References
- Tziomalos K, Athyros VG, Karagiannis A, Mikhailidis DP. Endothelial dysfunction in metabolic syndrome: prevalence, pathogenesis and management. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2010;20:140–6
- Grundy SM. Metabolic syndrome: a multiplex cardiovascular risk factor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:399–404
- Romero V, Akpinar H, Assimos DG. Kidney stones: a global picture of prevalence, incidence, and associated risk factors. Rev Urol 2010;12:e86–96
- Gambaro G, Ferraro PM, Capasso G. Calcium nephrolithiasis, metabolic syndrome and the cardiovascular risk. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2012;27:3008–10
- Winter AG, Zhao F, Lee RK. Androgen deficiency and metabolic syndrome in men. Transl Androl Urol 2014;3:50–8
- Naghii MR, Babaei M, Hedayati M. Androgens involvement in the pathogenesis of renal stones formation. PLoS One 2014;9:e93790
- Saely CH, Aczel S, Marte T, et al. The metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular risk in diabetic and nondiabetic patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90:5698–703
- Lee CH, Wu DC, Lee JM, et al. Anatomical subsite discrepancy in relation to the impact of the consumption of alcohol, tobacco and betel quid on esophageal cancer. Int J Cancer 2007;120:1755–62
- Ponholzer A, Temml C, Rauchenwald M, Madersbacher S. Vascular risk factors and erectile dysfunction in a cohort of healthy men. Int J Impot Res 2006;18:489–93
- Hwang LC, Bai CH, Chen CJ. Prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome in Taiwan. J Formos Med Assoc 2006;105:626–35
- Bhowmik D, Tiwari SC. Metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease. Indian J Nephrol 2008;18:1–4
- Rule AD, Roger VL, Melton LJ, et al. Kidney stones associate with increased risk for myocardial infarction. J Am Soc Nephrol 2010;21:1641–4
- Domingos F, Serra A. Nephrolithiasis is associated with an increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011;26:864–8
- Reiner AP, Kahn A, Eisner BH, et al. Kidney stones and subclinical atherosclerosis in young adults: the CARDIA study. J Urol 2011;185:920–5
- Kohjimoto Y, Sasaki Y, Iguchi M, et al. Association of metabolic syndrome traits and severity of kidney stones: results from a nationwide survey on urolithiasis in Japan. Am J Kidney Dis 2013;61:923–9
- Taylor EN, Stampfer MJ, Curhan GC. Diabetes mellitus and the risk of nephrolithiasis. Kidney Int 2005;68:1230–5
- Eisner BH, Porten SP, Bechis SK, Stoller ML. Diabetic kidney stone formers excrete more oxalate and have lower urine pH than nondiabetic stone formers. J Urol 2010;183:2244–8
- Strohmaier WL, Hörmann M, Schubert G. Papillary calcifications: a new prognostic factor in idiopathic calcium oxalate urolithiasis. Urolithiasis 2013;6:475–9
- Khan SR. Crystal-induced inflammation of the kidneys: results from human studies, animal models, and tissue-culture studies. Clin Exp Nephrol 2004;8:75–88
- Jeong IG, Kang T, Bang JK, et al. Association between metabolic syndrome and the presence of kidney stones in a screened population. Am J Kidney Dis 2011;58:383–8
- Itoh Y, Yoshimura M, Niimi K, et al. The role of long-term loading of cholesterol in renal crystal formation. Arch Ital Urol Androl 2011;83:23–5
- Taylor EN, Stampfer MJ, Curhan GC. Obesity, weight gain, and the risk of kidney stones. JAMA 2005;293:455–62
- Borghi L, Meschi T, Guerra A, et al. Essential arterial hypertension and stone disease. Kidney Int 1999;55:2397–406
- Strazzullo P, Barba G, Vuotto P, et al. Past history of nephrolithiasis and incidence of hypertension in men: a reappraisal based on the results of the Olivetti Prospective Heart Study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2001;16:2232–5
- Cappuccio FP, Siani A, Barba G, et al. A prospective study of hypertension and the incidence of kidney stones in men. J Hypertens 1999;17:1017–22
- Madore F, Stampfer MJ, Rimm EB, Curhan GC. Nephrolithiasis and risk of hypertension. Am J Hypertens 1998;11:46–53
- Madore F, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, et al. Nephrolithiasis and risk of hypertension in women. Am J Kidney Dis 1998;32:802–7
- Losito A, Nunzi EG, Covarelli C, et al. Increased acid excretion in kidney stone formers with essential hypertension. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009;24:137–41
- Caudarella R, Vescini F, Buffa A, et al. Osteoporosis and urolithiasis. Urol Int 2004;72:117–19
- Fabris A, Ferraro PM, Comellato G, et al. The relationship between calcium kidney stones, arterial stiffness and bone density: unraveling the stone-bone-vessel liaison. J Nephrol 2015;28:549–55