Characteristics of women at low risk of STI presenting with pelvic inflammatory disease

References

• Quan M. Pelvic inflammatory disease: diagnosis and management. J Am Board Fam Pract 1994; 7: 110–123
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ross J. Pelvic inflammatory disease. Clin Evid 2002; 7: 1452–1457
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cates W, Jr., Rolfs R T, Jr., Aral S O. Sexually transmitted diseases, pelvic inflammatory disease, and infertility: an epidemiological update. Epidemiol Rev 1990; 12: 199–200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bevan C D, Johal B J, Mumtaz G, et al. Clinical, laparoscopic and microbiological findings in acute salpingitis: report on a United Kingdom cohort. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1995; 102: 407–414
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Paavonen J. Pelvic inflammatory disease. From diagnosis to prevention. Dermatol Clin 1998; 16: 747–756; xii
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paavonen J, Lehtinen M. Chlamydial pelvic inflammatory disease. Hum Reprod Update 1996; 6: 519–529
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoosen A A, Quinlan D J, Moodley J, et al. Sexually transmitted pathogens in acute pelvic inflammatory disease. S Afr Med J 1989; 76: 251–254
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mardh P. Introductory address: microbial aetiology of pelvic inflammatory disease. Sex Transm Dis 1984; 11: 428–429
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaudhry R, Thakur R, Talwar V, et al. Anaerobic and aerobic microflora of pouch of Douglas aspirate v/s high vaginal swab in cases of pelvic inflammatory disease. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 1996; 39: 115–120
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Walker C K, Workowski K A, Washington A E, et al. Anaerobes in pelvic inflammatory disease: implications for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's guidelines for treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 28: S29–S36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munday P E. Pelvic inflammatory disease—an evidence-based approach to diagnosis. J Infect 2000; 40: 31–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westrom L. Incidence, prevalence, and trends of acute pelvic inflammatory disease and its consequences in industrialised countries. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1980; 138: 880–892
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aral S O, Mosher W D, Cates W, Jr. Self-reported pelvic inflammatory disease in the United States, 1988. JAMA 1991; 266: 2570–2573
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee N C, Rubin G L, Grimes D A. Measures of sexual behaviour and the risk of pelvic inflammatory disease. Obstet Gynecol 1991; 77: 425–430
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jossens M O, Eskenazi B, Schachter J, et al. Risk factors for pelvic inflammatory disease. Sex Transm Dis 1996; 23: 239–247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimes D A. Intrauterine devices and upper genital tract infections. Lancet 2000; 356: 1013–1019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta S, Irkman R K. Intrauterine devices-perceptions overestimate the hazards. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care 2001; 6: 231–233
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duthie S J, Hobson D, Tait I A, et al. Morbidity after termination of pregnancy in first trimester. Genitourin Med 1987; 63: 182–187
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wolner-Hanssen P, Eschenbach D A, Paavonen J, et al. Association between vaginal douching and acute pelvic inflammatory disease. JAMA 1990; 263: 1936–1941
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aral S O, Mosher W D, Cates W, Jr. Vaginal douching among women of reproductive age in the United States. Am J Public Health 1992; 82: 210–214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scholes D, Daling J R, Stergachis A, et al. Vaginal douching as a risk factor for acute pelvic inflammatory disease. Obstet Gynecol 1993; 81: 601–606
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcbancs P A, Lee N C, Peterson H B. Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for pelvic inflammatory disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990; 162: 639–644
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scholes D, Daling J R, Stergachis A S. Current cigarette smoking and risk of acute pelvic inflammatory disease. Am J Public Health 1992; 82: 1352–1355
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beerthuizen R JCM. Pelvic inflammatory disease in intrauterine device users. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care 1996; 1: 237–243
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• , et al. Reproductive Health of the Population of Latvia: Evaluation and Recommendations. UNDPA/Ministry of Welfare, Riga 1998
   Google Scholar
• Jacobson L, Westrom L. Objectivized diagnosis of acute pelvic inflammatory disease: diagnostic and prognostic value of routine laparoscopy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1969; 105: 1088–1098
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobson L. Differential diagnosis of acute pelvic inflammatory disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1980; 138: 1006–1011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadgu A, Westrom L, Brooks C A, et al. acute pelvic inflammatory disease: a multivariate analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1986; 155: 954–960
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hager W D, Eschenbach D A, Spence M R, et al. Criteria for diagnosis and grading of salpingitis. Obstet Gynecol 1983; 61: 113–114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelayo Vera S, Hernandez Landa T, Rodriguez Guzman L M, et al. Risk factors associated with pelvic inflammatory disease. Ginecol Obstet Mex 2002; 70: 398–403
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Olwokure B, Hawker J I, Harcourt S, et al. Influence of material deprivation on hospital admission for gynecologic infections. Eur J Clin Microb Infect Dis 2004; 23: 535–538
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viberga I, Odlind V, Lazdane G, et al. Microbiology profile in women with pelvic inflammatory disease in relation to IUD use. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2005; 14: 183–190
   Google Scholar
• Addor V, Narring F, Michaud P A. Abortion trends 1990–1999 in a Swiss region and determinants of abortion recurrence. Swiss Med Wkly 2003; 133: 219–226
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones R K, Darroch J E, Henshaw S K. Patterns in socioeconomic characteristics of women obtaining abortions in 2000–2001. Perspect Sex Reprod Health 2002; 34: 226–235
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasch V, Wielandt H, Knudsen L B. Living conditions, contraceptive use and the choice of induced abortion among women in Denmark. Scand J Public Health 2002; 30: 293–299
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elam-Evans L D, Strauss L T, Herndon J, et al. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Abortion surveillance—United States, 2000. MMWR Surveill Summ 2003; 52: 1–32
   Google Scholar