323
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

No retreat from the heat: temperature-related risk of violent assault is increased by being inside

ORCID Icon, , &
Pages 124-139 | Received 04 May 2022, Accepted 07 Mar 2023, Published online: 14 May 2023

References

  • Allen, J., Anderson, C., & Bushman, B. (2018). The general aggression model. Current Opinion in Psychology, 19, 75–80. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.03.034
  • Amir, M. (1971). Patterns in forcible rape. University of Chicago Press. doi:10.2307/3479629
  • Anderson, C. A. (2012). Climate change and violence. The Encyclopedia of Peace Psychology, 128–132. doi:10.1002/9780470672532.wbepp032
  • Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2013). Socio-economic indexes for areas. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 1 February 2022 from http://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/censushome.nsf/home/seifa
  • Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2014). 4602.0.55.001 – Environmental issues: Energy use and conservation. https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/mf/4602.0.55.001
  • Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2020). TableBuilder – counting persons, place of usual residence, SEIFA deciles, by area and population, IRSD for State Suburbs Australian Bureau of Statistics,. Retrieved 1 February 2022 from https://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/D3310114.nsf/Home/2016%20TableBuilder
  • Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2018). Family, domestic and sexual violence in Australia 2018. Retrieved 1 February 2022 from https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/domestic-violence/family-domestic-sexual-violence-in-australia-2018/summary
  • Barreca, A., Deschenes, O., & Guldi, M. (2018). Maybe next month? Temperature shocks and dynamic adjustments in birth rates. Demography, 55(4), 1269–1293. doi:10.1007/s13524-018-0690-7
  • Bell, P. A. (1992). In defense of the negative affect escape model of heat and aggression. Psychological Bulletin, 111(2), 342–346. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.111.2.342
  • Benson, M., & Fox, G. L. (2004). When violence hits home: How economics and neighborhood play a role, research in brief. National Institute of Justice. doi:10.1037/e308402005-001
  • Blanchard, D. C., & Blanchard, R. J. (1984). Affect and aggression: An animal model applied to human behavior. In R. J. B. D. C. Blanchard (Ed.), Advances in the study of aggression (Vol. 1, pp. 1–62). Academic Press. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-037701-5.50006-4
  • Buchanan, C. M., Eccles, J. S., & Becker, J. B. (1992, Jan). Are adolescents the victims of raging hormones: Evidence for activational effects of hormones on moods and behavior at adolescence. Psychological Bulletin, 111(1), 62–107. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.111.1.62
  • Bureau of Meteorology. (2018). Australian water availability project. Retrieved 1 February 2022 from http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/awap/
  • Carey, R. N., Glass, D. C., Peters, S., Reid, A., Benke, G., Driscoll, T. R., & Fritschi, L. (2014). Occupational exposure to solar radiation in Australia: Who is exposed and what protection do they use? Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 38(1), 54–59. doi:10.1111/1753-6405.12174
  • Centre for air pollution energy and health research. (2020). Centre for air pollution energy and health research. Retrieved 1 February 2022 from https://www.car-cre.org.au
  • Chalfin, A., Danagoulian, S., & Deza, M. (2019). More sneezing, less crime? Health shocks and the market for offenses. Journal of Health Economics, 68, 102230. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2019.102230
  • Coccia, M. (2017). A theory of general causes of violent crime: Homicides, income inequality and deficiencies of the heat hypothesis and of the model of CLASH. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 37, 190–200. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2017.10.005
  • Cohen, L. E., & Felson, M. (1979). Social change and crime rate trends: A routine activity approach. American Sociological Review, 44(4), 588–608. doi:10.2307/2094589
  • Cohn, E. G. (1990). Weather and crime. The British Journal of Criminology, 30(1), 51–64. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjc.a047980
  • Cohn, E. G., Rotton, J., Peterson, A. G., & Tarr, D. B. (2004). Temperature, city size, and the southern subculture of violence: Support for social escape/avoidance (SEA) theory. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 34(8), 1652–1674. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2004.tb02792.x
  • Descallar, J., Muscatello, D. J., Weatherburn, D., Chu, M., & Moffatt, S. (2012). The association between the incidence of emergency department attendances for alcohol problems and assault incidents attended by police in New South Wales, Australia, 2003–2008: A time–series analysis. Addiction, 107(3), 549–556. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03623.x
  • Deutsch, S. J. (1978). 1978/01/01). Stochastic models of crime rates. International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, 2(2), 127–151. doi:10.1080/01924036.1978.9688656
  • DeWall, C. N., Anderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. J. (2012). Aggression. In I. Weiner, H. Tennen, & J. Suls (Eds.), Handbook of psychology (2nd ed.). doi:10.1002/9781118133880.hop205021
  • Farbotko, C., & Waitt, G. (2011). Residential air-conditioning and climate change: Voices of the vulnerable. Health Promotion Journal of Australia, 22(4), 13–15. doi:10.1071/HE11413
  • Fraser, A. M., Chester, M. V., Eisenman, D., Hondula, D. M., Pincetl, S. S., English, P., & Bondank, E. (2017). Household accessibility to heat refuges: Residential air conditioning, public cooled space, and walkability. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, 44(6), 1036–1055. doi:10.1177/0265813516657342
  • Goldsworthy, M., & Poruschi, L. (2019). Air-conditioning in low income households; a comparison of ownership, use, energy consumption and indoor comfort in Australia. Energy and Buildings, 203, 109411. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.109411
  • Gorislavsky, E., & Mares, D. (2021). Climate change and victimization risk: A disaggregated look at NCVS data. International Review of Victimology, 0269758021992675. doi:10.1177/0269758021992675
  • Grech, K., & Burgess, M. (2011). Trends and patterns in domestic violence assaults: 2001 to 2010 (1921824220). Crime and Justice Statistics; Bureau Brief. https://www.bocsar.nsw.gov.au/Documents/BB/bb61.pdf
  • Hagström, H., Widman, L., & von Seth, E. (2019). Association between temperature, sunlight hours and alcohol consumption. PLoS One, 14(9), e0223312. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0223312
  • Harries, K. D., & Stadler, S. J. (1988). Heat and violence: New findings from Dallas field data, 1980–1981. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 18(2), 129–138. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1988.tb00010.x
  • Harries, K. D., Stadler, S. J., & Zdorkowski, R. T. (1984). Seasonality and assault: Explorations in inter-neighborhood variation, Dallas 1980. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 74(4), 590–604. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1984.tb01476.x
  • Hayes, B. E. (2018). Repeat victimization among intimate partner violence victims: The impact of guardianship. Feminist Criminology, 13(2), 138–159. doi:10.1177/1557085116651714
  • Hsiang, S. M., & Burke, M. (2014). Climate, conflict, and social stability: What does the evidence say? Climatic Change, 123(1), 39–55. doi:10.1007/s10584-013-0868-3
  • Hsiang, S. M., Burke, M., & Miguel, E. (2013). Quantifying the influence of climate on human conflict. Science, 341(6151), 1235367. doi:10.1126/science.1235367
  • Jacobs, J. (1961). The death and life of great American cities. New York: The Modern Library.
  • Johnson, K. K., Ju, H. W., & Wu, J. (2016). Young adults’ inferences surrounding an alleged sexual assault: Alcohol consumption, gender, dress, and appearance schematicity. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal, 34(2), 127–142. https://doi.org/10.1177/0887302X15624550
  • Jones, D. A., Wang, W., & Fawcett, R. (2009). High-quality spatial climate data-sets for Australia. Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Journal, 58(4), 233–248. doi:10.22499/2.5804.003
  • Kanikowska, D., Rutkowski, R., Sikorska, D., Orzechowska, Z., Sato, M., Brêborowicz, A., & Witowski, J. (2018). Daily and seasonal rhythms of interleukin 6 and cortisol levels in saliva and some lifestyle habits of medical students in Poland. The FASEB Journal, 32(S1), 905.912–905.912. doi:10.1096/fasebj.2018.32.1_supplement.905.12
  • Kenrick, D. T., & MacFarlane, S. W. (1986). Ambient temperature and horn honking: A field study of the heat/aggression relationship. Environment and Behavior, 18(2), 179–191. doi:10.1177/0013916586182002
  • Kjellstrom, T., Holmer, I., & Lemke, B. (2009). Workplace heat stress, health and productivity – an increasing challenge for low and middle-income countries during climate change. Global Health Action, 2. doi:10.3402/gha.v2i0.2047
  • Knudsen, A. K., & Skogen, J. C. (2015). Monthly variations in self-report of time-specified and typical alcohol use: The Nord-Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT3). BMC Public Health, 15, 1–11. http://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1533-8
  • Köppen, W, Volken, E, & Brönnimann, S. (2011). The thermal zones of the earth according to the duration of hot, moderate and cold periods and to the impact of heat on the organic world. Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 20(3), 351–360. http://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2011/105
  • Krems, J. A., & Varnum, M. E. (2017). More than just climate: Income inequality and sex ratio are better predictors of cross-cultural variations in aggression. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 40. doi:10.1017/S0140525X16001047
  • Lenzen, M., Wier, M., Cohen, C., Hayami, H., Pachauri, S., & Schaeffer, R. (2006). A comparative multivariate analysis of household energy requirements in Australia, Brazil, Denmark, India and Japan. Energy, 31(2–3), 181–207. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2005.01.009
  • Li, H., & Liu, Y. (2016). Neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage and urban public green spaces availability: A localized modeling approach to inform land use policy. Land Use Policy, 57, 470–478. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.06.015
  • Lim, Y. H., Park, M. S., Kim, Y., Kim, H., & Hong, Y. C. (2015). Effects of cold and hot temperature on dehydration: A mechanism of cardiovascular burden. International Journal of Biometeorology, 59(8), 1035–1043. doi:10.1007/s00484-014-0917-2
  • Lundgren, K., Kuklane, K., Gao, C., & Holmer, I. (2013). Effects of heat stress on working populations when facing climate change. Industrial Health, 51(1), 3–15. doi:10.2486/indhealth.2012-0089
  • Lynch, M. J., Stretesky, P. B., Long, M. A., & Barrett, K. L. (2020). The climate change-temperature-crime hypothesis: Evidence from a sample of 15 large US cities, 2002 to 2015. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, doi:10.1177/0306624X20969934
  • Monk, L., & Jones, A. (2014). Alcohol consumption as a risk factor for sexual assault: A retrospective analysis. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 23, 55–61. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2014.01.015
  • Nimbi, F. M., Tripodi, F., Rossi, R., Navarro-Cremades, F., & Simonelli, C. (2020). Male sexual desire: An overview of biological, psychological, sexual, relational, and cultural factors influencing desire. Sexual Medicine Reviews, 8(1), 59–91. doi:10.1016/j.sxmr.2018.12.002
  • NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research. (2020). NSW recorded crime statistics 2016–2020. Retrieved 23 May 2021 from https://www.bocsar.nsw.gov.au/Pages/bocsar_crime_stats/bocsar_lgaexceltables.aspx
  • NSW Government Health. (2020). Heat is a health risk – beat the heat. Retrieved 1 February 2022 from https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/environment/beattheheat/
  • Obradovich, N., Migliorini, R., Mednick, S. C., & Fowler, J. H. (2017). Nighttime temperature and human sleep loss in a changing climate. Science Advances, 3(5), e1601555. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1601555
  • Osgood, D. (2000). Poisson-based regression analysis of aggregate crime rates. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 16, 21–43. doi:10.1023/A:1007521427059
  • Otrachshenko, V., Popova, O., & Tavares, J. (2020). Extreme temperature and extreme violence: Evidence from Russia. Economic Inquiry, 59(1). doi:10.1111/ecin.12936
  • Oxford English Dictionary. “inside, n., adj., adv., and prep.”. Oxford University Press. https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/96816?rskey=OHgLyY&result=2
  • Oxford English Dictionary. “outside, n., adj., adv., and prep.”. Oxford University Press. https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/133978?redirectedFrom=outside
  • Palamarek, D. L., & Gail Rule, B. (1979). The effects of ambient temperature and insult on the motivation to retaliate or escape. Motivation and Emotion, 3(1), 83–92. doi:10.1007/BF00994163
  • R Core Team. (2021). A language and environment for statistical computing. In R Foundation for Statistical Computing https://www.R-project.org/
  • Rotton, J., & Cohn, E. G. (2003). Global warming and US crime rates: An application of routine activity theory. Environment and Behavior, 35(6), 802–825. doi:10.1177/0013916503255565
  • Rotton, J., & Cohn, E. G. (2004). Outdoor temperature, climate control, and criminal assault: The spatial and temporal ecology of violence. Environment and Behavior, 36(2), 276–306. doi:10.1177/0013916503259515
  • R Studio Team. (2020). RStudio: Integrated development for R. https://www.rstudio.com/
  • Straus, M. A., Gelles, R. J., & Steinmetz, S. K. (1988). Behind closed doors: Violence in the American family. Transaction Publishers. doi:10.1093/sw/26.4.353
  • Tiihonen, J., Halonen, P., Tiihonen, L., Kautiainen, H., Storvik, M., & Callaway, J. (2017). The association of ambient temperature and violent crime. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 6543. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-06720-z
  • Venables, W. (2002). Modern applied statistics with S (4th ed.). New York: Springer.
  • Wickham, H. (2016). Ggplot2: Elegant graphics for data analysis. Springer-Verlag New York. ISBN 978-3-319-24277-4, https://ggplot2.tidyverse.org
  • Xu, R., Xiong, X., Abramson, M. J., Li, S., & Guo, Y. (2020). Ambient temperature and intentional homicide: A multi-city case-crossover study in the US. Environment International, 143, 105992. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2020.105992
  • Xu, R., Xiong, X., Abramson, M. J., Li, S., & Guo, Y. (2021). Association between ambient temperature and sex offense: A case-crossover study in seven large US cities, 2007–2017. Sustainable Cities and Society, 69, 102828. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2021.102828
  • Zillmann, D. (2008). Excitation transfer theory. The International Encyclopedia of Communication.
  • Zlatanova, S., Yan, J., Wang, Y., Diakité, A., Isikdag, U., Sithole, G., & Barton, J. (2020). Spaces in spatial science and urban applications—state of the art review. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 9(1), 58. doi:10.3390/ijgi9010058

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.