Opiates, immune system, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and nonhuman primate model

References

• Bell J E, Arango J C, Anthony I C. Neurobiology of multiple insults: HIV-1-associated brain disorders in those who use illicit drugs. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2006; 1: 182–191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell J E, Brettle R P, Chiswick A, Simmonds P. HIV encephalitis, proviral load and dementia in drug users and homosexuals with AIDS. Effect of neocortical involvement. Brain 1998; 121: 2043–2052
   Google Scholar
• Bouwman F H, Skolasky R L, Hes D, Selnes O A, Glass J D, Nance-Sproson T E, Royal W, Dal Pan G J, McArthur J C. Variable progression of HIV-associated dementia. Neurology 1998; 50: 1814–1820
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carr D J, France C P. Immune alterations in chronic morphine-treated rhesus monkeys. Adv Exp Med Biol 1993a; 335: 35–39
   Google Scholar
• Carr D J, France C P. Immune alterations in morphine-treated rhesus monkeys. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther 1993b; 267: 9–15
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report, 2005, vol. 17, revised edition. US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta 2007
   Google Scholar
• Cho M W, Lee M K, Carney M C, Berson J F, Doms R W, Martin M A. Identification of determinants on a dualtropic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein that confer usage of CXCR4. J Virol 1998; 72: 2509–2515
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chuang L F, Killam K F, Jr, Chuang R Y. Increased replication of simian immunodeficiency virus in CEM x174 cells by morphine sulfate. Biochem. Biophys. Res Commun. 1993; 195: 1165–1173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chuang R Y, Suzuki S, Chuang T K, Miyagi T, Chuang L F, Doi R H. Opioids and the progression of simian AIDS. Front Biosci 2005; 10: 1666–1677
   Google Scholar
• Deacon N J, Tsykin A, Solomon A, Smith K, Ludford-Menting M, Hooker D J, McPhee D A, Greenway A L, Ellett A, Chatfield C, Lawson V A, Crowe S, Maerz A, Sonza S, Learmont J, Sullivan J S, Cunningham A, Dwyer D, Dowton D, Mills J. Genomic structure of an attenuated quasi species of HIV-1 from a blood transfusion donor and recipients. Science 1995; 270: 988–991
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donahoe R M, Byrd L D, McClure H M, Fultz P, Brantley M, Marsteller F, Ansari A A, Wenzel D, Aceto M. Consequences of opiate-dependency in a monkey model of AIDS. Adv Exp Med Biol 1993; 335: 21–28
   Google Scholar
• Donahoe R M, Vlahov D. Opiates as potential cofactors in progression of HIV-1 infections to AIDS. J Neuroimmunol 1998; 83: 77–87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman H, Pross S, Klein T W. Addictive drugs and their relationship with infectious diseases. FEMS Immunol Med MicroBiol 2006; 47: 330–342
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gaveriaux-Ruff C, Matthes H W, Peluso J, Kieffer B L. Abolition of morphine-immunosuppression in mice lacking the mu-opioid receptor gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A 1998; 95: 6326–6330
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo C J, Li Y, Tian S, Wang X, Douglas S D, Ho W Z. Morphine enhances HIV infection of human blood mononuclear phagocytes through modulation of beta-chemokines and CCR5 receptor. J Investig Med 2002; 50: 435–442
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho W Z, Guo C J, Yuan C S, Douglas S D, Moss J. Methylnaltrexone Antagonizes opioid-mediated enhancement of HIV Infection of human blood mononuclear phagocytes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 307: 1158–1162
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu Q X, Barry A P, Wang Z X, Connolly S M, Peiper S C, Greenberg M L. Evolution of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope during infection reveals molecular corollaries of specificity for coreceptor utilization and AIDS pathogenesis. J. Virol. 2000; 74: 11858–11872
