz, R. I. (1999). Stratified randomization for clinical trials. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 52(1), 19–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0895-4356(98)00138-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang, A. J., Wilkins, K., Roy-Byrne, P. P., Golinelli, D., Chavira, D., Sherbourne, C., Rose, R. D., Bystritsky, A., Sullivan, G., Craske, M. G., & Stein, M. B. (2012). Abbreviated PTSD Checklist (PCL) as a guide to clinical response. General Hospital Psychiatry, 34(4), 332–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2012.02.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mak, Y. W., Leung, D. Y. P., & Loke, A. Y. (2020). Effectiveness of an individual acceptance and commitment therapy for smoking cessation, delivered face-to-face and by telephone to adults recruited in primary health care settings: A randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1719. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09820-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martínez, Ú., Martínez-Loredo, V., Simmons, V. N., Meltzer, L. R., Drobes, D. J., Brandon, K. O., Palmer, A. M., Eissenberg, T., Bullen, C. R., Harrell, P. T., & Brandon, T. H. (2020). How Does Smoking and Nicotine Dependence Change After Onset of Vaping? A Retrospective Analysis of Dual Users. Nicotine & Tobacco Research: Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 22(5), 764–770. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntz043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez, U., Simmons, V. N., Sutton, S. K., Drobes, D. J., Meltzer, L. R., Brandon, K. O., Byrne, M. M., Harrell, P. T., Eissenberg, T., Bullen, C. R., & Brandon, T. H. (2021). Targeted smoking cessation for dual users of combustible and electronic cigarettes: A randomised controlled trial. The Lancet. Public Health, 6(7), e500–e509. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30307-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCallion, E. A., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2015). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) for smoking cessation: A synthesis. Current Opinion in Psychology, 2, 47–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.02.005
   Google Scholar
• McRobbie, H., Bullen, C., Hartmann-Boyce, J., & Hajek, P. (2014). Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation and reduction. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 12:CD010216. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010216.pub2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patrick, D. L., Cheadle, A., Thompson, D. C., Diehr, P., Koepsell, T., & Kinne, S. (1994). The validity of self-reported smoking: A review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Public Health, 84(7), 1086–1093. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.84.7.1086
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Persoskie, A., O’Brien, E. K., & Poonai, K. (2019). Perceived relative harm of using e-cigarettes predicts future product switching among US adult cigarette and e-cigarette dual users. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 114(12), 2197–2205. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14730
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierce, J. P., Chen, R., Kealey, S., Leas, E. C., White, M. M., Stone, M. D., McMenamin, S. B., Trinidad, D. R., Strong, D. R., Benmarhnia, T., & Messer, K. (2021). Incidence of Cigarette Smoking Relapse Among Individuals Who Switched to e-Cigarettes or Other Tobacco Products. JAMA Network Open, 4(10), e2128810. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.28810
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piñeiro, B., Vidrine, D. J., Wetter, D. W., Hoover, D. S., Frank-Pearce, S. G., Nguyen, N., Zbikowski, S. M., & Vidrine, J. I. (2020). Implementation of Ask-Advise-Connect in a safety net healthcare system: Quitline treatment engagement and smoking cessation outcomes. Translational Behavioral Medicine, 10(1), 163–167. https://doi.org/10.1093/tbm/iby108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pisinger, C., & Godtfredsen, N. S. (2007). Is there a health benefit of reduced tobacco consumption? A systematic review. Nicotine & Tobacco Research: Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 9(6), 631–646. https://doi.org/10.1080/14622200701365327
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pocock, S. J., Assmann, S. E., Enos, L. E., & Kasten, L. E. (2002). Subgroup analysis, covariate adjustment and baseline comparisons in clinical trial reporting: Current practice and problems. Statistics in Medicine, 21(19), 2917–2930. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.1296
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879–891. https://doi.org/10.3758/brm.40.3.879
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prochaska, J. J. (2019). The public health consequences of e-cigarettes: A review by the National Academies of Sciences. A call for more research, a need for regulatory action. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 114(4), 587–589. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14478
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R Core Team. (2020). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL: https://www.R-project.org/.
