Recreational motorcyclists: the relationships among sensation seeking, risk perception, fear, and risk handling

References

• Ali, F., Kim, W. G., & Ryu, K. (2016). The effect of physical environment on passenger delight and satisfaction: Moderating effect of national identity. Tourism Management, 57, 213–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.06.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aven, T., & Renn, O. (2009). On risk defined as an event where the outcome is uncertain. Journal of Risk Research, 12(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/13669870802488883
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Britto, J. J. A., Selvaraj, B., & Janani, M. (2019). Sensation seeking, risk taking behaviour and self efficacy among young adults. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 7(2), 983–1004. https://doi.org/10.25215/0702.118
   Google Scholar
• Broughton, P., & Walker, L. (2009). Motorcycling and leisure understanding the recreational PTW rider. CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cater, C. I. (2006). Playing with risk? Participant perceptions of risk and management implications in adventure tourism. Tourism Management, 27(2), 317–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2004.10.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cater, C. I. (2017). Tourism on two wheels: Patterns of motorcycle leisure in Wales. Tourism Management, 61, 180–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2017.02.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Çelik, E., & Turan, M. E. (2016). A study on the psychometric features of the Turkish version of the brief sensation seeking scale (BSSS-8) for young adults and the relation between sensation seeking and life satisfaction. International Journal of Educational Research Review, 1(1), 29–39. https://doi.org/10.24331/ijere.309959
   Google Scholar
• Chen, C. F., & Chen, C. W. (2011). Speeding for fun? Exploring the speeding behavior of riders of heavy motorcycles using the theory of planned behavior and psychological flow theory. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 43(3), 983–990. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2010.11.025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, A. S., Liu, K. P., & Tulliani, N. (2015). Relationship between driving-violation behaviours and risk perception in motorcycle accidents. Hong Kong Journal of Occupational Therapy, 25(1), 32–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hkjot.2015.06.001
   Google Scholar
• Cheng, A. S., & Ng, T. C. (2012). Risky driving and the perception of motorcycle accident causes among Chinese motorcyclists in Hong Kong. Traffic Injury Prevention, 13(5), 485–492. https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2012.671981
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, A. S., Ng, T. C., & Lee, H. C. (2012). Impulsive personality and risk-taking behavior in motorcycle traffic offenders: A matched controlled study. Personality and Individual Differences, 53(5), 597–602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.05.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Constantinou, E., Panayiotou, G., Konstantinou, N., Loutsiou-Ladd, A., & Kapardis, A. (2011). Risky and aggressive driving in young adults: Personality matters. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 43(4), 1323–1331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2011.02.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dillard, J. P., & Anderson, J. W. (2004). The role of fear in persuasion. Psychology and Marketing, 21(11), 909–926. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.20041
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ertaş, M., & Aktaş, G. (2019). Rekreatif gruplara üyelik: Motosiklet grupları üzerine bir inceleme (membership in recreational groups: An investigation on motorcycle groups). Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 30(1), 19–30. https://doi.org/10.17123/atad.580615
   Google Scholar
• Ertaş, M., Sykes, D., & Cater, C. (2022). Effects of motorcycle group membership on the ride experience and travel motivators: A comparison between the USA, the UK, and Turkey. Zeitschrift für Tourismuswissenschaft, 14(3), 333–350. https://doi.org/10.1515/tw-2022-0012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuchs, G. (2013). Low versus high sensation-seeking tourists: A study of backpackers’ experience risk perception. International Journal of Tourism Research, 15(1), 81–92. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.878
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuchs, G., Uriely, N., Reichel, A., & Maoz, D. (2012). Vacationing in a terror-stricken destination: Tourists’ risk perceptions and rationalizations. Journal of Travel Research, 52(2), 182–191. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287512458833
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2014). Multivariate data analysis (17th ed.). Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C., & Sarstedt, M. (2013). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Hassan, T., Vinodkumar, M. N., & Vinod, N. (2017). Role of sensation seeking and attitudes as mediators between age of driver and risky driving of powered two wheelers. Journal of Safety Research, 62, 209–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2017.06.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horn, J. L. (1965). A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysis. Psychometrica, 30(2), 179–185. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02289447
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoyle, R. H., Stephenson, M. T., Palmgreen, P., Lorch, E. P., & Donohew, R. L. (2002). Reliability and validity of a brief measure of sensation seeking. Personality and Individual Differences, 32(3), 401–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00032-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ismail, R., Din, N. C., Lee, O. L., Ibrahim, N., & Sukimi, F. (2015). Role of sensation seeking and aggression on risk riding behaviors among motorcycle street racers in Malaysia. e-Bangi, 12(4), 169–179.
   Google Scholar
• Jean, S. (2016). Motorcycle tourism: Renewed geographies of a marginal tourism practice. Tourism Review, 1(9), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.4000/viatourism.356
   Google Scholar
• Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39(1), 31–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02291575
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kırlar-Can, B., & Özgen, I. (2020). Turistlerin terör riski algısı ve riskle başa çıkma davranışları [Tourists’ perception of terrorism risk and risk handling behavior]. Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 31(2), 125–137. https://doi.org/10.17123/atad.777512
   Google Scholar
• Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30(3), 607–610. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316447003000308
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, T. H., & Tseng, C. H. (2015). How personality and risk-taking attitude affect the behavior of adventure recreationists. Tourism Geographies, 17(3), 307–331. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2014.1000955
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Z., Man, S. S., Chan, A. H. S., & Zhu, J. (2021). Integration of theory of planned behavior, sensation seeking, and risk perception to explain the risky driving behavior of truck drivers. Sustainability, 13(9), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13095214
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, M. R., Huang, W., Hwang, H. F., Wu, H. D. I., & Yen, L. L. (2004). The effect of crash experience on changes in risk taking among urban and rural young people. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 36(2), 213–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-4575(02)00150-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lo, A. S., Law, R., & Cheung, C. (2011). Segmenting leisure travelers by risk reduction strategies. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 28(8), 828–839. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2011.623044
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maestracci, M., Prochasson, F., Geffroy, A., & Peccoud, F. (2012). Powered two-wheelers road accidents and their risk perception in dense urban areas: Case of Paris. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 49, 114–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2011.05.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mannering, F. L., & Grodsky, L. L. (1995). Statistical analysis of motorcyclists’ perceived accident risk. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 27(1), 21–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-4575(94)00041-J
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merry, K., Bettinger, P., Siry, J., & Bowker, J. M. (2020). Preferences of motorcyclists to views of managed, rural southern United States landscapes. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 29, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2019.100259
   Google Scholar
• Norman, G. R., & Streiner, D. L. (1998). Biostatistics – The bare essentials. B.C. Decker Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Pinch, P., & Reimer, S. (2012). Moto-mobilities: Geographies of the motorcycle and motorcyclists. Mobilities, 7(3), 439–457. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450101.2012.659466
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pizam, A., Jeong, G.-H., Reichel, A., van Boemmel, H., Lusson, J. M., Steynberg, L., State-Costache, O., Volo, S., Kroesbacher, C., Kucerova, J., & Montmany, N. (2004). The relationship between risk-taking, sensation-seeking, and the tourist behavior of young adults: A cross-cultural study. Journal of Travel Research, 42(3), 251–260. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287503258837
   Google Scholar
• Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qu, W., Zhang, W., & Ge, Y. (2020). The moderating effect of delay discounting between sensation seeking and risky driving behavior. Safety Science, 123, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2019.104558
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramoa, C. E. A., Pires, P. S., & Añaña, E. S. (2021). Motorcycle tourism and nature: An analysis of motorcyclists motivations to travel. Leisure Studies, 40(3), 407–423. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2020.1858327
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reichel, A., Fuchs, G., & Uriely, N. (2007). Perceived risk and the non-institutionalized tourist role: The case of Israeli student ex-backpackers. Journal of Travel Research, 46(2), 217–226. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287507299580
   Google Scholar
• Renn, O., & Rohrmann, B. (2000). Cross-cultural risk perception research: State and challenges. In O. Renn, & B. Rohrmann (Eds.), Cross-cultural risk perception – A survey of empirical studies (pp. 211–233). Springer Science + Business Media.
   Google Scholar
• Rhodes, N., & Pivik, K. (2011). Age and gender differences in risky driving: The roles of positive affect and risk perception. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 43(3), 923–931. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2010.11.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritchie, B. W., Monica-Chien, P., & Watson, B. M. (2014). It can’t happen to me: Travel risk perceptions. Advances in Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 9, 65–73. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1871-317320140000009008
   Google Scholar
• Rusli, R., Oviedo-Trespalacios, O., & Abd Salam, S. A. (2020). Risky riding behaviours among motorcyclists in Malaysia: A roadside survey. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 74, 446–457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2020.08.031
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• She, S., Tian, Y., Lu, L., Eimontaite, I., Xie, T., & Sun, Y. (2019). An exploration of hiking risk perception: Dimensions and antecedent factors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(11), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16111986
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson, J. C., Wilson, S., & Currey, N. (2015). Motorcyclists’ perceptions and experiences of riding and risk and their advice for safety. Traffic Injury Prevention, 16(2), 159–167. https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2014.911852
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song, X., Yin, Y., Cao, H., Zhao, S., Li, M., & Yi, B. (2021). The mediating effect of driver characteristics on risky driving behaviors moderated by gender, and the classification model of driver’s driving risk. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 153, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2021.106038
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sykes, D., & Kelly, G. K. (2014). Motorcycle tourism demand generators and dynamic interaction leisure. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 8(1), 92–102. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCTHR-05-2013-0035
   Google Scholar
• Sykes, D., & Kelly, K. G. (2016). Motorcycle drive tourism leading to rural tourism opportunities. Tourism Economics, 22(3), 543–557. https://doi.org/10.5367/te.2014.0454
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trimpop, R. M. (1994). The psychology of risk taking behavior. North-Holland.
   Google Scholar
• Trinh, T. A., & Le, T. P. L. (2018). The association between risk-taking behavior and helmet use among motorcyclist. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 143(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/143/1/012069
   Google Scholar
• Ulleberg, P., & Rundmo, T. (2002). Risk-taking attitudes among young drivers: The psychometric qualities and dimensionality of an instrument to measure young drivers’ risk-taking attitudes. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 43(3), 227–237. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9450.00291
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uriely, N., Maoz, D., & Reichel, A. (2007). Rationalising terror-related risks: The case of Israeli tourists in Sinai. International Journal of Tourism Research, 9(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.587
   Google Scholar
• Velicer, W. F. (1976). Determining the number of components from the matrix of partial correlations. Psychometrika, 41(3), 321–327. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02293557
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, L. (2010). Tourism and leisure motorcycle riding. In L. Walker (Ed.), Drive tourism: Trends and emerging markets (pp. 146–158). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Weddell, M. (2014). Travel preferences of recreational motorcyclists’. Journal of Tourism Insights, 5(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.9707/2328-0824.1045
   Google Scholar
• Westland, C. (2010). Lower bounds on sample size in structural equation modelling. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 9(6), 476–487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elerap.2010.07.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong, J. T., Chung, Y. S., & Huang, S. H. (2010). Determinants behind young motorcyclists’ risky riding behavior. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 42(1), 275–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2009.08.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, L., Zhang, C., & Shang, L. (2016). Sensation-seeking and domain-specific risk-taking behavior among adolescents: Risk perceptions and expected benefits as mediators. Personality and Individual Differences, 101, 299–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.06.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar