Peripheral Nerve Dysfunction in Farmers Using Organophosphate Sheep Dip

References

• Zuckerman Report. Toxic Chemicals in Agriculture. London: HMSO, 1951.
   Google Scholar
• Maroni M. Organophosphat e Pesticides. In: Alessio A, Berlin M, Boni M, Roi R (eds.). Biological indicator s for the assessmen t of human exposur e to industria l chemicals. Joint Research Centre Ispra Establishment. EUR 10704 EN, 1986.
   Google Scholar
• Stephens R, Spurgeon A, Calvert IA, Beach J, Levy LS, Berry H, and Harringto n JM. Neuropsycho - logical effects of long-ter m exposur e to organophosphate s in sheep dip [see comments]. Lancet 1995; 345: 1135–9.
   Google Scholar
• Jamal GA. Long term neurotoxi c effects of organophosphat e compounds. Adverse Drug React Toxicol Rev 1995; 14: 85–99.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jamal GA. Neurologica l syndrome s of organophosphoru s compounds. Adverse Drug React Toxicol Rev 1997; 16: 133–70.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Taylor P. Anticholinesteras e agents. In: Gilman AG, Goodman LS, Gilman A (eds.). Goodman and Gilman’s The Pharmacologica l Basis of Therapeutics. New York: Macmillan, 1980: 100–19.
   Google Scholar
• Senanayake N, Karallidde L. Neurotoxi c effects of organophosphoru s insecticides. an intermediate syndrome. New Eng J Med 1987; 316: 761–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis CS, Richardson RJ. Organophosphoru s compounds. In: Spencer PS, Schaumburg HH (eds.). Experimenta l and Clinical Neurotoxicology. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1980: 527–44.
   Google Scholar
• Lotti M, Becker CE, Aminoff MJ. Organophosphat e polyneuropathy: pathogenesi s and prevention. Neurology 1984; 34: 658–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker T, Lowndes HE, Johnso n MK, Sandborg IC. The effects of phenylmethanesulfony l flouride on delayed organophosphoru s neuropathy. Arch Toxicol 1980; 46: 305–11.
   Google Scholar
• Bouldin TW, Cavanagh JB. Organophosphoru s neuropathy. I. A teased fibre study of the spatiotempo- ral spread of axonal degeneration. Am J Pathol 1979; 94: 241–52.
   Google Scholar
• Bouldin TW, Cavanagh JB. Organophosphoru s neuropathy. II. A fine structural study of the early stages of axonal degeneration. Am J Pathol 1979; 94: 253–70.
   Google Scholar
• Ahmed MM, Glees P. Neurotoxicit y of tricresylphosphat e (TCP) in slow loris (Nycticebu s coucang coucang). Acta Neuropatho l (Berl) 1971; 19: 94–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abou-Donia MB. Delayed neurotoxicit y of phenylphosphonothioat e esters. Science 1979; 205: 713–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cherniak M. Toxicologica l screenin g for organophosphoru s induced delayed neurotoxicity. Neurotox- icology 1988; 9: 249–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steenland K. Chronic neurologica l effects of organophosphat e pesticides. BMJ 1996; 312: 1311–12.
   Google Scholar
• Pilkington A, Jamal GA, Gillham R, Hansen S, Buchanan D, Kidd M, Azis Ma, Julu P, Al-Rawas S, Ballantyne JP, Hurley JF, Soutar CA. Epidemiologica l study of the relationship s between exposure to organophosphat e pesticide s and indices of chronic peripheral neuropath y and neuropsychologica l abnormalitie s in sheep farmers and dippers. Phase 3. Clinical neurological, neurophysiologica l and neuropsychologica l study. Report No. TM/99/02c Institut e of Occupationa l Medicine, Edinburgh, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Committee on Toxicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment. Organophos - phates. Department of Health, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Grob D, Harvey AM, Langworthy OR, Lilienthal JL. The administratio n of di-iso- propylfluorophosphat e (DFP) to man: III. Effects on the central nervous system with special reference to electrical activity of the brain. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 1947; 81: 257–66.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rayner MD, Popper JL, Carvalho EW, Hurov R. Hyporeflexia in workers chronicall y exposed to organophosphat e insecticides. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 1972; 4: 595–606.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Metcalf DR, Holmes JH. VII. Toxicolog y and physiology. EEG, psychologica l and neurologica l alteration s in humans with organophosphoru s exposure. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1969; 160: 357–65.
   Google Scholar
• McConnell R, Keifer M, Rosenstoc k L. Elevated quantitativ e vibrotactil e threshold among workers previousl y poisone d with methamidopho s and other organophosphat e pesticides. Am J Indust Med 1994; 25: 325–34.
   Google Scholar
• Steenland K, Jenkins B, Ames RG, O’Malley M, Chrislip D, Russo J. Chronic neurologica l sequelae to organophosphat e pesticid e poisoning. Am J Public Health 1994; 84: 731–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenstock L, Daniell WE, Barnhart S, Schwartz D, Demers PA. Chronic neuropsychologica l sequelae of occupationa l exposur e to organophosphat e insecticide. Am J Industr Med 1990; 18: 312–25.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenstock L, Keifer M, Daniell WE, McConnell R, Claypoole K. Chronic central nervou s system effects of acute organophosphat e pesticide intoxication. The Pesticide Health Effects Study Group. Lancet 1991; 338: 223–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savage EP, Keefe TF, Mounce LM, Heaton RK, Lewis JA, Burcar PJ. Chronic neurologica l sequelae of acute organophosphat e pesticid e poisoning. Arch Environ Health 1988; 43: 38–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Compston JE, Vedi S, Stephen AB, Bord S, Lyons AR, Hodges SJ, Scammell BE. Reduced bone formation after exposur e to organophosphates. Lancet 1999; 354: 1791–2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Repetto R, Baliga SS. Pesticides and the Immune System. World Resources Institute, 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Ames R, Steenland K, Jenkins B, Chrislop D, Russo J. Chronic neurologi c sequelae to cholinesteras e inhibitio n among agricultura l pesticid e applicator s Arch Environ Health 1995; 50: 440–3.
   Google Scholar
• Stokes L, Stark A, Marshall E, Narang A. Neurotoxicit y among pesticid e applicator s exposed to organophosphates. Occup Environ Med 1995; 52: 648–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beach JR, Spurgeon A, Stephens R, Heafield T, Calvert IA, Levy LS, Harringto n JM. Abnormalities on neurologica l examination among sheep farmers expose d to organophosphat e pesticides. Occup Environ Med 1996; 53: 520–5.
   Google Scholar
• Meerdink GL. Organophosphoru s and carbamate insecticid e poisonin g in large animals. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 1989; 5: 375–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaumburg HH, Berger AR. Human toxic neuropath y due to industrial agents. In: Dyck PJ, Thomas PK (eds.). Periphera l neuropathy. London: Saunders, 1993;153 3–48.
   Google Scholar
• Mutch E, Blain PG, Williams FM. Interindividua l variations in enzymes controllin g organophosphat e toxicity in man. Human Exp Toxicol 1992; 11: 109–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Quesne PM. Neurophysiologica l investigatio n of subclinica l and minimal toxic neuropathies. Muscle Nerve 1978; 1: 392–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seppa¨la¨inen AM. Neurophysiologica l approache s to the detectio n of early neurotoxicit y in humans. Crit Rev Toxicol 1988; 18: 245–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimura J. Electrodiagnosi s in Diseases of Nerve and Muscle. Philadelphia: F A Davis, 1989.
   Google Scholar
• Jamal GA, Hansen S, Weir AI, Ballantyne JP. An improved automated method for the measurement of thermal thresholds. 1. Normal subjects. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 1985; 48: 354–60.
   Google Scholar
• Jamal GA, Weir AI, Hansen S, Ballantyne JP. An improved automated method for the measurement of thermal thresholds. 2. Patients with periphera l neuropathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 1985; 48: 361–6.
   Google Scholar
• Jamal GA, Hansen S, Ballantyne JP. An automated system for quantification of the sense of vibration in man. J Physiol (Lond) 1991; 438: 340P.
   Google Scholar
• Bleecker ML. Occupationa l neurology and Clinical Neurotoxicology. Baltimore: Willliam & Wilken, 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Spencer PS, Schaumburg HH. Pathobiolog y of neurotoxi c axonal degeneration. In: Waxman S G (ed.). Physiology and Pathophysiolog y of axons. New York: Raven Press, 1978: 265–82.
   Google Scholar
• De Rojas TC, Goldstein BD. Lack of evidenc e for the size principl e of selectiv e vulnerabilit y of axons in toxic neuropathies. I. The effects of subcutaneou s injection s of 2,5-hexanedion e on behavior and muscle spindle function. Toxicol Appl Pharmacolog y 1990; 104: 47–58.
   Google Scholar
• Moen BE. Environmental and occupationa l toxins. Curr Opin Neurol Neurosurg 1991; 4: 442–6.
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan JG, Kessler J, Rosenberg N, Pack D, Schaumberg HH. Sensory neuropath y associated with Dursban (chlorpyrifos) exposure. [publishe d erratum in Neurology 1994; 44: 367]. Neurology 1993; 43: 2193–6.
   Google Scholar
• Gershon S, Shaw FB. Psychiatri c sequela e of chronic exposur e to organophosphat e insecticides. Lancet 1961; i: 1371–4.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson MK. Organophosphate s and delayed neuropath y — Is NTE alive and well? Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1990; 102: 385–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly SS, Ferry CB, Bamforth JP. The effects of anticholinesterase s on the latencie s of action potential s in mouse skeletal muscles. Br J Pharmacol 1990; 99: 721–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker DJ, Sedgwick EM. Single fibre electromyographi c change s in man after organophosphat e exposure. Human Experiment Toxicol 1996; 15: 369–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly SS, Mutch E, Williams FM, Blain PG. Electrophysiologica l and biochemical effects following single doses of organophosphate s in the mouse. Arch Toxicol 1994; 68: 459–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abou-Donia MB, Garrettson LK. Detection of neurofilament autoantibodie s in human serum follow- ing chemicall y induced neurologi c disorder: A case report. Environ Epidemiol Toxicol 2000; 2: 37–41.
   Google Scholar
• Abou-Donia MB, Lapadula DM. Mechanisms of organophosphoru s ester-induce d delayed neurotoxi - city: type I and type II. Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 1990; 30: 405–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abou-Donia MB, Wilmarth KR, Jansen KF, Farr CH. Triphenylphosphin e (TPP): A type III organophosphoru s compound-induce d delayed neurotoxi c agent (OPIDN). The Toxicologis t 1996; 30: 311.
   Google Scholar
• Abdel-Rahman AA, Jansen KF, Farr CH, Abou-Donia MB. Daily treatment of triphenylphosphin e (TPP) produces organophosphoru s induced delayed neurotoxicit y (OPIDN). Abstract presente d at Annual SOT meeting. March, 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Hudson CS, Foster RE, Kahng MW. Neuromuscula r toxicity of pyridostigmin e bromide in the diaphragm, extensor digitoru m longus, and soleus muscles of the rat. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1985; 5: S260–9.
   Google Scholar
• Abou-Donia MB, Wilmarth K R, Jensen KJ, Oehme FW, Kurt TL. Neurotoxicit y resulting from co-exposur e to pyridostigmin e bromide, DEET, and Permethrin: implication s of Gulf War chemical exposures. J Toxicol Environm Health 1996; 48: 35–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loewenstein-Lichtenstei n Y, Schwarz M, Glick D, Norgaard-Pederse n B, Zakut H, Soreq H. Genetic predispositio n to adverse consequence s of anticholinesterase s in “atypical” BCHE carriers. Nat Med 1996; 10: 1082–5.
   Google Scholar
• Abou-Donia M, Wilmarth KR, Abdel-Rahman A, Jensen KF, Oeheme FW, Kurt TL. Increased neurotoxicit y following concurren t exposur e to pyridostigmin e bromide, DEET, and chlorpyrifos. Fundament Appl Toxicol 1996; 34: 201–22.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Johnson MK. A phosphorylatio n site in brain and the delayed neurotoxi c effects of some organophos - phate compounds. Biochem J 1969; 111: 487–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman A, Kaufer D, Shemer J, Hendler I, Soreq, Tur-Kaspa I. Pyridostigmine brain penetratio n under stress enhance s neurona l excitabilit y and induces early immediate transcriptiona l response. Nat Med 1996; 2: 1382–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson TW, Finn JD. The new statistica l analysi s of data. New York: Springer, 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Glynn P. Non-cholinergi c neurotoxicit y induced by organophosphates: elucidatio n of molecular targets and mechanisms. Proceeding s from Workshop on Research on Organophosphates. Society of Chemical Industry, March, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Mackness B, Durringto n PN, Mackness MI. Human Serum Paraoxonase. General Pharmacol 1998; 31: 329–36.
   Google Scholar