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapadia F, Vlahov D, Donahoe R M, Friedland G. The role of substance abuse in HIV disease progression: reconciling differences from laboratory and epidemiologic investigations. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2005; 41: 1027–1034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kestler H W, III, Ringler D J, Mori K, Panicali D L, Sehgal P K, Daniel M D, Desrosiers R C. Importance of the nef gene for maintenance of high virus loads and for development of AIDS. Cell. 1991; 65: 51–662
   Google Scholar
• Killam K F, Chuang L F, Chuang R Y. Opioid dependency and the progression of simian AIDS: opioid dependency and behavioral observations. Adv Exp Med Biol 1996; 402: 43–51
   Google Scholar
• Kumar R, Orsoni S, Norman L, Verma A S, Tirado G, Giavedoni L D, Staprans S, Miller G M, Buch S J, Kumar A. Chronic morphine exposure causes pronounced virus replication in cerebral compartment and accelerated onset of AIDS in SIV/SHIV-infected Indian rhesus macaques. Virology. 2006; 354: 192–206
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar R, Torres C, Yamamura Y, Rodriguez I, Martinez M, Staprans S, Donahoe R M, Kraiselburd E, Stephens E B, Kumar A. Modulation by morphine of viral set point in rhesus macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus and simian-human immunodeficiency virus. J Virol. 2004; 78: 11425–11428
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y, Merrill J D, Mooney K, Song L, Wang X, Guo C J, Savani R C, Metzger D S, Douglas S D, Ho W Z. Morphine enhances HIV infection of neonatal macrophages. Pediatr. Res 2003; 54: 282–288
   Google Scholar
• Li Y, Wang X, Tian S, Guo C J, Douglas S D, Ho W Z. Methadone enhances human immunodeficiency virus infection of human immune cells. J Infect Dis 2002; 185: 118–122
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacFarlane A S, Peng X, Meissler J J, Jr, Rogers T J, Geller E B, Adler M W, Eisenstein T K. Morphine increases susceptibility to oral Salmonella typhimurium infection. J Infect Dis 2000; 181: 1350–1358
   Google Scholar
• Mackay G A, Niu Y, Liu Z Q, Mukherjee S, Li Z, Adany I, Buch S, Zhuge W, McClure H M, Narayan O, Smith M S. Presence of Intact vpu and nef genes in nonpathogenic SHIV is essential for acquisition of pathogenicity of this virus by serial passage in macaques. Virology. 2002; 295: 133–146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madden J J, Wang Y, Lankford-Turner P, Donahoe R M. Does reduced DNA repair capacity play a role in HIV infection and progression in the lymphocytes of opiate addicts?. J Acquir. Immune. Defic. Syndr. 2002; 31(Suppl 2)S78–S83; S78–S83
   Google Scholar
• Marcario J K, Riazi M, Adany I, Kenjale H, Fleming K, Marquis J, Nemon O, Mayo M S, Yankee T, Narayan O, Cheney P D. Effect of morphine on the neuropathogenesis of SIVmac infection in Indian Rhesus Macaques. J. Neuroimmune. Pharmacol. 2008; 3: 12–25
   Google Scholar
• Matta S, Saphier D, Lysle D, Sharp B. The brain-immune axis: role of opiates and other substances of abuse, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and behavior. Adv Exp Med Biol 1995; 373: 1–9
   Google Scholar
• Noel R J, Jr, Kumar A. Virus replication and disease progression inversely correlate with SIV tat evolution in morphine-dependent and SIV/SHIV-infected Indian rhesus macaques. Virology. 2006; 346: 127–138
   Google Scholar
• Noel R J, Jr, Kumar A. SIV Vpr evolution is inversely related to disease progression in a morphine-dependent rhesus macaque model of AIDS. Virology. 2007; 359: 397–404
   Google Scholar
• Noel R J, Jr, Marrero-Otero Z, Kumar R, Chompre-Gonzalez G S, Verma A S, Kumar A. Correlation between SIV Tat evolution and AIDS progression in cerebrospinal fluid of morphine-dependent and control macaques infected with SIV and SHIV. Virology. 2006a; 349: 440–452
   Google Scholar
• Noel R J, Jr, Toro-Bahamonde A, Marrero-Otero Z, Kumar R, Kumar A. Lack of Correlation Between SIV Nef Evolution and Rapid Disease Progression in Morphine-Dependent Non-Human Primate Model of AIDS. AIDS Res Hum. Retroviruses 2006b; 22: 817–823
   Google Scholar
• Ocasio F M, Jiang Y, House S D, Chang S L. Chronic morphine accelerates the progression of lipopolysaccharide-induced sepsis to septic shock. J Neuroimmunol 2004; 149: 90–100
   Google Scholar
• Peterson P K, Gekker G, Hu S, Anderson W R, Kravitz F, Portoghese P S, Balfour H H, Jr, Chao C C. Morphine amplifies HIV-1 expression in chronically infected promonocytes cocultured with human brain cells. J. Neuroimmunol. 1994; 50: 167–175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson P K, Gekker G, Schut R, Hu S, Balfour H H, Jr, Chao C C. Enhancement of HIV-1 replication by opiates and cocaine: the cytokine connection. Adv Exp Med Biol 1993; 335: 181–8; 181–188
   Google Scholar
• Peterson P K, Sharp B M, Gekker G, Portoghese P S, Sannerud K, Balfour H H, Jr. Morphine promotes the growth of HIV-1 in human peripheral blood mononuclear cell cocultures. AIDS 1990; 4: 869–873
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rivera-Amill V, Noel R J, Jr, Orsini S, Tirado G, Garcia J M, Buch S, Kumar A. Variable region 4 of SIV envelope correlates with rapid disease progression in morphine-exposed macaques infected with SIV/SHIV. Virology 2007; 358: 373–383
   Google Scholar
• Ronald P J, Robertson J R, Elton R A. Continued drug use and other cofactors for progression to AIDS among injecting drug users. AIDS 1994; 8: 339–343
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharp B M. Opioid receptor expression and intracellular signaling by cells involved in host defense and immunity. Adv Exp Med Biol 2003; 521: 98–105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singhal P, Kapasi A, Reddy K, Franki N. Opiates promote T cell apoptosis through JNK and caspase pathway. Adv Exp Med Biol 2001; 493: 127–135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smyth R J, Yi Y, Singh A, Collman R G. Determinants of entry cofactor utilization and tropism in a dualtropic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 primary isolate. J Virol 1998; 72: 4478–4484
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stefano G B, Scharrer B, Smith E M, Hughes T K, Jr, Magazine H I, Bilfinger T V, Hartman A R, Fricchione G L, Liu Y, Makman M H. Opioid and opiate immunoregulatory processes. Crit Rev Immunol 1996; 16: 109–144
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki S, Chuang A J, Chuang L F, Doi R H, Chuang R Y. Morphine promotes simian acquired immunodeficiency syndrome virus replication in monkey peripheral mononuclear cells: induction of CC chemokine receptor 5 expression for virus entry. J Infect Dis 2002; 185: 1826–1829
   Google Scholar
• Tirado G, Jove G, Kumar R, Noel R J, Reyes E, Sepulveda G, Yamamura Y, Kumar A. Compartmentalization of drug resistance-associated mutations in a treatment-naive HIV-infected female. AIDS Res Hum. Retroviruses 2004; 20: 684–686
   Google Scholar
• Tirado G, Kumar A. Evolution of SIV envelope in morphine-dependent rhesus macaques with rapid disease progression. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2006; 22: 114–119
   Google Scholar
• Vallejo R, Leon-Casasola O, Benyamin R. Opioid therapy and immunosuppression: a review. Am J Ther 2004; 11: 354–365
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang X, Tan N, Douglas S D, Zhang T, Wang Y J, Ho W Z. Morphine inhibits CD8+ T cell-mediated, noncytolytic, anti-HIV activity in latently infected immune cells. J Leukoc Biol 2005; 78: 772–776
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar