2,660
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Characterizing Asian American medical students’ experiences with microaggression and the impact on their well-being

ORCID Icon, , , , &
Article: 2299534 | Received 15 Aug 2023, Accepted 21 Dec 2023, Published online: 30 Dec 2023

References

  • Education LCo M. Functions and structure of a medical school 2021-22: standards for accreditation of medical education programs leading to the MD degree. Washington (DC); [ Updated Mar 2020]. Available from: https://lcme.org/publications;
  • Colleges AoAM. Roadmap to diversity and educational excellence: key legal and educational policy foundations for medical schools. 2014. Available from: https://store.aamc.org/downloadable/download/sample/sample_id/192/.
  • Pierce CM. Black psychiatry one year after Miami. J Natl Med Assoc. 1970;62(6):471–15.
  • Pierce CM, Carew JV, Pierce-Gonzalez D, et al. An Experiment in Racism: TV Commercials. Educ Urban Soc. 1977;10(1):61–87. doi: 10.1177/001312457701000105
  • Sue DW, Capodilupo CM, Torino GC, et al. Racial microaggressions in everyday life: implications for clinical practice. Am Psychol. 2007;62(4):271–286. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.62.4.271
  • Ackerman-Barger K, Boatright D, Gonzalez-Colaso R, et al. Seeking inclusion excellence: understanding racial microaggressions as experienced by underrepresented medical and nursing students. Acad Med. 2020;95(5):758–763. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000003077
  • Sue DW. Microaggressions in everyday life: race, gender, and sexual orientation. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc.; 2010.
  • Compton MT, Shim RS. The social determinants of mental health. FOCUS. 2015;13(4):419–425. doi: 10.1176/appi.focus.20150017
  • Blume AW, Lovato LV, Thyken BN, et al. The relationship of microaggressions with alcohol use and anxiety among ethnic minority college students in a historically white institution. Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol. 2012;18(1):45–54. doi: 10.1037/a0025457
  • Solórzano D. Critical race theory, racial and gender microaggressions, and the experiences of chicana and chicano scholars. Int J Qual Stud Educ. 1998;11(1):121–136. doi: 10.1080/095183998236926
  • SDCMY T. Critical race theory, racial microaggressions, and campus racial climate: the experiences of African American college students. J Negro Educ. 2000;69:60–73.
  • Ackerman-Barger K, Jacobs NN. The microaggressions triangle model: a humanistic approach to navigating microaggressions in health professions schools. Acad Med. 2020;95(12S Addressing Harmful Bias and Eliminating Discrimination in Health Professions Learning Environments):S28–S32. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000003692
  • Chisholm LP, Jackson KR, Davidson HA, et al. Evaluation of racial microaggressions experienced during medical school training and the effect on medical student education and burnout: a validation study. J Natl Med Assoc. 2020;113(3):310–314. doi: 10.1016/j.jnma.2020.11.009
  • Poorsattar SP, Blake CM, Manuel SP. Addressing microaggressions in academic medicine. Acad Med. 2021;96(6):927. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000004029
  • Young K, Punnett A, Suleman S. A little hurts a lot: exploring the impact of microaggressions in pediatric medical education. Pediatrics. 2020;146(1):e20201636. doi: 10.1542/peds.2020-1636
  • Espaillat A, Panna DK, Goede DL, et al. An exploratory study on microaggressions in medical school: what are they and why should we care? Perspect Med Educ. 2019;8(3):143–151. doi: 10.1007/S40037-019-0516-3
  • 2022 Facts: Applicants and matriculant data. Association of American Medical Colleges; 2022 [cited 2022 Oct 18] Available from: https://www.aamc.org/data/facts/
  • Dandar VM, Lautenberger DM. Exploring salary equity among medical school leadership. Washington (DC): AAMC; 2022.
  • Sue DW, Bucceri J, Lin AI, et al. Racial microaggressions and the Asian American experience. Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol. 2007;13(1):72–81. doi: 10.1037/1099-9809.13.1.72
  • Wong D, Kuprasertkul A, Khouri RK Jr., et al. Assessing the Female and underrepresented minority medical student experience in the urology match: where do we Fall short? Urology. 2021;147:57–63. doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2020.08.076
  • Rojek AE, Khanna R, Yim JWL, et al. Differences in narrative language in evaluations of medical students by gender and under-represented minority status. J Gen Intern Med. 2019;34(5):684–691. doi: 10.1007/s11606-019-04889-9
  • Polanco-Santana JC, Storino A, Souza-Mota L, et al. Ethnic/Racial bias in medical school performance evaluation of general surgery residency applicants. J Surg Educ. 2021;78(5):1524–1534. doi: 10.1016/j.jsurg.2021.02.005
  • Teherani A, Harleman E, Hauer KE, et al. Toward creating equity in awards received during medical school: strategic changes at one institution. Acad Med. 2020;95(5):724–729. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000003219
  • Lee SJ. Unreveling the “model minority” stereotype: listening to Asian American youth. New York (NY): Tearchers College Press; 1996.
  • Yi J, Todd NR. Internalized model minority myth among Asian Americans: links to anti-black attitudes and opposition to affirmative action. Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol. 2021;27(4):569–578. doi: 10.1037/cdp0000448
  • Yoo HC, Burrola KS, Steger MF. A preliminary report on a new measure: internalization of the model minority myth measure (IM-4) and its psychological correlates among Asian American college students. J Couns Psychol. 2010;57(1):114–127. doi: 10.1037/a0017871
  • Lee S, Xiong C, Pheng LM, et al. The model minority maze: hmong Americans working within and around racial discourses. J Southeast Asian Am Educ Adv. 2017;12(2): Article 1. doi: 10.7771/2153-8999.1153
  • Asian Pacific American Medical Student Association. Available from: https://www.apamsa.org/about/.
  • Zhang L, Lee ES, Kenworthy CA, et al. Southeast and east Asian American medical students’ perceptions of careers in academic medicine. J Career Dev. 2019;46(3):235–250. doi: 10.1177/0894845317740225
  • Nguyen D. The development and validation of the workplace racial microaggression scale for asians and Asian Americans (WRMS-AAA). New York, NY: Columbia University; 2020.
  • Nadal KL. The racial and ethnic microaggressions scale (REMS): construction, reliability, and validity. J Couns Psychol. 2011;58(4):470–480. doi: 10.1037/a0025193
  • Huynh QL, Devos T, Smalarz L. Perpetual foreigner in one’s own land: potential implications for identity and psychological adjustment. J Soc Clin Psychol. 2011;30(2):133–162. doi: 10.1521/jscp.2011.30.2.133
  • Han S, Riddell JR, Piquero AR. Anti-asian American hate crimes spike during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. J Interpers Violence. 2023;38(3–4):3513–3533. doi: 10.1177/08862605221107056
  • Anderson N, Lett E, Asabor EN, et al. The association of microaggressions with depressive symptoms and institutional satisfaction among a national cohort of medical students. J Gen Intern Med. 2022;37(2):298–307. doi: 10.1007/s11606-021-06786-6
  • Alimi Y, Bevilacqua LA, Snyder RA, et al. Microaggressions and implicit bias in surgical training: an undocumented but pervasive phenomenon. Ann Surg. 2021;277(1):e192–e196. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000004917
  • Yang DH, Justen M, Lee D, et al. Experiences with racism among Asian American medical students. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(9):e2333067. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.33067
  • HAAPIE: Health Advancement for Asian Pacific Islanders Through Education. 2021. Available from: https://haapie-s-site.thinkific.com.
  • Barnes KL, Dunivan G, Sussman AL, et al. Behind the mask: an exploratory assessment of female surgeons’ experiences of gender bias. Acad Med. 2020;95(10):1529–1538. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000003569
  • Frank AK, Lin JJ, Warren SB, et al. Stereotype threat and gender bias in internal medicine residency: it is still hard to be in charge. J Gen Intern Med. 2023. doi: 10.1007/s11606-023-08498-5
  • Periyakoil VS, Chaudron L, Hill EV, et al. Common types of gender-based microaggressions in medicine. Acad Med. 2020;95(3):450–457. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000003057
  • Rodriguez JE, Campbell KM, Pololi LH. Addressing disparities in academic medicine: what of the minority tax? BMC Med Educ. 2015;15(1):6. doi: 10.1186/s12909-015-0290-9
  • Mahoney MR, Wilson E, Odom KL, et al. Minority faculty voices on diversity in academic medicine: perspectives from one school. Acad Med. 2008;83(8):781–786. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0b013e31817ec002
  • Bullock JL, O’Brien MT, Minhas PK, et al. No one size fits all: a qualitative study of clerkship medical students’ perceptions of ideal supervisor responses to Microaggressions. Acad Med. 2021;96(11S):S71–S80. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000004288
  • Randolph MN, Erb EC, Garg PS, et al. Training medical students as peer-facilitators to identify medical student mistreatment in the clerkship year. MedEdPORTAL. 2021;17:11185. doi: 10.15766/mep_2374-8265.11185