Features of the metabolic syndrome and the risk of cardiovascular disease

References

• Expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (adult treatment panel III). 2001. Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP). Journal of the American Medical Association, 285:2486–2497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ascaso JF, Romero P, Real JT, Priego A, Valdecabres C, Carmena R. Insulin resistance quantification by fasting insulin plasma values and HOMA index in a non-diabetic population]. Medical Clinics (Barcelona) 2001; 117: 530–533
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Austin MA, Rodriguez BL, McKnight B, McNeely MJ, Edwards KL, Curb JD, Sharp DS. Low-density lipoprotein particle size, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol as risk factors for coronary heart disease in older Japanese-American men. American Journal of Cardiology 2000; 86: 412–416
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Best JD, Alford FP, Martin IK, Pestell RG, Ward GM. Practical application of methods for in vivo assessment of insulin secretion and action. Hormone and Metabolic Research 1990; Suppl 24: 60–66
   Google Scholar
• Carey DG, Jenkins AB, Campbell LV, Freund J, Chisholm DJ. Abdominal fat and insulin resistance in normal and overweight women: direct measurements reveal a strong relationship in subjects at both low and high risk of NIDDM. Diabetes 1996; 45: 633–638
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Despres JP. Inflammation and cardiovascular disease: is abdominal obesity the missing link?. International Journal of Obesity Related Metabolic Disorders 2003; 27(Suppl 3)S22–S24
   Google Scholar
• Despres JP, Lamarche B, Mauriege P, Cantin B, Dagenais GR, Moorjani S, Lupien PJ. Hyperinsulinemia as an independent risk factor for ischemic heart disease. New England Journal of Medicine 1996; 334: 952–957
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford ES, Giles WH, Dietz WH. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Journal of the American Medical Association 2002; 287: 356–359
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanley AJ, Wagenknecht LE, D'Agostino RB, Jr, Zinman B, Haffner SM. Identification of subjects with insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction using alternative definitions of the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes 2003; 52: 2740–2747
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hokanson JE, Austin MA. Plasma triglyceride level is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease independent of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level: a meta-analysis of population-based prospective studies. Journal of Cardiovascular Risk 1996; 3: 213–219
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hu G, Qiao Q, Tuomilehto J, Balkau B, Borch-Johnsen K, Pyorala K. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and its relation to all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in nondiabetic European men and women. Archives of Internal Medicine 2004; 164: 1066–1076
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt KJ, Resendez RG, Williams K, Haffner SM, Stern MP. National Cholesterol Education Program versus World Health Organization metabolic syndrome in relation to all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in the San Antonio Heart Study. Circulation 2004; 110: 1251–1257
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isomaa B, Almgren P, Tuomi T, Forsen B, Lahti K, Nissen M, Taskinen MR, Groop L. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care 2001; 24: 683–689
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kylin E. Studien ueber das Hypertonie-Hyperglykämie-Hyperurikämiesyndrom. Zentralblatt fuer Innere Medizin 1923; 44: 105–127
   Google Scholar
• Lamarche B, Cantin B, Mauriege P, Dagenais GR, Després JP. Variability in the risk of ischemic heart disease associated with moderate hypertriglyceridemia: the Quebec Cardiovascular Study. Circulation 1999; 100: I–738
   Google Scholar
• Lamarche B, Moorjani S, Lupien PJ, Cantin B, Bernard PM, Dagenais GR, Després JP. Apolipoprotein A-I and B levels and the risk of ischemic heart disease during a five-year follow-up of men in the Québec Cardiovascular Study. Circulation 1996; 94: 273–278
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamarche B, St Pierre AC, Ruel IL, Cantin B, Dagenais GR, Despres JP. A prospective, population-based study of low density lipoprotein particle size as a risk factor for ischemic heart disease in men. Canadian Journal of Cardiology 2001; 17: 859–865
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamarche B, Tchernof A, Mauriege P, Cantin B, Dagenais GR, Lupien PJ, Despres JP. Fasting insulin and apolipoprotein B levels and low-density lipoprotein particle size as risk factors for ischemic heart disease. Journal of the American Medical Association 1998; 279: 1955–1961
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemieux I, Pascot A, Couillard C, Lamarche B, Tchernof A, Almeras N, Bergeron J, Gaudet D, Tremblay G, Prud'homme D, Nadeau A, Despres JP. Hypertriglyceridemic waist: a marker of the atherogenic metabolic triad (hyperinsulinemia; hyperapolipoprotein B; small, dense LDL) in men?. Circulation 2000; 102: 179–184
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reaven GM. Banting lecture 1988. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes 1988a; 37: 1595–1607
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reaven GM. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes 1988b; 37: 1495–1507
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reaven GM. The insulin resistance syndrome. Current Atherosclerapy Reports 2003; 5: 364–371
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Robins SJ, Rubins HB, Faas FH, Schaefer EJ, Elam MB, Anderson JW, Collins D. Insulin resistance and cardiovascular events with low HDL cholesterol: the Veterans Affairs HDL Intervention Trial (VA-HIT). Diabetes Care 2003; 26: 1513–1517
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruige JB, Assendelft WJ, Dekker JM, Kostense PJ, Heine RJ, Bouter LM. Insulin and risk of cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis. Circulation 1998; 97: 996–1001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaefer EJ, Lamon-Fava S, Cohn SD, Schaefer MM, Ordovas JM, Castelli WP, Wilson PW. Effects of age, gender, and menopausal status on plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein B levels in the Framingham Offspring Study. Journal of Lipid Research 1994; 35: 779–792
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sniderman AD. Applying apoB to the diagnosis and therapy of the atherogenic dyslipoproteinemias: a clinical diagnostic algorithm. Current Opinions in Lipidology 2004; 15: 433–438
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sniderman AD, St Pierre AC, Cantin B, Dagenais GR, Despres JP, Lamarche B. Concordance/discordance between plasma apolipoprotein B levels and the cholesterol indexes of atherosclerotic risk. American Journal of Cardiology 2003; 91: 1173–1177
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• St-Pierre AC, Ruel IL, Cantin B, Dagenais GR, Després JP, Lamarche B. Comparison of various electrophoretic characteristics of LDL particles and their relationship to the risk of ischemic heart disease. Circulation 2001; 104: 2295–2299
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tchernof A, Lamarche B, Nadeau A, Moorjani S, Labrie F, Lupien PJ, Després JP. The dense LDL phenotype: association with plasma lipoprotein levels, visceral obesity and hyperinsulinemia in men. Diabetes Care 1996; 19: 629–637
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walldius G, Jungner I, Holme I, Aastveit AH, Kolar W, Steiner E. High apolipoprotein B, low apolipoprotein A-I, and improvement in the prediction of fatal myocardial infarction (AMORIS study): a prospective study. Lancet 2001; 358: 2026–2033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westerveld HT, van Lennep JE, van Lennep HW, Liem AH, de Boo JA, van der Schouw YT, Erkelens DW. Apolipoprotein B and coronary artery disease in women: a cross-sectional study in women undergoing their first coronary angiography. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis Vascular Biology 1998; 18: 1101–1107
   Google Scholar
• Wilson PW, Kannel WB, Silbershatz H, D'Agostino RB. Clustering of metabolic factors and coronary heart disease. Archives of Internal Medicine 1999; 159: 1104–1109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organisation. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Department of Noncommunicable Disease Surveillance, Geneva 1999
   Google Scholar
• Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, Dans T, Avezum A, Lanas F, McQueen M, Budaj A, Pais P, Varigos J, Lisheng L. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet 2004; 364: 937–952
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar