A Comparison of Mental Health Symptoms among Adults Who Vape Nicotine, Cannabis, or Both

References

• Bahorik, A. L., Leibowitz, A., Sterling, S. A., Travis, A., Weisner, C., & Satre, D. D. (2017). Patterns of marijuana use among psychiatry patients with depression and its impact on recovery. Journal of Affective Disorders, 213, 168–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.02.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biddle, N., Edwards, B., Gray, M., & Sollis, K. (2020). Mental Health and Relationships During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Australian National University.
   Google Scholar
• Boakye, E., Obisesan, O. H., Uddin, S. M. I., El-Shahawy, O., Dzaye, O., Osei, A. D., Benjamin, E. J., Stokes, A. C., Robertson, R. M., Bhatnagar, A., & Blaha, M. J. (2021). Cannabis vaping among adults in the United States: Prevalence, trends, and association with high-risk behaviors and adverse respiratory conditions. Preventive Medicine, 153, 106800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106800
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2023). Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System.
   Google Scholar
• Clendennen, S. L., Smith, J., Sumbe, A., Chen, B., Wilkinson, A. V., & Harrell, M. B. (2023). Symptoms of depression and anxiety and subsequent use of nicotine and THC in electronic cigarettes. Substance Use & Misuse, 58(5), 591–600. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2023.2177110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, S. (1994). Perceived stress scale. Mind Garden.
   Google Scholar
• Cornelius, M. E., Wang, T. W., Jamal, A., Loretan, C. G., & Neff, L. J. (2020). Tobacco product use among adults—United States, 2019. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69(46), 1736–1742. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6946a4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuttler, C., & Spradlin, A. (2017). Measuring cannabis consumption: Psychometric properties of the Daily Sessions, Frequency, Age of Onset, and Quantity of Cannabis Use Inventory (DFAQ-CU). PloS One, 12(5), e0178194. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0178194
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foulds, J., Veldheer, S., Yingst, J., Hrabovsky, S., Wilson, S. J., Nichols, T. T., & Eissenberg, T. (2015). Development of a questionnaire for assessing dependence on electronic cigarettes among a large sample of ex-smoking e-cigarette users. Nicotine & Tobacco Research: Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 17(2), 186–192. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntu204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gravely, S., Driezen, P., McClure, E. A., Hammond, D., Michael Cummings, K., Chan, G., Hyland, A., Borland, RON., East, K. A., Fong, G. T., Schauer, G. L., Quah, A. C. K., Ouimet, J., & Smith, D. M. (2022). Differences between adults who smoke cigarettes daily and do and do not co-use cannabis: Findings from the 2020 ITC four country smoking and vaping survey. Addictive Behaviors, 135, 107434 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107434
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton, C. M., Strader, L. C., Pratt, J. G., Maiese, D., Hendershot, T., Kwok, R. K., Hammond, J. A., Huggins, W., Jackman, D., Pan, H., Nettles, D. S., Beaty, T. H., Farrer, L. A., Kraft, P., Marazita, M. L., Ordovas, J. M., Pato, C. N., Spitz, M. R., Wagener, D., … Haines, J. (2011). The PhenX toolkit: Get the most from your measures. American Journal of Epidemiology, 174(3), 253–260. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwr193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammond, D., Wadsworth, E., Reid, J. L., & Burkhalter, R. (2021). Prevalence and modes of cannabis use among youth in Canada, England, and the US, 2017 to 2019. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 219, 108505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108505
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, P. A., Taylor, R., Thielke, R., Payne, J., Gonzalez, N., & Conde, J. G. (2009). Research electronic data capture (REDCap)—A metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. Journal of Biomedical Informatics, 42(2), 377–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbi.2008.08.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hindocha, C., Brose, L. S., Walsh, H., & Cheeseman, H. (2021). Cannabis use and co-use in tobacco smokers and non-smokers: Prevalence and associations with mental health in a cross-sectional, nationally representative sample of adults in Great Britain, 2020. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 116(8), 2209–2219. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.15381
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IBM Corp. (2021). Released 2021. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 28.0.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, H. K., & McKenry, P. (2002). The relationship between marriage and psychological well-being. Journal of Family Issues, 23(8), 885–911. https://doi.org/10.1177/019251302237296
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. (2001). The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16(9), 606–613. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kutlu, M. G., & Gould, T. J. (2015). Nicotine modulation of fear memories and anxiety: Implications for learning and anxiety disorders. Biochemical Pharmacology, 97(4), 498–511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2015.07.029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakhan, R., Agrawal, A., & Sharma, M. (2020). Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress during COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice, 11(4), 519–525. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1716442
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MacKinnon, D. P., Krull, J. L., & Lockwood, C. M. (2000). Equivalence of the mediation, confounding and suppression effect. Prevention Science: The Official Journal of the Society for Prevention Research, 1(4), 173–181. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026595011371
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mattingly, D. T., Zavala-Arciniega, L., Hirschtick, J. L., Meza, R., Levy, D. T., & Fleischer, N. L. (2021). Trends in exclusive, dual and polytobacco use among U.S. adults, 2014–2019: Results from two nationally representative surveys. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(24), 13092. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413092
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayer, M., Reyes-Guzman, C., Grana, R., Choi, K., & Freedman, N. D. (2020). Demographic characteristics, cigarette smoking, and e-cigarette use among US adults. JAMA Network Open, 3(10), e2020694. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.20694
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClure, E. A., Baker, N. L., Hood, C. O., Tomko, R. L., Squeglia, L. M., Flanagan, J. C., Carpenter, M. J., & Gray, K. M. (2020). Cannabis and alcohol co-use in a smoking cessation pharmacotherapy trial for adolescents and emerging adults. Nicotine & Tobacco Research: Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 22(8), 1374–1382. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntz170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mortensen, K., & Hughes, T. L. (2018). Comparing amazon’s mechanical turk platform to conventional data collection methods in the health and medical research literature. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 33(4), 533–538. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-017-4246-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Addiction & HIV Data Archive Program. (2023). PATH Study FAQs for Researchers.
   Google Scholar
• Obisesan, O. H., Mirbolouk, M., Osei, A. D., Orimoloye, O. A., Uddin, S. M. I., Dzaye, O., el Shahawy, O., Al Rifai, M., Bhatnagar, A., Stokes, A., Benjamin, E. J., DeFilippis, A. P., & Blaha, M. J. (2019). Association between e-cigarette use and depression in the behavioral risk factor surveillance system, 2016-2017. JAMA Network Open, 2(12), e1916800. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.16800
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oh, H., Banawa, R., Lee, J. O., Zhou, S., & Huh, J. (2021). Vaping and psychotic experiences among college students in the United States. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 227, 108987. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108987
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patten, S. B. (2021). Vaping and Mental Health. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry = Journal de L’Academie Canadienne de Psychiatrie de L’enfant et de L’adolescent, 30(1), 3–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters, E. N., Budney, A. J., & Carroll, K. M. (2012). Clinical correlates of co-occurring cannabis and tobacco use: A systematic review. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 107(8), 1404–1417. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.03843.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pham, T., Williams, J. V. A., Bhattarai, A., Dores, A. K., Isherwood, L. J., & Patten, S. B. (2020). Electronic cigarette use and mental health: A Canadian population-based study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 260, 646–652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.09.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saran, S. K., Salinas, K. Z., Foulds, J., Kaynak, Ö., Hoglen, B., Houser, K. R., Krebs, N. M., Yingst, J. M., Allen, S. I., Bordner, C. R., & Hobkirk, A. L. (2022). A comparison of vaping behavior, perceptions, and dependence among individuals who vape Nicotine, Cannabis, or Both. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(16), 10392. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610392
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharpe, L., Sinclair, J., Kramer, A., de Manincor, M., & Sarris, J. (2020). Cannabis, a cause for anxiety? A critical appraisal of the anxiogenic and anxiolytic properties. Journal of Translational Medicine, 18(1), 374. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-020-02518-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, D. M., Hyland, A., Kozlowski, L., O’Connor, R. J., & Collins, R. L. (2022). Use of Inhaled nicotine and cannabis products among adults who vape both substances. Substance Use & Misuse, 57(3), 432–441. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2021.2019773
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spindle, T. R., Cone, E. J., Schlienz, N. J., Mitchell, J. M., Bigelow, G. E., Flegel, R., Hayes, E., & Vandrey, R. (2018). Acute effects of smoked and vaporized cannabis in healthy adults who infrequently use cannabis: A crossover trial. JAMA Network Open, 1(7), e184841. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.4841
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2006). A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: The GAD-7. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(10), 1092–1097. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subramaniam, P., McGlade, E., & Yurgelun-Todd, D. (2016). Comorbid Cannabis and Tobacco Use in Adolescents and Adults. Current Addiction Reports, 3(2), 182–188. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-016-0101-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Taylor, G., McNeill, A., Girling, A., Farley, A., Lindson-Hawley, N., & Aveyard, P. (2014). Change in mental health after smoking cessation: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ (Clinical Research ed.), 348, g1151. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g1151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinberger, A. H., Delnevo, C. D., Wyka, K., Gbedemah, M., Lee, J., Copeland, J., & Goodwin, R. D. (2020). Cannabis use is associated with increased risk of cigarette smoking initiation, persistence, and relapse among adults in the United States. Nicotine & Tobacco Research: Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 22(8), 1404–1408. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntz085
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yingst, J. M., Foulds, J., Veldheer, S., Hrabovsky, S., Trushin, N., Eissenberg, T. T., Williams, J., Richie, J. P., Nichols, T. T., Wilson, S. J., & Hobkirk, A. L. (2019). Nicotine absorption during electronic cigarette use among regular users. PloS One, 14(7), e0220300. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0220300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar