Bibliography
- Abrahams, R. G. The Peoples of Greater Unyamwezi, Tanzania (Nyamwezi, Sukuma, Sumbwa, Kimbu, Konongo). Ethnographic Survey of Africa: East Central Africa, Pt. 17. London: Routledge, 2017. doi:10.4324/9781315309538.
- Africa Confidential. “Laying Down the Law: Arrests of Dissidents and Plans to Restrict Political Freedom Show Magufuli's Authoritarian Intent.” November 22, 2017. https://www.africa-confidential.com.
- Africa Confidential. “The Magufuli Experiment,” 2020. https://www.africa-confidential.com/article-preview/id/12958/The_Magufuli_experiment.
- Andreoni, Antonio. “Anti-Corruption in Tanzania: A Political Settlements Analysis.” Anti-Corruption Evidence (ACE). University of London: SOAS Consortium, September 1, 2017. https://ace.soas.ac.uk/working-paper-1/.
- Andrews, Sarah, and Lauren Honig. “Elite Defection and Grassroots Democracy Under Competitive Authoritarianism: Evidence from Burkina Faso.” Democratization; Abingdon 26, no. 4 (2019): 626–44. doi:10.1080/13510347.2019.1566322.
- Anonymous Author. “Tanzania Search for Missing Millions Raises Questions over $1 Billion.” African Arguments, February 13, 2019. https://africanarguments.org/2019/02/13/tanzania-search-missing-millions-reveals-missing-billion/.
- Babeiya, Edwin. “Multiparty Elections and Party Support in Tanzania.” Journal of Asian and African Studies 47, no. 1 (2012): 83–100. doi:10.1177/0021909611418309.
- Baturo, Alexander, and Johan A. Elkink. “Dynamics of Regime Personalization and Patron–Client Networks in Russia, 1999–2014.” Post-Soviet Affairs 32, no. 1 (2016): 75–98. doi:10.1080/1060586X.2015.1032532.
- Bayulgen, Oksan, Ekim Arbatli, and Sercan Canbolat. “Elite Survival Strategies and Authoritarian Reversal in Turkey.” Polity 50, no. 3 (2018): 333–65. doi:10.1086/698203.
- Blaydes, Lisa. Elections and Distributive Politics in Mubarak’s Egypt. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
- Brownlee, Jason. Authoritarianism in an Age of Democratization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
- Brownlee, Jason. “Hereditary Succession in Modern Autocracies.” World Politics 59, no. 4 (2008): 595–628. doi:10.1353/wp.2008.0002.
- Brunkert, Lennart, and Christian von Soest. “Praising the Leader: Personalist Legitimation Strategies and the Deterioration of Executive Constraints.” Democratization 30, no. 3 (2023): 419–39. doi:10.1080/13510347.2022.2150760.
- Casal Bértoa, Fernando. “Political Parties or Party Systems? Assessing the ‘Myth’ of Institutionalisation and Democracy.” West European Politics 40, no. 2 (2017): 402–29. doi:10.1080/01402382.2016.1216921.
- Chama Cha Mapinduzi. Katiba Ya Chama Cha Mapinduzi 1977, Toleo La 2017. Constitution of the CCM, 2017.
- Cheeseman, Nic, Hilary Matfess, and Alitalali Amani. “Tanzania: The Roots of Repression.” Journal of Democracy 32, no. 2 (2021): 77–89. doi:10.1353/jod.2021.0020.
- Collord, Michaela. “Wealth, Power and Institutional Change in Tanzania’s Parliament.” African Affairs 121, no. 482 (2022): 1–28. doi:10.1093/afraf/adac008.
- El-Noshokaty, Daniel. “Präsident Magufuli Macht Sich Feinde Im Eigenen Lager.” Foundation Office Tanzania, April 19, 2017. https://www.kas.de/en/web/tansania/laenderberichte/detail/-/content/praesident-magufuli-macht-sich-feinde-im-eigenen-lager.
- Francois, Patrick, Ilia Rainer, and Francesco Trebbi. “How is Power Shared in Africa?” Econometrica 83, no. 2 (2015): 465–503. doi:10.3982/ECTA11237.
- Fumagalli, Matteo. “Social Contention, Authoritarian Resilience, and Political Change.” Democratization 24, no. 6 (2017): 1215–23. doi:10.1080/13510347.2016.1259217.
- Gandhi, Jennifer. Political Institutions Under Dictatorship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
- Gandhi, Jennifer, Ben Noble, and Milan Svolik. “Legislatures and Legislative Politics without Democracy.” Comparative Political Studies 53, no. 9 (2020): 1359–79. doi:10.1177/0010414020919930.
- Geddes, Barbara. “What Do We Know About Democratization After Twenty Years?” Annual Review of Political Science 2, no. 1 (1999): 115–44. doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.2.1.115.
- Geddes, Barbara, Joseph Wright, and Erica Frantz. “A Measure of Personalism in Dictatorships.” Working Paper, 2017. https://Cpb-Us-E1.Wpmucdn.Com/Sites.Psu.Edu/Dist/0/12570/Files/2017/10/PersMeasure-1ph2gwp.Pdf.
- Geddes, Barbara, Joseph Wright, and Erica Frantz. “Autocratic Breakdown and Regime Transitions: A New Data Set.” Perspectives on Politics 12, no. 02 (2014): 313–31. doi:10.1017/S1537592714000851.
- Gray, Hazel S. “The Political Economy of Grand Corruption in Tanzania.” African Affairs 114, no. 456 (2015): 382–403. doi:10.1093/afraf/adv017.
- Grundholm, Alexander Taaning. “Taking It Personal? Investigating Regime Personalization as an Autocratic Survival Strategy.” Democratization 27, no. 5 (2020): 797–815. doi:10.1080/13510347.2020.1737677.
- Hill, J. N. C. “Authoritarian Resilience and Regime Cohesion in Morocco After the Arab Spring.” Middle Eastern Studies 55, no. 2 (2019): 276–88. doi:10.1080/00263206.2018.1538967.
- Huang-Ting, Yan. “Does the Constitution Matter? Semi-Presidentialism and the Origin of Hegemonic Personalist Regimes.” International Political Science Review: IPSR 41, no. 3 (2020): 365–84. doi:10.1177/0192512119829160.
- Jacob, Thabit, and Rasmus Hundsbæk Pedersen. “New Resource Nationalism?: Continuity and Change in Tanzania’s Extractive Industries.” The Extractive Industries and Society 5, no. 2 (2018): 287–92. doi:10.1016/j.exis.2018.02.001.
- Kendall-Taylor, Andrea, Erica Frantz, and Joseph Wright. “The Global Rise of Personalized Politics: It’s Not Just Dictators Anymore.” The Washington Quarterly 40, no. 1 (2017): 7–19. doi:10.1080/0163660X.2017.1302735.
- Khisa, Moses. “Managing Elite Defection in Museveni’s Uganda: The 2016 Elections in Perspective.” Journal of Eastern African Studies 10, no. 4 (2016): 729–48. doi:10.1080/17531055.2016.1272288.
- Kimboy, F. “Kinana, Makamba and Membe to be Grilled by CCM Disciplinary Committee.” The Citizen, December 13, 2019. https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/news/Kinana--Makamba-and-Membe-to-be-grilled-by-CCM/1840340-5384932-oo5dlm/index.html.
- Kwayu, Aikande Clement. “Tanzania’s COVID-19 Response Puts Magufuli’s Leadership Style in Sharp Relief.” The Conversation. Accessed January 16, 2023. http://theconversation.com/tanzanias-covid-19-response-puts-magufulis-leadership-style-in-sharp-relief-139417.
- Lachapelle, Jean, Link zu externer Website (Anzeige in neuem Fenster), Steven Levitsky, Lucan A. Way, and Adam E. Casey. “Social Revolution and Authoritarian Durability.” World Politics 72, no. 4 (2020): 557–600. doi:10.1017/S0043887120000106.
- Levitsky, Steven R., and Lucan A. Way. “Beyond Patronage: Violent Struggle, Ruling Party Cohesion, and Authoritarian Durability.” Perspectives on Politics; Cambridge 10, no. 4 (2012): 869–89. doi:10.1017/S1537592712002861.
- Lührmann, Anna, and Staffan I. Lindberg. “A Third Wave of Autocratization is Here: What is New About It?” Democratization 26, no. 7 (2019): 1095–1113. doi:10.1080/13510347.2019.1582029.
- Magaloni, Beatriz, and Ruth Kricheli. “Political Order and One-Party Rule.” Annual Review of Political Science 13, no. 1 (2010): 123–43. doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.031908.220529.
- Magufuli, J. Hotuba ya Rais wa Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania, Mheshimiwa Dkt. John Pombe Joseph Magufuli, akifungua rasmi Bunge jipya la Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania, Dodoma. November 2015. https://www.tanzania.go.tz/home/pages/2836/60.
- Makulilo, Alexander. “Authoritarian Stability Across Space: The Case of Tanzania.” Zeitschrift Für Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft 10 (2016). doi:10.1007/s12286-015-0255-8.
- Masare, A. “President Magufuli Takes a Breather from Campaigns.” The Citizen, September 11, 2020b. Retrieved from https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/news/President-Magufuli-takes-a-breather-from-campaigns/1840340-5622374-eql3tt/index.html.
- Masiya, Tyanai, and Godfrey Maringira. “The Use of Heroism in the Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front (Zanu-Pf) Intra-Party Factional Dynamics.” Strategic Review for Southern Africa; Pretoria 39, no. 2 (2017): 3–24.
- Morgenbesser, Lee. “Misclassification on the Mekong: The Origins of Hun Sen’s Personalist Dictatorship.” Democratization 25, no. 2 (2018): 191–208. doi:10.1080/13510347.2017.1289178.
- Morse, Yonatan L. “Electoral Authoritarianism and Weak States in Africa: The Role of Parties Versus Presidents in Tanzania and Cameroon.” International Political Science Review 39, no. 1 (2018): 114–29. doi:10.1177/0192512117692322.
- Morse, Yonatan L. How Autocrats Compete: Parties, Patrons, and Unfair Elections in Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018. doi:10.1017/9781108596817.
- Mtulya, A. “Magufuli’s Cabinet Leanest in 20yrs, 7 JK Ministers Back.” The Citizen, December 11, 2015. https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/news/Magufuli-s-Cabinet-leanest-in-20yrs-−7-JK-ministers-back/1840340-2992280-54e8ftz/index.html.
- O’Gorman, Melanie. “Why the CCM Won’t Lose: The Roots of Single-Party Dominance in Tanzania.” Journal of Contemporary African Studies 30, no. 2 (2012): 313–33. doi:10.1080/02589001.2012.669566.
- Paget, Dan. “Again, Making Tanzania Great: Magufuli’s Restorationist Developmental Nationalism.” Democratization 27, no. 7 (2020): 1240–60. doi:10.1080/13510347.2020.1779223.
- Paget, Dan. “Tanzania: Shrinking Space and Opposition Protest.” Journal of Democracy; Baltimore 28, no. 3 (2017): 153–67. doi:10.1353/jod.2017.0053.
- Pallotti, Arrigo. “Lost in Transition? CCM and Tanzania’s Faltering Democratisation Process.” Journal of Contemporary African Studies 35, no. 4 (2017): 544–64. doi:10.1080/02589001.2017.1376043.
- Panta, Gianni Del. “The Stubbornness of Authoritarianism: Autocracy-to-Autocracy Transitions in the World Between 2000 and 2015.” Italian Political Science Review / Rivista Italiana Di Scienza Politica 49, no. 2 (2019): 139–55. doi:10.1017/ipo.2019.7.
- Pepinsky, Thomas. “The Institutional Turn in Comparative Authoritarianism.” British Journal of Political Science 44, no. 3 (2014): 631–53. doi:10.1017/S0007123413000021.
- Pitcher, Anne, Mary H. Moran, and Michael Johnston. “Rethinking Patrimonialism and Neopatrimonialism in Africa.” African Studies Review 52, no. 1 (2009): 125–56. doi:10.1353/arw.0.0163.
- Reuter, Ora, and Rostislav Turovsky. “Dominant Party Rule and Legislative Leadership in Authoritarian Regimes.” Party Politics 20, no. 5 (2014): 663–74. doi:10.1177/1354068812448689.
- Shirk, Susan L. “China in Xi’s ‘New Era’: The Return to Personalistic Rule.” Journal of Democracy 29, no. 2 (2018): 22–36. doi:10.1353/jod.2018.0022.
- Slater, Dan. “Iron Cage in an Iron Fist: Authoritarian Institutions and the Personalization of Power in Malaysia.” Comparative Politics 36, no. 1 (2003): 81–101. doi:10.2307/4150161.
- Smith, Benjamin. “Life of the Party: The Origins of Regime Breakdown and Persistence Under Single-Party Rule.” World Politics 57, no. 3 (2005): 421–51. doi:10.1353/wp.2006.0004.
- Sulley, Consolata R. “Democracy Within Parties: Electoral Consequences of Candidate Selection Methods in Tanzania.” Party Politics 28, no. 2 (2022): 261–71. doi:10.1177/13540688211041042.
- The Citizen. “The Spotlight Now Turns on CCM’s New Strategist.” June 6, 2018. https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/News/-The-spotlight-now-turns-on-CCM-s-new-strategist/1840406-4598378-u7rkk8/index.html.
- The Citizen. “Missing Finance Ministry Director Found Dead.” The Citizen, July 30, 2019. https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/news/1840340-5215814-98um40/index.html.
- The Citizen. “CCM National Delegates Conference in Dodoma.” July 11, 2020. https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/photo/1846146-5593184-tf3wqqz/index.html.
- The Citizen. “Phillip Mangula Makes First Public Appearance Months After Poisoning Claims.” May 30, 2020. https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/news/Phillip-Mangula-makes-first-public-appearance/1840386-5567526-b11himz/index.html.
- The Citizen Reporter. “JPM picks key confidant Treasury PS.” The Citizen, September 1, 2016. https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/news/JPM-picks-key-confidant-Treasury-PS/1840340-3365018-4wyyxw/index.html.
- The Citizen Reporter. “Who’s Next in Magufuli’s Crosshairs?” The Citizen, March 24, 2017. https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/news/Who-s-next-in-Magufuli-s-crosshairs-/1840340-3862834-6ex5a6/index.html.
- The Citizen Reporter. “Mixed Reactions Greet Appointment of New Tanzania Controller and Auditor General.” The Citizen, November 3, 2019. https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/news/1840340-5335220-9t6axe/index.html.
- Therkildsen, Ole, and Ane Caroline Bak. “Democratisation in Tanzania: No Elections without Tax Exemptions.” Working Paper 98. International Center for Tax and Development, 2019. https://www.ictd.ac/publication/democratisation-in-tanzania-no-elections-without-exemptions/.
- Thompson, Gardner. African Democracy. Its Origins and Development in Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania. Kampala: Fountain Publishers, 2016.
- Wahman, Michael, Jan Teorell, and Axel Hadenius. “Authoritarian Regime Types Revisited: Updated Data in Comparative Perspective.” Contemporary Politics 19, no. 1 (2013): 19–34. doi:10.1080/13569775.2013.773200.
- Whitehead, Richard. “Historical Legacies, Clientelism and the Capacity to Fight: Exploring Pathways to Regime Tenure in Tanzania.” Democratization 19, no. 6 (2012): 1086–1116. doi:10.1080/13510347.2011.626913.
- Yamola, I. “Membe: What Tanzania Needs for Elections to Be Truly Free, Fair.” The Citizen, March 20, 2020. https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/news/-Membe--What-Tanzsania-needs-for-elections-to-be-truly-free/1840340-5498048-155elv3z/index.html.
- Yilmaz, Ihsan, Mehmet Efe Caman, and Galib Bashirov. “How an Islamist Party Managed to Legitimate Its Authoritarianization in the Eyes of the Secularist Opposition: The Case of Turkey.” Democratization 27, no. 2 (2020): 265–82. doi:10.1080/13510347.2019.1679772.