References
- National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. The National EMS Scope of Practice Model. 2019.
- Cone D, Brice J, Delbridge T, Brent Myers J. Emergency medical services: Clinical practice and systems oversight. 2nd ed. Hoboken (NJ): Wiley; 2021, [accessed 2021 Aug 9] https://naemsp.org/career-development/textbooks/.
- Braithwaite S, Dorsett M, Redlener M. Quality in EMS: past, present and future. JEMS. 2019. https://www.jems.com/2019/03/29/quality-in-ems-past-present-and-future/
- Redlener M, Olivieri P, Loo GT, Munjal K, Hilton MT, Potkin KT, Levy M, Rabrich J, Gunderson MR, Braithwaite SA, et al. National assessment of quality programs in emergency medical services. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2018;22(3):370–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10903127.2017.1380094.
- Wang HE, Mann NC, Mears G, Jacobson K, Yealy DM. Out-of-hospital airway management in the United States. Resuscitation. 2011;82(4):378–85. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.12.014.
- Cobas MA, De la Peña MA, Manning R, Candiotti K, Varon AJ. Prehospital intubations and mortality: A level 1 trauma center perspective. Anesth Analg. 2009;109(2):489–93. doi:https://doi.org/10.1213/ane.0b013e3181aa3063.
- Hubble MW, Wilfong DA, Brown LH, Hertelendy A, Benner RW. A meta-analysis of prehospital airway control techniques part ii: Alternative airway devices and cricothyrotomy success rates. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2010;14(4):515–30. doi:https://doi.org/10.3109/10903127.2010.497903.
- Miraflor E, Chuang K, Miranda MA, Dryden W, Yeung L, Strumwasser A, Victorino GP. Timing is everything: Delayed intubation is associated with increased mortality in initially stable trauma patients. J Surg Res. 2011;170(2):286–90. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2011.03.044.
- Vithalani VD, Vlk S, Davis SQ, Richmond NJ. Unrecognized failed airway management using a supraglottic airway device. Resuscitation. 2017;119:1–4. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2017.07.019.
- Silvestri S, Ralls GA, Krauss B, Thundiyil J, Rothrock SG, Senn A, Carter E, Falk J. The effectiveness of out-of-hospital use of continuous end-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring on the rate of unrecognized misplaced intubation within a regional emergency medical services system. Ann Emerg Med. 2005;45(5):497–503. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2004.09.014.
- Dunford JV, Davis DP, Ochs M, Doney M, Hoyt DB. Incidence of transient hypoxia and pulse rate reactivity during paramedic rapid sequence intubation. Ann Emerg Med. 2003;42(6):721–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0196-0644(03)00660-7.
- Hasegawa K, Hiraide A, Chang Y, Brown DFM. Association of prehospital advanced airway management with neurologic outcome and survival in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA. 2013;309(3):257–66. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2012.187612.
- Fevang E, Perkins Z, Lockey D, Jeppesen E, Lossius HM. A systematic review and meta-analysis comparing mortality in pre-hospital tracheal intubation to emergency department intubation in trauma patients. Crit Care. 2017;21(1):192. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-017-1787-x.
- Wang HE, Peitzman AB, Cassidy LD, Adelson PD, Yealy DM. Out-of-hospital endotracheal intubation and outcome after traumatic brain injury. Ann Emerg Med. 2004;44(5):439–50. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2004.04.008.
- Davis DP, Hoyt DB, Ochs M, Fortlage D, Holbrook T, Marshall LK, Rosen P. The effect of paramedic rapid sequence intubation on outcome in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. J Trauma. 2003; 54:444–53.
- Chiang W-C, Hsieh M-J, Chu H-L, Chen AY, Wen S-Y, Yang W-S, Chien Y-C, Wang Y-C, Lee B-C, Wang H-C, et al. The effect of successful intubation on patient outcomes after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Taipei. Ann Emerg Med. 2018;71(3):387–96.e2. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2017.08.008.
- Izawa J, Komukai S, Gibo K, Okubo M, Kiyohara K, Nishiyama C, Kiguchi T, Matsuyama T, Kawamura T, Iwami T, et al. Pre-hospital advanced airway management for adults with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: Nationwide cohort study. BMJ (Online). 2019;364:l430. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l430.
- Jarvis JL, Gonzales J, Johns D, Sager L. Implementation of a clinical bundle to reduce out-of-hospital peri-intubation hypoxia. Ann Emerg Med. 2018;72(3):272–9.e1. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2018.01.044.
- Forney ED, Stokes NA, Ashley DW, Montgomery A, Benjamin Christie D. Can education and enhanced medical director oversight improve definitive airway control in the prehospital environment? Am Surg. 2021;87(1):159–61. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0003134820945228.
- Olvera DJ, Stuhlmiller DFE, Wolfe A, Swearingen CF, Pennington T, Davis DP. A continuous quality improvement airway program results in sustained increases in intubation success. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2018;22(5):602–7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10903127.2018.1433734.
- Institute of Medicine. To err is human: Building a safer health system (Report Brief). Institute of Medicine. 1999; 1–8.
- Langley GJ. The improvement guide: a practical approach to enhancing organizational performance. Hoboken (NJ): Jossey-Bass; 2009.
- Monroe-Livingston Regional EMS Council. Performance measures. [accessed 2021 Aug 11] http://www.mlrems.org/provider/performance-measures/.
- National Highway Transportation and Safety Administration. A leadership guide to quality improvement. [accessed 2021 Aug 11] https://one.nhtsa.gov/people/injury/ems/leaderguide/index.html.
- Trowbridge RL, Dhaliwal G, Cosby KS. Educational agenda for diagnostic error reduction. BMJ Quality & Safety. 2013;22(Suppl 2):ii28–ii32. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/BMJQS-2012-001622.
- National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Strategy for a National EMS Culture of Safety. EMS.gov 2013. 1–98.
- Boysen PG. II. Just culture: a foundation for balanced accountability and patient safety. Ochsner J. 2013;13(3):400–6.
- Deming WE. Out of the crisis. 1982.
- National EMS Advisory Council. Successful integration of improvement science in EMS. [accessed 2021 Aug 11] https://www.ems.gov/pdf/nemsac/NEMSAC_Final_Advisory_Successful_Integration_Improvement_Science.pdf; 2017.
- Wang HE, Domeier RM, Kupas DF, Greenwood MJ, O'Connor RE. Recommended guidelines for uniform reporting of data from out-of-hospital airway management: position statement of the National Association of EMS Physicians. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2004;8(1):58–72. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/31270300282x.
- Sollid SJM, Lockey D, Lossius HM, A consensus-based template for uniform reporting of data from pre-hospital advanced airway management. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2009;17:58. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/1757-7241-17-58.
- Lesnick JA, Moore JX, Zhang Y, Jarvis J, Nichol G, Daya MR, Idris AH, Klug C, Dennis D, Carlson JN, et al. Airway insertion first pass success and patient outcomes in adult out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: The Pragmatic Airway Resuscitation Trial. Resuscitation. 2021; 158:151–6. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2020.11.030.
- EMS Medical Directors Association of California. Definition of an Intubation Attempt. [accessed 2021 Aug 9]http://emdac.org/documents/position-papers/Intubation-Definition-Final.pdf.
- Nwanne T, Jarvis J, Barton D, Donnelly JP, Wang HE. Advanced airway management success rates in a national cohort of emergency medical services agencies. Resuscitation. 2020; 146:43–9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2019.11.006.
- Benger JR, Kirby K, Black S, Brett SJ, Clout M, Lazaroo MJ, Nolan JP, Reeves BC, Robinson M, Scott LJ, et al. Effect of a strategy of a supraglottic airway device vs tracheal intubation during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest on functional Outcome: The AIRWAYS-2 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2018;320(8):779–91. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.11597.
- Wang HE, Schmicker RH, Daya MR, Stephens SW, Idris AH, Carlson JN, Colella MR, Herren H, Hansen M, Richmond NJ, et al. Effect of a strategy of initial laryngeal tube insertion vs endotracheal intubation on 72-hour survival in adults with out-of-hospital cardiac Arrest: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2018;320(8):769–78. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.7044.
- Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Types of health care quality measures. [accessed 2021 Aug 9] https://www.ahrq.gov/talkingquality/measures/types.html. 2015.
- Provost LP, Murray SK. The Health Care Data Guide: Learning from data for improvement. 2011.
- Rodríguez JJ, Higuita-Gutiérrez LF, Carrillo Garcia EA, Castaño Betancur E, Luna Londoño M, Restrepo Vargas S. Meta-analysis of failure of prehospital endotracheal intubation in pediatric patients. Emerg Med Int. 2020;2020:1–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7012508.
- Hwang S-s, Ahn KO, Shin SD, Ro YS, Lee SY, Park JO, Suh J. Temporal trends in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest outcomes in men and women from 2008 to 2015: A national observational study. Am J Emerg Med. 2021;41:174–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2020.01.055.
- Lupton JR, Schmicker RH, Aufderheide TP, Blewer A, Callaway C, Carlson JN, Colella MR, Hansen M, Herren H, Nichol G, et al. Racial disparities in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest interventions and survival in the Pragmatic Airway Resuscitation Trial. Resuscitation. 2020;155:152–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2020.08.004.
- National Association of EMS Physicians Position Statement - Defining Quality in EMS.
- EMS Agenda 2050 Technical Expert Panel. EMS agenda 2050: A people-centered vision for the future of emergency medical services. [accessed 2021 July 12] www.ems.gov. 2019.
- Page Wolfberg & Wirth. An Imaginary Barrier How HIPAA Promotes Bidirectional Patient Data Exchange With Emergency Medical Services. [accessed 2021 July 12] www.pwwemslaw.com.
- Prekker ME, Kwok H, Shin J, Carlbom D, Grabinsky A, Rea TD. The process of prehospital airway management: Challenges and solutions during paramedic endotracheal intubation. Crit Care Med. 2014;42(6):1372–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000000213.
- Wang HE, Kupas DF, Hostler D, Cooney R, Yealy DM, Lave JR. Procedural experience with out-of-hospital endotracheal intubation. Crit Care Med. 2005;33:1718–21.
- Ngo TL, Belli K, Shah MI. EMSC program manager survey on education of prehospital providers. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2014;18(3):424–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.3109/10903127.2013.869641.
- Latimer AJ, Harrington B, Counts CR, Ruark K, Maynard C, Watase T, Sayre MR. Routine use of a Bougie improves first-attempt intubation success in the out-of-hospital setting. Ann Emerg Med. 2021;77(3):296–304. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2020.10.016.
- Steel A, Haldane C, Cody D. Impact of videolaryngoscopy introduction into prehospital emergency medicine practice: A quality improvement project. Emerg Med J. 2021;38(7):549–55. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/emermed-2020-209944.
- Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI). How to improve. [accessed 2021 Aug 11] http://www.ihi.org/resources/Pages/HowtoImprove/default.aspx.