Evidence-Based Guideline for Prehospital Airway Management

References

• Hazzard K. American sirens: the incredible story of the black men who became America’s first paramedics. New York (NY): Hachette Books; 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Carney N, Cheney T, Totten AM, Jungbauer R, Neth MR, Weeks C, Davis-O’Reilly C, Fu R, Yu Y, Chou R, et al. Prehospital airway management: a systematic review. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2022;26(5):716–727. doi:10.1080/10903127.2021.1940400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brouwers MC, Kho ME, Browman GP, Burgers JS, Cluzeau F, Feder G, Fervers B, Graham ID, Grimshaw J, Hanna SE, et al. AGREE II: advancing guideline development, reporting and evaluation in health care. CMAJ. 2010;182(18):E839–E842. doi:10.1503/cmaj.090449.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE, Kunz R, Falck-Ytter Y, Alonso-Coello P, Schünemann HJ, GRADE Working Group. GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ. 2008;336(7650):924–926. doi:10.1136/bmj.39489.470347.AD.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gage C. Evidence-based guidelines for prehospital airway management: literature and methods. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Schünemann HJ, Brennan S, Akl EA, Hultcrantz M, Alonso-Coello P, Xia J, Davoli M, Rojas MX, Meerpohl JJ, Flottorp S, et al. The development methods of official GRADE articles and requirements for claiming the use of GRADE – a statement by the GRADE guidance group. J Clin Epidemiol. 2023;159:79–84. doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2023.05.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dewidar O, Lotfi T, Langendam MW, Parmelli E, Saz Parkinson Z, Solo K, Chu DK, Mathew JL, Akl EA, Brignardello-Petersen R, et al. Good or best practice statements: proposal for the operationalisation and implementation of GRADE guidance. BMJ Evid Based Med. 2023;28(3):189–196. doi:10.1136/bmjebm-2022-111962.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maignan M, Koch F-X, Kraemer M, Lehodey B, Viglino D, Monnet M-F, Pham D, Roux C, Genty C, Rolland C, et al. Impact of laryngeal tube use on chest compression fraction during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. A prospective alternate month study. Resuscitation. 2015;93:113–117. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2015.06.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rumball CJ, MacDonald D. The ptl, combitube, laryngeal mask, and oral airway: a randomized prehospital comparative study of ventilatory device effectiveness and cost-effectiveness in 470 cases of cardiorespiratory arrest. Prehosp Emerg Care. 1997;1(1):1–10. doi:10.1080/10903129708958776.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang HE, Schmicker RH, Daya MR, Stephens S, Idris AH, Carlson J, Colella MR, Herren H, Hansen M, Richmond N, et al. Effect of a strategy of initial laryngeal tube insertion vs endotracheal intubation on 72-hour survival in adults with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2018;320(8):769–778. doi:10.1001/jama.2018.7044.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noda E, Zaitsu A, Hashizume M, Takahashi S. Prognosis of patient with cardiopulmonary arrest transported to Kyushu University Hospital. Fukuoka Igaku Zasshi. 2007;98(3):73–81.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SOS-KANTO. Comparison of arterial blood gases of laryngeal mask airway and bag-valve-mask ventilation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrests. Circ J. 2009;73(3):490–496.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanif M, Kaji AH, Niemann JT. Advanced airway management does not improve outcome of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: cardiac arrest airway. Acad Emerg Med. 2010;September17(9):926–31. doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2010.00829.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takei Y, Enami M, Yachida T, Ohta K, Inaba H. Tracheal intubation by paramedics under limited indication criteria may improve the short-term outcome of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests with noncardiac origin. J Anesth. 2010;24(5):716–725. doi:10.1007/s00540-010-0974-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin SD, Ahn KO, Song KJ, Park CB, Lee EJ. Out-of-hospital airway management and cardiac arrest outcomes: a propensity score matched analysis. Resuscitation. 2012;83(3):313–319. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2011.10.028.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth D, Hafner C, Aufmesser W, Hudabiunigg K, Wutti C, Herkner H, Schreiber W. Safety and feasibility of the laryngeal tube when used by EMTs during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Am J Emerg Med. 2015;33(8):1050–1055. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2015.04.048.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans CCD, Petersen A, Meier EN, Buick JE, Schreiber M, Kannas D, Austin MA, Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium Investigators. Prehospital traumatic cardiac arrest: management and outcomes from the resuscitation outcomes consortium epistry-trauma and PROPHET registries. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2016;81(2):285–293. doi:10.1097/TA.0000000000001070.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang K, Kim T, Ro YS, Kim YJ, Song KJ, Shin SD. Prehospital endotracheal intubation and survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: results from the Korean nationwide registry. Am J Emerg Med. 2016;34(2):128–132. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2015.09.036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiang W-C, Hsieh M-J, Chu H-L, Chen AY, Wen S-Y, Yang W-S, Chien Y-C, Wang Y-C, Lee B-C, Wang H-C, et al. The effect of successful intubation on patient outcomes after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Taipei. Ann Emerg Med. 2018;71(3):387–396.e2. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2017.08.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sulzgruber P, Datler P, Sterz F, Poppe M, Lobmeyr E, Keferböck M, Zeiner S, Nürnberger A, Schober A, Hubner P, et al. The impact of airway strategy on the patient outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a propensity score matched analysis. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2018;7(5):423–431. doi:10.1177/2048872617731894.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yanagawa Y, Sakamoto T. Analysis of prehospital care for cardiac arrest in an urban setting in Japan. J Emerg Med. 2010;38(3):340–345. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2008.04.037.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohashi-Fukuda N, Fukuda T, Yahagi N. Effect of pre-hospital advanced airway management for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest caused by respiratory disease: a propensity score–matched study. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2017;45(3):375–383. doi:10.1177/0310057X1704500314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiala A, Lederer W, Neumayr A, Egger T, Neururer S, Toferer E, Baubin M, Paal P. EMT-led laryngeal tube vs. face-mask ventilation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation – a multicenter prospective randomized trial. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2017;25(1):104. doi:10.1186/s13049-017-0446-1.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hansen M, Wang H, Le N, Lin A, Idris A, Kornegay J, Schmicker R, Daya M. Prospective evaluation of airway management in pediatric out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2020;156:53–60. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2020.08.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen ML, Lin A, Eriksson C, Daya M, McNally B, Fu R, Yanez D, Zive D, Newgard C, CARES Surveillance Group. A comparison of pediatric airway management techniques during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest using the CARES database. Resuscitation. 2017;120:51–56. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2017.08.015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaber S, Jung B, Corne P, Sebbane M, Muller L, Chanques G, Verzilli D, Jonquet O, Eledjam JJ, Lefrant JY. An intervention to decrease complications related to endotracheal intubation in the intensive care unit: a prospective, multiple-center study. Intensive Care Med. 2010;36(2):248–255. doi:10.1007/s00134-009-1717-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lupton JR, Schmicker RH, Stephens S, Carlson JN, Callaway C, Herren H, Idris AH, Sopko G, Puyana JCJ, Daya MR, et al. Outcomes with the use of bag-valve-mask ventilation during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in the pragmatic airway resuscitation trial. Acad Emerg Med. 2020;27(5):366–374. doi:10.1111/acem.13927.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagao T, Kinoshita K, Sakurai A, Yamaguchi J, Furukawa M, Utagawa A, Moriya T, Azuhata T, Tanjoh K. Effects of bag-mask versus advanced airway ventilation for patients undergoing prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation in pre-hospital setting. J Emerg Med. 2012;42(2):162–170. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2011.02.020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jabre P, Penaloza A, Pinero D, Duchateau FX, Borron SW, Javaudin F, Richard O, Longueville D, Bouilleau G, Devaud ML, et al. Effect of bag-mask ventilation vs endotracheal intubation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation on neurological outcome after out-of-hospital cardiorespiratory arrest: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2018;319(8):779–787. 27doi:10.1001/jama.2018.0156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuksen C, Phattharapornjaroen P, Kreethep W, Suwanmano C, Jenpanitpong C, Nonnongku R, Sittichanbuncha Y, Sawanyawisuth K. Bag-valve mask versus endotracheal intubation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest on return of spontaneous circulation: a national database study. Open Access Emerg Med. 2020;12:43–46. doi:10.2147/OAEM.S229356.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gausche M, Lewis RJ, Stratton SJ, Haynes BE, Gunter CS, Goodrich SM, Poore PD, McCollough MD, Henderson DP, Pratt FD, et al. Effect of out-of-hospital pediatric endotracheal intubation on survival and neurological outcome: a controlled clinical trial. JAMA. 2000;283(6):783–790. doi:10.1001/jama.283.6.783.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy DL, Bulger NE, Harrington BM, Skerchak JA, Counts CR, Latimer AJ, Yang BY, Maynard C, Rea TD, Sayre MR. Fewer tracheal intubation attempts are associated with improved neurologically intact survival following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2021;167(Oct 2021):289–296. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.07.001.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jarvis JL, Wampler D, Wang HE. Association of patient age with first pass success in out-of-hospital advanced airway management. Resuscitation. 2019;141:136–143. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2019.06.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benger JR, Kirby K, Black S, Brett S, Clout M, Lazaroo M, Nolan J, Reeves B, Robinson M, Scott L, et al. Effect of a strategy of a supraglottic airway device vs tracheal intubation during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest on functional outcome: the airways-2 randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2018;320(8):779–791. doi:10.1001/jama.2018.11597.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabitsch W, Schellongowski P, Staudinger T, Hofbauer R, Dufek V, Eder B, Raab H, Thell R, Schuster E, Frass M. Comparison of a conventional tracheal airway with the Combitube in an urban emergency medical services system run by physicians. Resuscitation. 2003;57(1):27–32. doi:10.1016/s0300-9572(02)00435-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukuda T, Sekiguchi H, Taira T, Hashizume N, Kitamura Y, Terada T, Ohashi-Fukuda N, Kukita I. Type of advanced airway and survival after pediatric out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2020;150:145–153. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2020.02.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardy GB, Maddry JK, Ng PC, Savell SC, Arana AA, Kester A, Bebarta VS. Impact of prehospital airway management on combat mortality. Am J Emerg Med. 2019;37(2):349–350. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2018.02.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernard SA, Nguyen V, Cameron P, Masci K, Fitzgerald M, Cooper DJ, Walker T, Std BP, Myles P, Murray L, et al. prehospital rapid sequence intubation improves functional outcome for patients with severe traumatic brain injury: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Surg. 2010;252(6):959–965. doi:10.1097/SLA.0b013e3181efc15f.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eckstein M, Chan L, Schneir A, Palmer R. Effect of prehospital advanced life support on outcomes of major trauma patients. J Trauma. 2000;48(4):643–648. doi:10.1097/00005373-200004000-00010.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stockinger ZT, McSwain NE. Additional evidence in support of withholding or terminating cardiopulmonary resuscitation for trauma patients in the field. J Am Coll Surg. 2004;198(2):227–231. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2003.10.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarvis JL, Gonzales J, Johns D, Sager L. Implementation of a clinical bundle to reduce out-of-hospital peri-intubation hypoxia. Ann Emerg Med. 2018;72(3):272–279.e1. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2018.01.044.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Barnhart B, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Adelson PD, Keim SM, Viscusi C, et al. The effect of combined out-of-hospital hypotension and hypoxia on mortality in major traumatic brain injury. Ann Emerg Med. 2017;69(1):62–72. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2016.08.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nwanne T, Jarvis J, Barton D, Donnelly JP, Wang HE. Advanced airway management success rates in a national cohort of emergency medical services agencies. Resuscitation. 2020;146:43–49. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2019.11.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okubo M, Gibo K, Hagiwara Y, Nakayama Y, Hasegawa K, Japanese EMNI. The effectiveness of rapid sequence intubation (RSI) versus non-RSI in emergency department: an analysis of multicenter prospective observational study. Int J Emerg Med. 2017;10(1):1. doi:10.1186/s12245-017-0129-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper A, DiScala C, Foltin G, Tunik M, Markenson D, Welborn C. Prehospital endotracheal intubation for severe head injury in children: a reappraisal. Semin Pediatr Surg. 2001;10(1):3–6. doi:10.1053/spsu.2001.19379.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hanlin ER, Chan HK, Hansen M, Wendelberger B, Shah MI, Bosson N, Gausche-Hill M, VanBuren JM, Wang HE. Epidemiology of out-of-hospital pediatric airway management in the 2019 national emergency medical services information system data set. Resuscitation. 2022;173:124–133. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2022.01.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reichert RJ, Gothard M, Gothard MD, Schwartz HP, Bigham MT. Intubation success in critical care transport: a multicenter study. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2018;22(5):571–577. doi:10.1080/10903127.2017.1419324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Persse DE, Key CB, Bradley RN, Miller CC, Dhingra A. Cardiac arrest survival as a function of ambulance deployment strategy in a large urban emergency medical services system. Resuscitation. 2003;59(1):97–104. doi:10.1016/s0300-9572(03)00178-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pouliot R. Failed prehospital tracheal intubation: a matter of skill dilution? Anesth Analg. 2010;110(5):1507–1508; author reply 1509. doi:10.1213/ANE.0b013e3181d47c89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis DP, Heister R, Poste JC, Hoyt DB, Ochs M, Dunford JV. Ventilation patterns in patients with severe traumatic brain injury following paramedic rapid sequence intubation. NCC. 2005;2(2):165–171. doi:10.1385/NCC:2:2:165.
   Google Scholar
• Sakles JC, Chiu S, Mosier J, Walker C, Stolz U. The importance of first pass success when performing orotracheal intubation in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med. 2013;20(1):71–78. doi:10.1111/acem.12055.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hypes C, Sakles J, Joshi R, Greenberg J, Natt B, Malo J, Bloom J, Chopra H, Mosier J. Failure to achieve first attempt success at intubation using video laryngoscopy is associated with increased complications. Intern Emerg Med. 2017;12(8):1235–1243. doi:10.1007/s11739-016-1549-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mort TC. The incidence and risk factors for cardiac arrest during emergency tracheal intubation: a justification for incorporating the ASA Guidelines in the remote location. J Clin Anesth. 2004;16(7):508–516. doi:10.1016/j.jclinane.2004.01.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasegawa K, Shigemitsu K, Hagiwara Y, Chiba T, Watase H, Brown CA III, Brown DF, Japanese Emergency Medicine Research Alliance Investigators. Japanese Emergency Medicine Research Alliance I: association between repeated intubation attempts and adverse events in emergency departments: an analysis of a multicenter prospective observational study. Ann Emerg Med. 2012;60(6):749–754 e2. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2012.04.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frascone RJ, Wayne MA, Swor RA, Mahoney BD, Domeier RM, Olinger ML, Tupper DE, Setum CM, Burkhart N, Klann L, et al. Treatment of non-traumatic out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with active compression decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation plus an impedance threshold device. Resuscitation. 2013;84(9):1214–1222. Septemberdoi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2013.05.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bigelow AM, Gothard MD, Schwartz HP, Bigham MT. Intubation in pediatric/neonatal critical care transport: national performance. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2015;19(3):351–357. doi:10.3109/10903127.2014.980481.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang HE, Yealy DM. How many attempts are required to accomplish out-of-hospital endotracheal intubation? Acad Emergency Med. 2006;13(4):372–377. doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2006.tb00311.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cudnik MT, Newgard CD, Daya M, Jui J. The impact of rapid sequence intubation on trauma patient mortality in attempted prehospital intubation. J Emerg Med. 2010;38(2):175–181. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2008.01.022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vilke GM, Hoyt DB, Epperson M, Fortlage D, Hutton KC, Rosen P. Intubation techniques in the helicopter. J Emerg Med. 1994;12(2):217–224. doi:10.1016/0736-4679(94)90702-1.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bulger EM, Copass MK, Sabath DR, Maier RV, Jurkovich GJ. The use of neuromuscular blocking agents to facilitate prehospital intubation does not impair outcome after traumatic brain injury. J Trauma. 2005;58(4):718–724; discussion 723–724. doi:10.1097/01.ta.0000159239.14181.bc.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bendinelli C, Ku D, Nebauer S, King KL, Howard T, Gruen R, Evans T, Fitzgerald M, Balogh ZJ. A tale of two cities: prehospital intubation with or without paralysing agents for traumatic brain injury. ANZ J Surg. 2018;88(5):455–459. doi:10.1111/ans.14479.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fouche PF, Smith K, Jennings PA, Boyle M, Bernard S. The association of paramedic rapid sequence intubation and survival in out-of-hospital stroke. Emerg Med J. 2019;36(7):416–422. doi:10.1136/emermed-2019-208613.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarvis JL, Barton D, Wang H. Defining the plateau point: when are further attempts futile in out-of-hospital advanced airway management. Resuscitation. 2018;130:57–60. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2018.07.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eberlein CM, Luther IS, Carpenter TA, Ramirez LD. First-pass success intubations using video laryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy: a retrospective prehospital ambulance service study. Air Med J. 2019;38(5):356–358. doi:10.1016/j.amj.2019.06.004.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ducharme S, Kramer B, Gelbart D, Colleran C, Risavi B, Carlson JN. A pilot, prospective, randomized trial of video versus direct laryngoscopy for paramedic endotracheal intubation. Resuscitation. 2017;114:121–126. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2017.03.022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arima T, Nagata O, Miura T, Ikeda K, Mizushima T, Takahashi A, Sakaida K. Comparative analysis of airway scope and Macintosh laryngoscope for intubation primarily for cardiac arrest in prehospital setting. Am J Emerg Med. 2014;32(1):40–43. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2013.09.026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Risse J, Volberg C, Kratz T, Plöger B, Jerrentrup A, Pabst D, Kill C. Comparison of videolaryngoscopy and direct laryngoscopy by German paramedics during out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation; an observational prospective study. BMC Emerg Med. 2020;20(1):22. doi:10.1186/s12873-020-00316-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarvis JL, McClure SF, Johns D. EMS intubation improves with king vision video laryngoscopy. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2015;19(4):482–489. doi:10.3109/10903127.2015.1005259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarman AF, Hopkins CL, Hansen JN, Brown JR, Burk C, Youngquist ST. Advanced airway type and its association with chest compression interruptions during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest resuscitation attempts. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2017;21(5):628–635. doi:10.1080/10903127.2017.1308611.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansel J, Rogers AM, Lewis SR, Cook TM, Smith AF. Videolaryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy for adults undergoing tracheal intubation: a cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis update. Br J Anaesth. 2022;129(4):612–623. doi:10.1016/j.bja.2022.05.027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pourmand A, Robinson C, Dorwart K, O'Connell F. Pre-oxygenation: implications in emergency airway management. Am J Emerg Med. 2017;35(8):1177–83. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2017.06.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Driver BE, Prekker ME, Reardon RF, Fantegrossi A, Walls RM, Brown CA. Comparing emergency department first-attempt intubation success with standard-geometry and hyperangulated video laryngoscopes. Ann Emerg Med. 2020;76(3):332–338. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2020.03.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang HE, Levy M, Cone DC. The National Association of EMS Physicians Compendium of Airway Management position statements and resource documents. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2022;26(sup1):1–2. doi:10.1080/10903127.2021.1988776.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cereceda-Sánchez FJ, Molina-Mula J. Systematic review of capnography with mask ventilation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation maneuvers. J Clin Med. 2019;8(3):358. doi:10.3390/jcm8030358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyng JW, Guyette FX, Levy M, Bosson N. Prehospital manual ventilation: an NAEMSP position statement and resource document. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2022;26(sup1):23–31. doi:10.1080/10903127.2021.1981506.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Davis DP, Bosson N, Guyette FX, Wolfe A, Bobrow BJ, Olvera D, Walker RG, Levy M. Optimizing physiology during prehospital airway management: an NAEMSP position statement and resource document. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2022;26(sup1):72–79. doi:10.1080/10903127.2021.1992056.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jarvis JL, Lyng JW, Miller BL, Perlmutter MC, Abraham H, Sahni R. Prehospital drug assisted airway management: An NAEMSP position statement and resource document. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2022;26(sup1):42–53. doi:10.1080/10903127.2021.1990447.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Powell EK, Hinckley WR, Stolz U, Golden AJ, Ventura A, McMullan JT. Predictors of definitive airway sans hypoxia/hypotension on first attempt (DASH-1A) success in traumatically injured patients undergoing prehospital intubation. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2020;24(4):470–477. doi:10.1080/10903127.2019.1670299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown CA, Kaji AH, Fantegrossi A, Carlson JN, April MD, Kilgo RW, Walls RM, National EAR (NEAR). I Video laryngoscopy compared to augmented direct laryngoscopy in adult emergency department tracheal intubations: A National Emergency Airway Registry (NEAR) study. Acad Emerg Med. 2020;27(2):100–108. doi:10.1111/acem.13851.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dean P, Edmunds K, Shah A, Frey M, Zhang Y, Boyd S, Kerrey BT. Video laryngoscope screen visualization and tracheal intubation performance: a video-based study in a pediatric emergency department. Ann Emerg Med. 2022;79(4):323–332. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2021.11.019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trent SA, Kaji AH, Carlson JN, McCormick T, Haukoos JS, Brown CA, National EARI. Video laryngoscopy is associated with first-pass success in emergency department intubations for trauma patients: a propensity score matched analysis of the National Emergency Airway Registry. Ann Emerg Med. 2021;78(6):708–719. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2021.07.115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikolla DA, Carlson JN, Jimenez Stuart PM, Asar I, April MD, Kaji AH, Brown CA. Impact of video laryngoscope shape on first-attempt success during non-supine emergency department intubations. Am J Emerg Med. 2022;57:47–53. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2022.04.024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruetzler K, Roessler B, Potura L, Priemayr A, Robak O, Schuster E, Frass M. Performance and skill retention of intubation by paramedics using seven different airway devices—a manikin study. Resuscitation. 2011;82(5):593–597. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2011.01.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Youngquist ST, Henderson DP, Gausche-Hill M, Goodrich SM, Poore PD, Lewis RJ. Paramedic self-efficacy and skill retention in pediatric airway management. Acad Emerg Med. 2008;15(12):1295–1303. doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2008.00262.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kovacs GJ, Law JA. Airway management in emergencies. 2nd ed. People’s Medical Publishing House; 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Austin PC. An introduction to propensity score methods for reducing the effects of confounding in observational studies. Multivariate Behav Res. 2011;46(3):399–424. doi:10.1080/00273171.2011.568786.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant SW, Hickey GL, Head SJ. Statistical primer: multivariable regression considerations and pitfalls. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2019;55(2):179–185. doi:10.1093/ejcts/ezy403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar