427
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

High diversity and early radiation of organic-walled phytoplankton in southern Baltica during the Middle-Late Ordovician – evidence from the Borenshult-1 drillcore of southern Sweden

ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 50-83 | Received 01 Mar 2023, Accepted 28 Jul 2023, Published online: 31 Oct 2023

References

  • Ainsaar, L., Kaljo, D., Martma, T., Meidla, T., Männik, P., Nõlvak, J. & Tinn, O., 2010: Middle and upper Ordovician carbon isotope chemostratigraphy in Baltoscandia: a correlation tool and clues to environmental history. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 294, 189–201.
  • Badawy, A.S., Mehlqvist, K., Vajda, V., Ahlberg, P. & Calner, M., 2014: Late Ordovician (Katian) spores in Sweden – oldest land plant remains from Baltica. GFF Scandinavian Journal of Earth Sciences 136, 16–21.
  • Bain, A. & Doubinger, J., 1965: Étude d’un microplancton (Acritarches) du Dévonien supérieur des Ardennes. Bulletin du Service de la carte géologique d’Alsace et de Lorraine 18, 15–30.
  • Bauert, H., Isozaki, Y., Holmer, L.E., Aoki, K., Sakata, S. & Hirata, T., 2014: New U–Pb zircon ages of the Sandbian (upper Ordovician) “Big K-bentonite” in Baltoscandia (Estonia and Sweden) by LA-ICPMS. GFF 136, 30–33.
  • Bergström, J., Pärnaste, H. & Zhiyi, Z., 2013: Trilobites and biofacies in the early-middle Ordovician of Baltica and a brief comparison with the Yangtze Plate. Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences 62, 205–230.
  • Bergström, S.M., Ahlberg, P., Maletz, J., Lundberg, F. & Joachimski, M.M., 2018: Darriwilian (Middle Ordovician) chemostratigraphy linked to graptolite, conodont and trilobite biostratigraphy in the Fågelsång-3 drill core, Scania, Sweden. GFF 140, 229–240.
  • Bergström, S.M., Calner, M., Lehnert, O. & Noor, A., 2011: A new upper middle Ordovician–lower Silurian drillcore standard succession from Borenshult in Östergötland, southern Sweden: 1. Stratigraphical review with regional comparisons. GFF 133, 149–171.
  • Bergström, S.M., Lehnert, O., Calner, M. & Joachimski, M.M., 2012: A new upper middle Ordovician–lower Silurian drillcore standard succession from Borenshult in Östergötland, southern Sweden: 2. Significance of ∂13C chemostratigraphy. GFF 134, 39–63.
  • Bockelie, T.G. & Kjellström, G., 1979: Middle Ordovician acritarchs from the island of Odinsholm, Estonia. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar 101, 205–216.
  • Burmann, G., 1970: Weitere organische Mikrofossilien aus dem unteren Ordovizium. Paläontologische Abhandlungen Abteilung B 3, 289–332.
  • Cocks, L.R.M. & Torsvik, T.H., 2005: Baltica from the late Precambrian to mid-Palaeozoic times: the gain and loss of a terrane’s identity. Earth-Science Reviews 72, 39–66.
  • Cocks, L.R.M. & Torsvik, T.H., 2021: Ordovician palaeogeography and climate change. Gondwana Research 100, 53–72.
  • Cohen, K.M., Harper, D.A.T., Gibbard, P.L. & Fan, J.-X., 2023: ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart 2023/07. International Commission on Stratigraphy, IUGS. www.stratigraphy.org (visited: 2023/07/25).
  • Colbath, G.K., 1979: Organic-walled microphytoplankton from the Eden Shale (upper Ordovician), Indiana. U.S.A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B 171, 1–38.
  • Colbath, G.K., 1986: The lower Paleozoic organic-walled phytoplankton (“acritarch”) genus Frankea Burmann 1970. Micropaleontology 32, 72–73.
  • Combaz, A. & Peniguel, G., 1972: Étude palynostratigraphique de l'Ordovicien dans quelques sondages du Bassin de Canning (Australie Occidentale). Société nationale des pétroles d'Aquitaine, Centre de recherche de Pau, Bulletin 6, 121–167.
  • Cooper, R.A., 2004: Measures of diversity. In B.D. Webby, M.L. Droser, F. Paris & I.G. Percival (eds.): The Great Ordovician biodiversification event, 52–57. Columbia University Press, New York.
  • Cramer, F.H., 1964: Microplankton from three Palaeozoic formations in the province of Leon, NW-Spain. Leidse Geologische Mededelingen 30, 253–361.
  • Cramer, F.H., 1970: Distribution of selected Silurian acritarchs. An account of the palynostratigraphy and paleogeography of selected Silurian acritarch taxa. Revista española de micropaleontologia, numero extraordinario. 1–203.
  • Deflandre, G., 1946: Fichier micropaléontologique – série 8. Hystrichosphaeridés III. Espèces du Primaire. Archives originales, Centre de documentation; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France, 257, I–V, fiches 1096–1185.
  • Deflandre, G. & Deflandre-Rigaud, M., 1965: Fichier micropaléontologique général – série 13. Acritarches II. Acanthomorphitae 1. Genre Micrhystridium Deflandre sens. lat. Archives originales, Centre de documentation, Centre natoonal de la recherche scientifique 402(I–V), fiches 2176–2521.
  • Delabroye, A., 2010: Dynamiques du phytoplancton à travers la limite Ordovicien-Silurien aux faibles paléolatitudes (Laurentia: Île d’Anticosti, Québec, Canada; Baltica: Valga, Estonie). Compléments aux données des hautes latitudes glaciaires du Gondwana. Ph.D. thesis. Université de Lille 1, Lille, France. 464 pp.
  • Delabroye, A., Munnecke, A., Servais, T., Vandenbroucke, T.R. & Vecoli, M., 2012: Abnormal forms of acritarchs (phytoplankton) in the upper Hirnantian (Upper Ordovician) of Anticosti Island, Canada. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 173, 46–56.
  • Delabroye, A., Munnecke, A., Vecoli, M., Copper, P., Tribovillard, N., Joachimski, M.M., Desrochers, A. & Servais, T., 2011a: Phytoplankton dynamics across the Ordovician/Silurian boundary at low palaeolatitudes: correlations with carbon isotopic and glacial events. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 312, 79–97.
  • Delabroye, A. & Vecoli, M., 2010: The end-Ordovician glaciation and the Hirnantian Stage: a global review and questions about late Ordovician event stratigraphy. Earth-Science Reviews 98, 269–282.
  • Delabroye, A., Vecoli, M., Hints, O. & Servais, T., 2011b: Acritarchs from the Ordovician– Silurian boundary beds of the Valga–10 drill core, southern Estonia (Baltica) and their stratigraphical and palaeobiogeographical implications. Palynology 35, 4–45.
  • Deunff, J., 1954: Veryhachium, genre nouveau d’Hystrichosphères du Primaire. Compte rendu sommaire des séances de la Societe géologique de France 13, 305–307.
  • Deunff, J., 1955: Aremoricanium, genre nouveau d’Hystrichosphères du Silurien Breton. Compte rendu sommaire et bulletin de la Société géologique de France 5, 227–229.
  • Dorning, K.J., 1981: Silurian acritarchs from the type Wenlock and Ludlow of Shropshire, England. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 34, 175–203.
  • Downie, C., 1959: Hystrichospheres from the Silurian Wenlock Shale of England. Palaeontology 2, 56–71.
  • Downie, C., 1960: Deunffia and Domasia, new genera of hystrichospheres. Micropaleontology 6, 197–202.
  • Downie, C., 1963: “Hystrichospheres” (acritarchs) and spores of the Wenlock Shales (Silurian) of Wenlock, England. Palaeontology 6, 625–652.
  • Ebbestad, J.O.R., Högström, A.E.S., Frisk, ÅM, Martma, T., Kaljo, D., Kröger, B. & Pärnaste, H., 2015: Terminal Ordovician stratigraphy of the Siljan district, Sweden. GFF 137, 36–56.
  • Eisenack, A., 1931: Neue Mikrofossilien des baltischen Silurs. 1. Palaeontologische Zeitschrift 13, 74–118.
  • Eisenack, A., 1938a: Hystrichosphaerideen und verwandte Formen im baltischen Silur. Zeitschrift für Geschiebeforschung und Flachlandsgeologie 14, 1–30.
  • Eisenack, A., 1938b: Die Phosphoritknollen der Bernsteinformation als überlieferertertiären Planktons. Schriften der Physikalisch-ökonomischen Gesellschaft zu Königsberg 70, 181–188.
  • Eisenack, A., 1951: Über Hystrichosphaerideen und andere Kleinformen aus baltischem Silur und Kambrium. SenckenbergianaLethaea 32, 187–204.
  • Eisenack, A., 1954: Hystrichosphären aus dem baltischen Gotlandium. Senckenbergiana Lethaea 34, 205–211.
  • Eisenack, A., 1955: Chitinozoen, Hystrichosphären und andere Mikrofossilien aus dem Beyrichia-Kalk. Senckenbergiana Lethaea 36, 157–188.
  • Eisenack, A., 1958: Tasmanites Newton 1875 und Leiosphaeridia n.g. als Gattungen der Hystrichosphaeridea. Palaeontographica Abteilung A 110, 1–3.
  • Eisenack, A., 1959: Neotypen baltischer Silur-Hystrichosphären und neue Arten. Palaeontographica Abteilung A 112, 193–211.
  • Eisenack, A., 1963: Mitteilungen zur Biologie der Hystrichosphären und über neue Arten. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen 118, 207–216.
  • Eisenack, A., 1965a: Mikrofossilien aus dem Silur Gotlands. Hystrichosphären, Problematika. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen 122, 257–274.
  • Eisenack, A., 1965b: Die Mikrofauna der Ostseekalke. 1. Chitinozoen, Hystrichosphären. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen 123, 115–148.
  • Eisenack, A., 1969: Zur Systematik einiger paläozoischer Hystrichosphären (Acritarcha) des baltischen Gebietes. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen 133, 245–266.
  • Eisenack, A., 1971: Die Mikrofauna der Ostseekalke (Ordovizium) 3. Graptolithen, Melanoskleriten, Spongien, Radiolarien, Problematika nebst 2 Nachträgen über Foraminiferen und Phytoplankton. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen 137, 337–357.
  • Eisenack, A., Cramer, F.H. & Díez, M.d.C.R., 1973: Katalog der fossilen Dinoflagellaten, Hystrichosphären und verwandten Mikrofossilien. Band III Acritarcha 1. Teil. E. Schweizertbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, 1104 pp.
  • Eisenack, A., Cramer, F.H. & Díez, M.d.C.R., 1976: Katalog der fossilen Dinoflagellaten, Hystrichosphären und verwandten Mikrofossilien. Band IV Acritarcha 2. Teil. E. Schweizertbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, 863 pp.
  • Eisenack, A., Cramer, F.H. & Díez, M.d.C.R., 1979: Katalog der fossilen Dinoflagellaten, Hystrichosphären und verwandten Mikrofossilien. Band V Acritarcha 3. Teil. E. Schweizertbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, 529 pp.
  • Eiserhardt, K.H., 1989: Baltisphären aus Gotländer Öjlemyrflint (Acritarcha, Oberordoviz, Geschiebe, Schweden). Mitteilungen aus dem Geologisch-Paläontologischen Institut der Universität Hamburg 68, 79–129.
  • Eiserhardt, K.H., 1992: Die Acritarcha des Öejlemyrflintes. Palaeontographica Abteilung B 226, 1–132.
  • Eriksson, K. & Hagenfeldt, S.E., 1997: Acritarch assemblages from the lower Silurian (Llandovery-Wenlock) in the Grötlingboborrningen 1 core, Gotland, Sweden. GFF 119, 13–16.
  • Fensome, R.A., Williams, G.L., Barss, M.S., Freeman, J.M. & Hill, J.M., 1990: Acritarchs and fossil prasinophytes: an index to genera, species and infraspecific taxa. American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists Contribution Series 25, 678.
  • Foster, C. & Wicander, R., 2016: An Early Ordovician organic-walled microphytoplankton assemblage from the Nambeet Formation, Canning Basin, Australia: biostratigraphic and paleogeographic significance. Palynology 40, 379–409.
  • Ghavidel-Syooki, M., 2001: Palynostratigraphy and palaeobiogeography of the Lower Palaeozoic sequence in the north-eastern Alborz Range (Kopeh-Dagh region) of Iran. In D.K. Goodman & R.T. Clarke (eds.): Proceedings of the IX International Palynological Congress, American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologist Foundation, Houston, Texas, 1996, 17–35.
  • Ghavidel-Syooki, M. & Borji, S., 2018: Chronostratigraphy of acritarchs and chitinozoans from upper Ordovician Strata from the Robat-e Gharabil Area, NE Alborz Mountains, Northern Khorassan Province: stratigraphic and paleogeographic implications. Journal of Sciences Islamic Republic of Iran 29, 35–51.
  • Ghavidel-Syooki, M., Hassanzadeh, J. & Vecoli, M., 2011: Palynology and isotope geochronology of the Upper Ordovician–Silurian successions (Ghelli and Soltan Maidan Formations) in the Khoshyeilagh area, eastern Alborz Range, northern Iran; stratigraphic and palaeogeographic implications. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 164, 251–271.
  • Górka, H., 1969: Microorganismes de l’Ordovicien de Pologne. Palaeontologia Polonica 22, 1–102.
  • Górka, H., 1979: Les acritarches de l’Ordovicien moyen d’Olsztyn IG 2 (Pologne). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 24, 351–376.
  • Górka, H., 1980: Le microplancton de l’Ordovicien moyen de Strabla (Pologne). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 25, 261–277.
  • Górka, H., 1987: Acritarches et prasinophyceae de l’ordovicien moyen (viruen) du sondage de smedsby gård no. 1 (Gotland, Suède). Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 52, 257–297.
  • Hagenfeldt, S.E., 1995: Erratics and Proterozoic – Lower Palaeozoic submarine sequences between Aland and mainland Sweden. Research Papers Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning series Ca 84 Forskningsrapporter. 35 pp.
  • Harper, D.A.T., Cascales-Miñana, B., Kroeck, D.M. & Servais, T., 2021: The palaeogeographical impact on the biodiversity of marine faunas during the Ordovician radiations. Global and Planetary Change 207, 103665.
  • Hemer, D.O. & Nygreen, P.W., 1967: Algae, acritarchs and other microfossils incertae sedis from the Lower Carboniferous of Saudi Arabia. Micropaleontology 13, 183–194.
  • Henry, J.L., 1969: Microorganismes incertae sedis (acritarches et chitinozoaires) de l’Ordovicien de la presqu’île de Crozon (Finistère): gisements de Mort-Anglaise et de Kerglintin. Bulletin de la Société géologique et mineralogique de Bretagne, nouvelle sér., 59–100.
  • Hill, P.J., 1974a: Acritarchs from the Llandovery and lower Wenlock of Wales and the Welsh Borderland. Ph.D. thesis. University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK. 283 pp.
  • Hill, P.J., 1974b: Stratigraphic palynology of acritarchs from the type area of the Llandovery and the Welsh Borderland. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 18, 11–23.
  • Hill, P.J. & Dorning, K.J., 1984: The Llandovery series in the type area. Appendix 1: Acritarches. In L.R.M. Cocks, N.H. Woodcock, R.B. Rickards, J.T. Temple & P.D. Lane (eds.): The Llandovery series of the type area, 131–182. British Museum of Natural History, London, Bulletin 38.
  • Hints, O., Delabroye, A., Nõlvak, J., Servais, T., Uutela, A. & Wallin, Å, 2010: Biodiversity patterns of Ordovician marine microphytoplankton from Baltica: comparison with other fossil groups and sea-level changes. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 294, 161–173.
  • Jaanusson, V., 1995: Confacies differentiation and upper middle Ordovician correlation in the Baltoscandian basin. Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences, Geology 44, 73–86.
  • Jacobson, S.R., 1978: Acritarchs from the upper Ordovician clays Ferry formation, Kentucky, U.S.A. Palinologia, número extraordinario 1, 293–301.
  • Jacobson, S.R. & Achab, A., 1985: Acritarch biostratigraphy of the Dicellograptus complanatus graptolite zone from the Vaureal formation (Ashgillian), Anticosti Island, Quebec, Canada. Palynology 9, 165–198.
  • Kir'yanov, V.V., 1978: Akritarkhi silura Volyno-Podolii. Akademiya Nauk UkrainskoiSSR, Institut Geologicheskikh Nauk, Kiev, Naukova Dumka, 1–116.
  • Kjellström, G., 1971a: Middle Ordovician microplankton from the Grötlingbo borehole No 1 in Gotland, Sweden. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning C 669, 1–35.
  • Kjellström, G., 1971b: Ordovician microplankton (Baltisphaerids) from the Grötlingbo borehole No 1 in Gotland, Sweden. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning C 655, 1–75.
  • Kjellström, G., 1976: Lower Viruan (Middle Ordovician) microplankton from the Ekön borehole No 1 in Östergötland, Sweden. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning C 724, 1–44.
  • Knoll, A.H., Javaux, E.J., Hewitt, D. & Cohen, P., 2006: Eukaryotic organisms in Proterozoic oceans. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 361, 1023–1038.
  • Kroeck, D.M., Eriksson, M.E., Lindskog, A., Munnecke, A., Dubois, M., Régnier, S. & Servais, T., 2021: Morphological variability of peteinoid acritarchs from the Middle Ordovician of Öland, Sweden, and implications for acritarch classification. Palynology 45, 705–715.
  • Kroeck, D.M., Mullins, G., Zacaï, A., Monnet, C. & Servais, T., 2022: A review of Paleozoic phytoplankton biodiversity: driver for major evolutionary events? Earth-Science Reviews 232, 104113.
  • Le Hérissé, A., 1989: Acritarches et kystes d’algues Prasinophycées du Silurien de Gotland, Suède. Palaeontographia Italica 76, 57–302.
  • Le Hérissé, A. & Deunff, J., 1988: Acritarches et Prasinophycées (Givetian supéreur- Frasnian moyen) de Ferques (Boulonnais-France). In D. Brice (ed.): Le Dévonien de Ferques Bas-Boulonnais (Nord de la France), L'Université de Bretagne occidentale, Brest, France. 103–152. Biostratigraphie du Paléozoïque 7.
  • Le Hérissé, A., Molyneux, S.G. & Miller, M.A., 2015: Late Ordovician to early Silurian acritarchs from the Qusaiba-1 shallow core hole, scentral Saudi Arabia. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 212, 22–59.
  • Le Hérissé, A., Paris, F. & Steemans, P., 2013: Late Ordovician–earliest Silurian palynomorphs from northern Chad and correlation with contemporaneous deposits of southeastern Libya. Bulletin of Geosciences 88, 483–504.
  • Lehnert, O., Meinhold, G., Wu, R., Calner, M. & Joachimski, M.M., 2014: Δ13c chemostratigraphy in the upper Tremadocian through lower Katian (Ordovician) carbonate succession of the Siljan district, central Sweden. Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences 63, 277–286.
  • Li, J., Wicander, R., Yan, K. & Zhu, H., 2006: An Upper Ordovician acritarch and prasinophyte assemblage from Dawangou, Xinjiang, northwestern China: Biostratigraphic and paleogeographic implications. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 139, 97–128.
  • Lindskog, A., Costa, M.M., Rasmussen, CMØ, Connelly, J.N. & Eriksson, M.E., 2017: Refined Ordovician timescale reveals no link between asteroid breakup and biodiversification. Nature Communications 8, 14066.
  • Lister, T.R., 1970: The acritarchs and chitinozoa from the Wenlock and Ludlow Series of the Ludlow and Millichope areas, Shropshire. Palaeontographical Society Monographs 124(1), 100.
  • Loeblich, A.R., 1970a: Morphology, ultrastructure and distribution of Paleozoic acritarchs. Proceedings of the North American Paleontological Convention, Chicago Part G. 2, 705–788.
  • Loeblich, A.R., 1970b: Dicommopalla, a new acritarch genus from the Dillsboro Formation (Upper Ordovician) of Indiana, U.S.A. Phycologia 9, 39–43.
  • Loeblich, A.R. & MacAdam, R.B., 1971: North American species of the Ordovician acritarch genus Aremoricanium. Palaeontographica Abteilung B 135, 41–47.
  • Loeblich, A.R. & Tappan, H., 1969: Acritarch excystment and surface ultrastructure with descriptions of some Ordovician taxa. Revista Española de Micropaleontología 1, 45–57.
  • Loeblich, A.R. & Tappan, H., 1976: Some new and revised organic-walled phytoplankton microfossil genera. Journal of Paleontology 50, 301–308.
  • Loeblich, A.R. & Tappan, H., 1978: Some middle and late Ordovician microphytoplankton from central North America. Journal of Paleontology 52, 1233–1287.
  • Loeblich, A.R. & Wicander, E.R., 1976: Organic-walled microplankton from the Lower Devonian (Late Gedinnian) Haragan and Bois d’Arc Formations of Oklahoma, USA, Part 1. Palaeontographica Abteilung B 159, 1–139.
  • Martin, F., 1966: Les Acritarches de Sart-Bernard (Ordovicien belge). Bulletin de la Société belge de géologie, de paléontologie et d’hydrologie 74, 423–444.
  • Martin, F., 1983: Chitinozaires et Acritarches Ordoviciens de la plate-forme du Saint- Laurent (Québec et sud-est de l’Ontario). Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin 310, 1–59.
  • Mays, C., Vajda, V., McLoughlin, S., 2021: Permian-Triassic non-marine algae of Gondwana—distributions, natural affinities and ecological implications. Earth-Science Reviews 212, 102283. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103382.
  • Miller, M.A. & Al-Ruwaili, M.H., 2007: Preliminary palynological investigation of Saudi Arabian Upper Ordovician glacial sediments. Revue de micropaléontologie 50, 17–26.
  • Moczydlowska, M., 2011: The early Cambrian phytoplankton radiation: acritarch evidence from the Lukati Formation, Estonia. Palynology 35, 103–145.
  • Molyneux, S.G., Barron, H.F. & Smith, R.A., 2008: Upper Llandovery – Wenlock (Silurian) palynology of the Pentland Hills inliers, Midland Valley of Scotland. Scottish Journal of Geology 44, 151–168.
  • Molyneux, S.G., Delabroye, A., Wicander, R. & Servais, T., 2013: Biogeography of early to mid Palaeozoic (Cambrian–Devonian) microplankton. In D.A.T. Harper & T. Servais (eds.): Early Palaeozoic Biogeography and Palaeobiogeography, Geological Society, London, Memoirs 38, 365–397.
  • Mullins, G.L., 2001: Acritarchs and prasinophyte algae of the Elton Group, Ludlow Series, of the type area. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society, London 155, 1–154.
  • Navidi-Izad, N., Hashemi, H., Régnier, S., Kroeck, D., Yan, K. & Servais, T., 2020: Revision of the Middle–Upper Ordovician acritarch genus Orthosphaeridium Eisenack 1968 nov. emend. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 273, 104127.
  • Nielsen, A.T., Ahlberg, P., Ebbestad, J.O.R., Hammer, Ø, Harper, D.A.T., Lindskog, A., Rasmussen, C.M.O. & Stouge, S., 2023: The Ordovician of Scandinavia: a revised regional stage classification. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 532(1), 267–315.
  • Oktay, B. & Wellman, C.H., 2019: Palynological analysis of upper Ordovician to lower Silurian sediments from the Diyarbakir Basin, southeastern Turkey. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 263, 28–46.
  • Paris, F., Le Hérissé, A., Monod, O., Kozlu, H., Ghienne, J.F., Dean, W.T., Vecoli, M. & Günay, Y., 2007: Ordovician chitinozoans and acritarchs from southern and southeastern Turkey. Revue de Micropaléontologie 50, 81–107.
  • Parnell, J. & Foster, S., 2012: Ordovician ash geochemistry and the establishment of land plants. Geochemical Transactions 13, 7.
  • Playford, G., 1977: Lower to Middle Devonian acritarchs of the Moose River Basin, Ontario. Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin 279, 1–87.
  • Playford, G., 2003: Acritarchs and prasinophyte phycomata: a short course. American Association Stratigraphic Palynologists Contributions Series 41, 1–46.
  • Playford, G. & Martin, F., 1984: Ordovician acritarchs from the Canning Basin, Western Australia. Alcheringa 8, 187–223.
  • Playford, G., Ribecai, C. & Tongiorgi, M., 1995: Ordovician acritarch genera Peteinosphaeridium, Liliosphaeridium, and Cycloposphaeridium: morphology, taxonomy, biostratigraphy, and palaeogeographic significance. Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana 34, 3–54.
  • Playford, G. & Wicander, R., 1988: Acritarch palynoflora of the Coolibah formation (lower Ordovician), Georgina Basin, Queensland. Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists 5, 5–40.
  • Playford, G. & Wicander, R., 2006: Organic-walled microphytoplankton of the Sylvan Shale (Richmondian: Upper Ordovician), Arbuckle Mountains, Southern Oklahoma. USA. Oklahoma Geological Survey Bulletin 148, 1–116.
  • Raevskaya, E.G. & Hints, O., 2019: Acritarchs from the middle and upper ordovician of Estonia and their stratigraphic implications. Contributions 13th International Symposium on the Ordovician System, Novosibirsk, 165–168.
  • Raevskaya, E.G., Volkova, N.A. & Sivertseva, I.A., 2006: The Darriwilian acritarch assemblage from Ordovician deposits of the Arkhangelsk Oblast, the northern Russian Plate. Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation 14, 386–398.
  • Ribecai, C. & Tongiorgi, M., 1999: The Ordovician acritarch genus Pachysphaeridium Burmann 1970: new, revised, and reassigned species. Palaeontohraphia Italica 86, 117–153.
  • Richardson, J.B. & Ioannides, N., 1973: Silurian palynomorphs from the Tanezzuft and Acacus Formations, Tripolitania, North Africa. Micropaleontology 19, 257–307.
  • Righi, E., 1991: Ampullula, a new acritarch genus from the Ordovician (Arenig–Llanvirn) of Öland, Sweden. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 68, 119–126.
  • Rubinstein, C.V. & Vajda, V., 2019: Baltica cradle of early land plants? Oldest record of trilete spores and diverse cryptospore assemblages; evidence from Ordovician successions of Sweden. GFF 141, 181–190.
  • Rubinstein, C.V., Vargas, M.C., de la Parra, F. & Hughes, G.M.G., 2021: Biostratigraphy and paleogeography of Middle-Late Ordovician palynomorphs from the Llanos Basin, Colombia. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 286, 104375.
  • Sarjeant, W.A.S. & Stancliffe, R.P.W., 1994: The Micrhystridium and Veryhachium complexes (Acritarcha: Acanthomorphitae and Polygonomorphitae): a taxonomic reconsideration. Micropaleontology 40, 1–77.
  • Sarjeant, W.A.S. & Stancliffe, R.P.W., 1996: The acritarch genus Polygonium, Vavrdová emend Sarjeant and Stancliffe 1994: a reassessment of its constituent species. Annales de la Société géologique de Belgique 117, 355–369.
  • Sarjeant, W.A.S. & Vavrdová, M., 1997: Taxonomic reconsideration of Multiplicisphaeridium Staplin, 1961 and other acritarch genera with branching processes. Geolines 5, 1–52.
  • Schaarschmidt, F., 1963: Sporen und Hystrichosphaerideen aus dem Zechstein von Büdingen in der Wetterau. Palaeontographica Abteilung B 113, 38–91.
  • Servais, T., Brocke, R., Fatka, O., Le Hérissé, A. & Molyneux, S.G., 1997: Value and meaning of the term Acritarch. Acta Universitatis Carolinae Geologica 40, 631–643.
  • Servais, T., Lehnert, O., Li, J., Mullins, G.L., Munnecke, A., Nützel, A. & Vecoli, M., 2008: The Ordovician biodiversification: revolution in the oceanic trophic chain. Lethaia 41, 99–109.
  • Servais, T., Li, J., Stricanne, L., Vecoli, M. & Wicander, R., 2004: Acritarchs. In B.D. Webby, M.L. Droser, F. Paris & I.G. Percival (eds.): The great Ordovician biodiversification event, 348–360. Columbia University Press, New York.
  • Servais, T., Molyneux, S.G., Li, J., Nowak, H., Rubinstein, C.V., Vecoli, M., Wang, W.H. & Yan, K., 2018: First Appearance Datums (FADs) of selected acritarch taxa and correlation between lower and middle Ordovician stages. Lethaia 51, 228–253.
  • Servais, T., Vecoli, M., Li, J., Molyneux, S.G., Raevskaya, E.G. & Rubinstein, C.V., 2007: The acritarch genus Veryhachium Deunff 1954: taxonomic evaluation and first appearance. Palynology 31, 91–203.
  • Staplin, F.L., Jansonius, J. & Pocock, S.A.J., 1965: Evaluation of some acritarchous hystrichosphere genera. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen 123, 167–201.
  • Stockmans, F. & Willière, Y., 1967: Les Acritarches du Dinantien du sondage de Vieux Leuze à Leuze (Hainaut, Belgique). Bulletin de la Société belge de géologie, de paléontologie et d’hydrologie 75, 233–242.
  • Sullivan, N.B., Loydell, D.K., Montgomery, P., Molyneux, S.G., Zalasiewicz, J., Ratcliffe, K.T., Campbell, E., Griffiths, J.D. & Lewis, G., 2018: A record of late Ordovician to Silurian oceanographic events on the margin of Baltica based on new carbon isotope data, elemental geochemistry, and biostratigraphy from two boreholes in central Poland. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 490, 95–106.
  • Tappan, H. & Loeblich, A.R., 1971: Surface sculpture of the wall in lower Paleozoic acritarchs. Micropaleontology 17, 385–410.
  • Tongiorgi, M., Yin, L.-M. & DiMilia, A., 2003: Lower Yushanian to lower Zhejiangian palynology of the Yangtze Gorges area (Daping and Huanghuachang sections), Hubei Province, South China. Palaeontographica Abteilung B 266, 1–160.
  • Torsvik, T.H. & Cocks, R.M., 2013: Chapter 2. New global palaeogeographical reconstructions for the early Palaeozoic and their generation. In D.A.T. Harper & T. Servais (eds.): Early Palaeozoic Biogeography and Palaeogeography, Geological Society, London, Memoirs 38, 5–24.
  • Torsvik, T.H. & Cocks, R.M., 2017: Earth history and Palaeogeography. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 317 pp.
  • Trela, W. & Szczepanik, Z., 2009: Litologia i zespół akritarchowy formacji z Zalesia w Górach Świętokrzyskich na tle zmian poziomu morza i paleogeografii późnego ordowiku. Przegląd Geologiczny 57, 147–157, (in Polish with English abstract).
  • Turner, R.E., 1984: Acritarchs from the type area of the Ordovician Caradoc Series, Shropshire, England. Palaeontographica Abteilung B 190, 87–157.
  • Tynni, R., 1982: On Paleozoic microfossils in clastic dykes in the Åland Islands and in the core samples of Lumparn. Geological Survey of Finland Bulletin 317, 35–114.
  • Uutela, A., 1989: Age and dispersal of sedimentary erratics on the coast of southwestern Finland. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Finland 349, 1–100.
  • Uutela, A., 2008: Distribution of Cambrian, Ordovician and lowermost Silurian acritarchs. In A. Põldvere (ed.): Estonian Geological Sections Bulletin, Geological Survey of Estonia, Tallin. 9, 18–23.
  • Uutela, A. & Tynni, R., 1991: Ordovician acritarchs from the Rapla borehole, Estonia. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Finland 353, 1–153.
  • Vajda, V., McLoughlin, S., Mays, C., Frank, T.D., Fielding, C.R., Tevyaw, A., Lehsten, V., Bocking, M. & Nicoll, R.S., 2020: End-Permian (252 Mya) deforestation, wildfires and flooding—An ancient biotic crisis with lessons for the present. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 529, Article 115875. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2019.115875external link
  • Vavrdová, M., 1966: Palaeozoic microplankton from central Bohemia. Casopis pro Mineralogii a Geologii 11, 409–414.
  • Vavrdová, M., 1977: Acritarchs from the Šárka Formation (Llanvirnian). Vestnik Ustredniho Ustavu Geologickeho 52, 109–118.
  • Vavrdová, M., 1978: Nethromorphitae and some other acritarchs from the Bohemian Lower Ordovician. Paleontologickà Konference. Karlova University, Prague 77, 61–74.
  • Vecoli, M., 1999: Cambro–Ordovician palynostratigraphy (acritarchs and prasinophytes) of the Hassi–R’Mel area and northern Rhadames Basin, North Africa. Palaeontographia Italica 86, 1–112.
  • Vecoli, M., Beck, J.H. & Strother, P.K., 2015: Palynology of the Ordovician Kanosh Shale at Fossil Mountain, Utah. Journal of Paleontology 89, 424–447.
  • Vecoli, M. & Le Hérissé, A., 2004: Biostratigraphy taxonomic diversity, and patterns of morphological evolution of Ordovician acritarchs (organic-walled microphytoplankton) from the northern Gondwana margin in relation to palaeoclimatic and palaeogeographic changes. Earth-Science Reviews 67, 267–311.
  • Volkova, N.A., 1969: Akritarkhi severo-zapada russkoi platformy [Acritarchs of the northwestern Russian Platform]. In A.Y. Rozanov (ed.): Tommotskii Yarus I Problema Nizhnei Granitsy Kembriya [Tommotian Stage and the Cambrian lower boundary problem], 224–236. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Moscow, Ordena Trudovogo Krasnogo Znameni Geologicheskii Institut, Trudy 206.
  • Wall, D., 1965: Microplankton, pollen, and spores from the lower Jurassic in Britain. Micropaleontology 11, 151–190.
  • Wallin, Å & Hagenfeldt, S.E., 1996: Biostratigraphical investigation of Middle Ordovician acritarchs in the post-impact sequence in the Tvären-2 core, Sweden. GFF 118, 79–82.
  • Wauthoz, B., 2005: Correlation of the 83W421 Kortrijk (Sint-Antonius) and 83w44 Kortrijk (Lust) boreholes with acritarchs (late Aeronian-early Telychian, Silurian, Belgium). Geologica Belgica 8, 176–184.
  • Wicander, E.R., 1974: Upper Devonian-Lower Mississippian acritarchs and prasinophycean algae from Ohio, U.S.A. Palaeontographica Abteilung B 148, 9–43.
  • Wicander, R., Playford, G. & Robertson, E.B., 1999: Stratigraphic and paleogeographic significance of an upper Ordovician acritarch flora from the Maquoketa Shale, northeastern Missouri, USA. Paleontological Society, Memoir 51. Journal of Paleontology 73(suppl. 6), 1–38.
  • Yan, K., Li, J. & Servais, T., 2013: An early-middle Ordovician acritarch and prasinophyte assemblage from Houping, Chongqing city, South China: biostratigraphical and palaeoenvironmental implications. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 198, 110–133.
  • Yan, K., Servais, T. & Li, J., 2010: Revision of the Ordovician acritarch genus Ampullula Righi 1991. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 163, 11–25.
  • Zacaï, A., Monnet, C., Pohl, A., Beaugrand, G., Mullins, G., Kroeck, D.M. & Servais, T., 2021: Truncated bimodal latitudinal diversity gradient in early Paleozoic phytoplankton. Science Advances 7, 1–9.