A Retrospective Analysis of Combat Injury Patterns and Prehospital Interventions Associated with the Development of Sepsis

References

• Levy MM, Evans LE, Rhodes A. The surviving sepsis campaign bundle: 2018 update. Intensive Care Med. 2018;44(6):925–8. doi:10.1007/s00134-018-5085-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rapp J, Keenan S, Taylor D, Rapp A, Turconi M, Maves R, Kavanaugh M, Makati D, Powell D, Loos PE, et al. Sepsis management in prolonged field care: 28. J Spl Operat Med. 2020;20(4):27–39.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, Shankar-Hari M, Annane D, Bauer M, Bellomo R, Bernard GR, Chiche J-D, Coopersmith CM, et al. The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016;315(8):801–10. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.0287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• April MD, Donaldson C, Tannenbaum LI, Moore T, Aguirre J, Pingree A, Lantry JH. Emergency department septic shock patient mortality with refractory hypotension vs hyperlactatemia: a retrospective cohort study. Am J Emerg Med. 2017;35(10):1474–9. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2017.04.055.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• April MD, Aguirre J, Tannenbaum LI, Moore T, Pingree A, Thaxton RE, Sessions DJ, Lantry JH. Sepsis clinical criteria in emergency department patients admitted to an intensive care unit: an external validation study of quick sequential organ failure assessment. J Emerg Med. 2017;52(5):622–31. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2016.10.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudd KE, Johnson SC, Agesa KM, Shackelford KA, Tsoi D, Kievlan DR, Colombara DV, Ikuta KS, Kissoon N, Finfer S, et al. Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990-2017: analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet. 2020;395(10219):200–11. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32989-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly JF, Ritenour AE, McLaughlin DF, Bagg KA, Apodaca AN, Mallak CT, Pearse L, Lawnick MM, Champion HR, Wade CE, et al. Injury severity and causes of death from Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom: 2003–2004 versus 2006. J Trauma. 2008;64(2):S21–S26. doi:10.1097/TA.0b013e318160b9fb.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Taylor CJ, Hettiaratchy S, Jeffery SL, Evriviades D, Kay AR. Contemporary approaches to definitive extremity reconstruction of military wounds. J R Army Med Corps. 2009;155(4):302–7. doi:10.1136/jramc-155-04-12.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lloyd BA, Murray CK, Bradley W, Shaikh F, Aggarwal D, Carson ML, Tribble DR. Variation in postinjury antibiotic prophylaxis patterns over five years in a combat zone. Mil Med. 2017;182(S1):346–52. doi:10.7205/MILMED-D-16-00040.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yun HC, Blackbourne LH, Jones JA, Holcomb JB, Hospenthal DR, Wolf SE, Renz EM, Murray CK. Infectious complications of noncombat trauma patients provided care at a military trauma center. Mil Med. 2010;175(5):317–23. doi:10.7205/MILMED-D-09-00098.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray CK, Wilkins K, Molter NC, Yun HC, Dubick MA, Spott MA, Jenkins D, Eastridge B, Holcomb JB, Blackbourne LH, et al. Infections in combat casualties during operations Iraqi and enduring freedom. J Trauma. 2009;66(4):S138–S144. doi:10.1097/TA.0b013e31819d894c.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Janvier F, Delacour H, Tessé S, Larréché S, Sanmartin N, Ollat D, Rapp C, Mérens A. Faecal carriage of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing enterobacteria among soldiers at admission in a French military hospital after aeromedical evacuation from overseas. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2014;33(10):1719–23. doi:10.1007/s10096-014-2141-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naylor JF, April MD, Hill GJ, Schauer SG. Pediatric prehospital wound prophylaxis in Iraq and Afghanistan. Mil Med. 2020;185(Suppl 1):73–6. doi:10.1093/milmed/usz285.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wallum TE, Yun HC, Rini EA, Carter K, Guymon CH, Akers KS, Tyner SD, White CE, Murray CK. Pathogens present in acute mangled extremities from Afghanistan and subsequent pathogen recovery. Mil Med. 2015;180(1):97–103. doi:10.7205/MILMED-D-14-00301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benov A, Antebi B, Wenke JC, Batchinsky AI, Murray CK, Nachman D, Haim P, Tarif B, Glassberg E, Yitzhak A, et al. Antibiotic treatment - what can be learned from point of injury experience? Mil Med. 2018;183(suppl_1):466–71. doi:10.1093/milmed/usx144.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schauer SG, Naylor JF, Ahmed YM, Maddry JK, April MD. Prehospital combat wound medication pack administration in Iraq and Afghanistan: a department of defense trauma registry analysis. J Spl Oper Med. 2020;20(3):76–80.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lloyd BA, Murray CK, Shaikh F, Carson ML, Blyth DM, Schnaubelt ER, Whitman TJ, Tribble DR. Early infectious outcomes after addition of fluoroquinolone or aminoglycoside to posttrauma antibiotic prophylaxis in combat-related open fracture injuries. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2017;83(5):854–61. doi:10.1097/TA.0000000000001609.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burbank K, Schauer SG, De Lorenzo RA, Wenke JC. Early application of topical antibiotic powder in open-fracture wounds: a strategy to prevent biofilm formation and infections. OTA Int. 2020;3(4):e091. doi:10.1097/OI9.0000000000000091.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gerhardt RT, Matthews JM, Sullivan SG. The effect of systemic antibiotic prophylaxis and wound irrigation on penetrating combat wounds in a return-to-duty population. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2009;13(4):500–4. doi:10.1080/10903120903144841.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shafi S, Barnes SA, Rayan N, Kudyakov R, Foreman M, Cryer HG, Alam HB, Hoff W, Holcomb J. Compliance with recommended care at trauma centers: association with patient outcomes. J Am Coll Surg. 2014;219(2):189–98. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2014.04.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schauer SG, Fisher AD, April MD, et al. Prehospital administration of antibiotic prophylaxis for open combat wounds in Afghanistan: 2013–2014. J Spl Oper Med. 2018;18(2):53–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tribble DR, Lloyd B, Weintrob A, Ganesan A, Murray CK, Li P, Bradley W, Fraser S, Warkentien T, Gaskins LJ, et al. Antimicrobial prescribing practices following publication of guidelines for the prevention of infections associated with combat-related injuries. J Trauma. 2011;71(2):S299–S306. doi:10.1097/TA.0b013e318227af64.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lloyd BA, Weintrob AC, Hinkle MK, Fortuna GR, Murray CK, Bradley W, Millar EV, Shaikh F, Vanderzant K, Gregg S, et al. Adherence to published antimicrobial prophylaxis guidelines for wounded service members in the ongoing conflicts in Southwest Asia. Mil Med. 2014;179(3):324–8. doi:10.7205/MILMED-D-13-00424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tribble DR, Murray CK, Lloyd BA, Ganesan A, Mende K, Blyth DM, Petfield JL, McDonald J. After the battlefield: infectious complications among wounded warriors in the trauma infectious disease outcomes study. Mil Med. 2019;184(Suppl 2):18–25. doi:10.1093/milmed/usz027.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sutter DE, Bradshaw LU, Simkins LH, Summers AM, Atha M, Elwood RL, Robertson JL, Murray CK, Wortmann GW, Hospenthal DR, et al. High incidence of multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria recovered from Afghan patients at a deployed US military hospital. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2011;32(9):854–60. doi:10.1086/661284.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burns TC, Stinner DJ, Mack AW, Potter BK, Beer R, Eckel TT, Possley DR, Beltran MJ, Hayda RA, Andersen RC, et al. Microbiology and injury characteristics in severe open tibia fractures from combat. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012;72(4):1062–7. doi:10.1097/TA.0b013e318241f534.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schauer SG, Naylor JF, Fisher AD, April MD, Hill R, Mdaki K, Becker TE, Bebarta VS, Bynum J. An analysis of 13 years of prehospital combat casualty care – implications for maintaining a ready medical force. Prehosp Emergency Care. 2021;1–10. doi:10.1080/10903127.2021.1907491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang X. Firth logistic regression for rare variant association tests. Front Genet. 2014;5:187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Firth D. Bias reduction of maximum likelihood estimates. Biometrika. 1993;80(1):27–38. doi:10.1093/biomet/80.1.27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schauer SG, Naylor JF, Oliver JJ, Maddry JK, April MD. An analysis of casualties presenting to military emergency departments in Iraq and Afghanistan. Am J Emerg Med. 2019;37(1):94–9. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2018.04.068.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schauer SG, Hill GJ, Naylor JF, April MD, Borgman M, Bebarta VS. Emergency department resuscitation of pediatric trauma patients in Iraq and Afghanistan. Am J Emerg Med. 2018;36(9):1540–4. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2018.01.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler FK, Jr., Blackbourne LH. Battlefield trauma care then and now: a decade of Tactical Combat Casualty Care. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012;73(6 Suppl 5):S395–S402. doi:10.1097/TA.0b013e3182754850.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jolley RJ, Sawka KJ, Yergens DW, Quan H, Jetté N, Doig CJ. Validity of administrative data in recording sepsis: a systematic review. Crit Care. 2015;19(1):139. doi:10.1186/s13054-015-0847-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson JB, Smith MP, Gross KR, et al. Battlefield documentation of tactical combat casualty care in Afghanistan. US Army Med Dep J. 2016;2016(2–16):87–94.
   Google Scholar
• Schauer SG, April MD, Naylor JF, et al. A descriptive analysis of data from the Department of Defense Joint Trauma System Prehospital Trauma Registry. US Army Med Dep J. 2017;2017(3–17):92–7.
   Google Scholar