   Google Scholar
• Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385–401. https://doi.org/10.1177/014662167700100306
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rass, O., Pacek, L. R., Johnson, P. S., & Johnson, M. W. (2015). Characterizing use patterns and perceptions of relative harm in dual users of electronic and tobacco cigarettes. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 23(6), 494–503. https://doi.org/10.1037/pha0000050
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reitsma, M. B., Fullman, N., Ng, M., Salama, J. S., Abajobir, A., Abate, K. H., Abbafati, C., Abera, S. F., Abraham, B., Abyu, G. Y., Adebiyi, A. O., Al-Aly, Z., Aleman, A. V., Ali, R., Al Alkerwi, A., Allebeck, P., Al-Raddadi, R. M., Amare, A. T., Amberbir, A., … Gakidou, E. (2017). Smoking prevalence and attributable disease burden in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2015: A systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. The Lancet, 389(10082), 1885–1906. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30819-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy, M., Dum, M., Sobell, L. C., Sobell, M. B., Simco, E. R., Manor, H., & Palmerio, R. (2008). Comparison of the quick drinking screen and the alcohol timeline followback with outpatient alcohol abusers. Substance Use & Misuse, 43(14), 2116–2123. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826080802347586
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin, D. B. (1987). Multiple imputation for nonresponse in surveys. Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Rucker, D. D., Preacher, K. J., Tormala, Z. L., & Petty, R. E. (2011). Mediation Analysis in Social Psychology: Current Practices and New Recommendations. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 5(6), 359–371. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2011.00355.x
   Google Scholar
• Snell, L. M., Barnes, A. J., & Nicksic, N. E. (2020). A Longitudinal Analysis of Nicotine Dependence and Transitions From Dual Use of Cigarettes and Electronic Cigarettes: Evidence From Waves 1-3 of the PATH Study. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 81(5), 595–603. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2020.81.595
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein, M. B., Roy-Byrne, P. P., McQuaid, J. R., Laffaye, C., Russo, J., McCahill, M. E., Katon, W., Craske, M., Bystritsky, A., & Sherbourne, C. D. (1999). Development of a brief diagnostic screen for panic disorder in primary care. Psychosomatic Medicine, 61(3), 359–364. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-199905000-00016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, G., McNeill, A., Girling, A., Farley, A., Lindson-Hawley, N., & Aveyard, P. (2014). Change in mental health after smoking cessation: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ (Clinical Research ed.), 348(feb13 1), g1151–g1151. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g1151
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thrul, J., Meacham, M. C., & Ramo, D. E. (2018). A novel and remote biochemical verification method of smoking abstinence: Predictors of participant compliance. Tobacco Prevention & Cessation, 4(May), 20. https://doi.org/10.18332/tpc/90649.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2020). Smoking Cessation. A Report of the Surgeon General. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion.
   Google Scholar
• van Buuren, S., & Groothuis-Oudshoorn, K. (2011). mice: Multivariate imputation by chained equations in R. Journal of Statistical Software, 45(3), 1–67. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v045.i03
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Aalst, C. M., & de Koning, H. J. (2016). Biochemical verification of the self-reported smoking status of screened male smokers of the Dutch-Belgian randomized controlled lung cancer screening trial. Lung Cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 94, 96–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lungcan.2016.02.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venables, W. N., & Ripley, B. D. (2002). Modern applied statistics with S. (4th ed). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-21706-2
   Google Scholar
• Vickerman, K. A., Carpenter, K. M., Miles, L. N., Hsu, J. M., Watt, K. A., Brandon, T. H., Hart, J. T., Javitz, H. S., & Wagener, T. L. (2021). Treatment development, implementation, and participant baseline characteristics: A randomized pilot study of a tailored quitline intervention for individuals who smoke and vape. Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications, 24, 100845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conctc.2021.100845
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vickerman, K. A., Carpenter, K. M., Miles, L. N., Hsu, J. M., Watt, K. A., Brandon, T. H., Hart, J. T., Javitz, H. S., & Wagener, T. L. (2022). A Randomized Pilot of a Tailored Smoking Cessation Quitline Intervention for Individuals Who Smoke and Vape. Nicotine & Tobacco Research: Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 24(11), 1811–1820. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntac129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiernik, E., Airagnes, G., Lequy, E., Gomajee, R., Melchior, M., Le Faou, A.-L., Limosin, F., Goldberg, M., Zins, M., & Lemogne, C. (2019). Electronic cigarette use is associated with depressive symptoms among smokers and former smokers: Cross-sectional and longitudinal findings from the Constances cohort. Addictive Behaviors, 90, 85–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.10.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong, S. L., Shields, M., Leatherdale, S., Malaison, E., & Hammond, D. (2012). Assessment of validity of self-reported smoking status. Health Reports, 23(1), 47–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, A. D., Gao, M., Aveyard, P., & Taylor, G. (2023). Smoking Cessation and Changes in Anxiety and Depression in Adults With and Without Psychiatric Disorders. JAMA Network Open, 6(5), e2316111. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.16111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, X., Lynch, J. G., Jr., & Chen, Q. (2010). Reconsidering Baron and Kenny: Myths and Truths about Mediation Analysis. Journal of Consumer Research, 37(2), 197–206. https://doi.org/10.1086/651257
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar