Morphological changes of the dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum after photodynamic treatment: a scanning electron microscopy study

References

• Djeridane A, Djeridane Y, Ammar-Khodja A. Epidemiological and aetiological study on tinea pedis and onychomycosis in Algeria. Mycoses 2006; 49: 190–196
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaias N, Glick B, Rebell G. Diagnosing and treating onychomycosis. J Fam Pract 1996; 42: 513–518
   Google Scholar
• Aly R. Ecology and epidemiology of dermatophyte infections. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994; 31: S21–S25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rippon JW. The changing epidemiology and emerging patterns of dermatophyte species. Curr Top Med Mycol 1985; 1: 208–234
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Santos DA, Hamdan JS. In vitro antifungal oral drug and drug-combination activity against onychomycosis causative dermatophytes. Med Mycol 2006; 44: 357–362
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kyle AA, Dahl MV. Topical therapy for fungal infections. Am J Clin Dermatol 2004; 5: 443–451
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta AK, Einarson TR, Summerbell RC, et al. An overview of topical antifungal therapy in dermatomycoses. A North American perspective. Drugs 1998; 55: 645–674
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans EG. The rationale for combination therapy. Br J Dermatol 2001; 145(Suppl. 60)9–13
   Google Scholar
• Borgers M, Degreef H, Cauwenbergh G. Fungal infections of the skin: infection process and antimycotic therapy. Curr Drug Targets 2005; 6: 849–862
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hay RJ. Therapy. Fungi and Skin Disease, Y Clayton, G Midgley. Wolfe Publishing, LondongUK 1993; 67–82
   Google Scholar
• Aratari E, Virno G, Persi A. Cyclopiroxolamine (HOE 296), new antimycotic substance, in superficial mycosis]. G Ital Dermatol Venereol 1983; 118: I–IV
   Google Scholar
• Kamp H, Tietz HJ, Lutz M, et al. Antifungal effect of 5-aminolevulinic acid PDT in Trichophyton rubrum. Mycoses 2005; 48: 101–107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Propst C, Lubin L. In vitro and in vivo photosensitized inactivation of dermatophyte fungi by heterotricyclic dyes. Infect Immun 1978; 20: 136–141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calzavara-Pinton PG, Venturini M, Capezzera R, et al. Photodynamic therapy of interdigital mycoses of the feet with topical application of 5-aminolevulinic acid. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2004; 20: 144–147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smijs TG, van der Haas RN, Lugtenburg J, et al. Photodynamic treatment of the dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum and its microconidia with porphyrin photosensitizers. Photochem Photobiol 2004; 80: 197–202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smijs TG, Bouwstra JA, Schuitmaker HJ, et al. A novel ex vivo skin model to study the susceptibility of the dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum to photodynamic treatment in different growth phases. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007; 59: 433–440
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcus SL, McIntyre WR. Photodynamic therapy systems and applications. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2002; 7: 321–334
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Demidova TN, Hamblin MR. Photodynamic therapy targeted to pathogens. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2004; 17: 245–254
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maisch T, Szeimies RM, Jori G, et al. Antibacterial photodynamic therapy in dermatology. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2004; 3: 907–917
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takemura T, Ohta N, Nakajima S, et al. The mechanism of photosensitization in photodynamic therapy: chemiluminescence caused by photosensitization of porphyrins in saline containing human serum albumin. Photochem Photobiol 1992; 55: 137–140
   Google Scholar
• Tegos GP, Hamblin MR. Phenothiazinium antimicrobial photosensitizers are substrates of bacterial multidrug resistance pumps. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 50: 196–203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smijs TG, Bouwstra JA, Talebi M, Pavel S. Investigation of conditions involved in the susceptibility of the dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum to photodynamic treatment. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007; 60: 750–759
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamblin MR, Hasan T. Photodynamic therapy: a new antimicrobial approach to infectious disease?. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2004; 3: 436–450
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inouye S, Uchida K, Nishiyama Y, et al. Combined effect of heat, essential oils and salt on the fungicidal activity against Trichophyton mentagrophytes in foot bath. Nippon Ishinkin Gakkai Zasshi 2007; 48: 27–36
   Google Scholar
• Young LY, Hull CM, Heitman J. Disruption of ergosterol biosynthesis confers resistance to amphotericin B in Candida lusitaniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47: 2717–2724
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolard J. How do the polyene macrolide antibiotics affect the cellular membrane properties?. Biochim Biophys Acta 1986; 864: 257–304
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borgers M. Mechanism of action of antifungal drugs, with special reference to the imidazole derivatives. Rev Infect Dis 1980; 2: 520–534
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Raza A. Light microscopic study of the effects of terbinafine cream on microconidia: a brief synopsis of modified Knight's scotch tape skin stripping method. Cutis 2001; 76: 42–44
   Google Scholar
• Schaller M, Preidel H, Januschke E, et al. Light and electron microscopic findings in a model of human cutaneous candidosis based on reconstructed human epidermis following the topical application of different econazole formulations. J Drug Target 1999; 6: 361–372
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romagnoli C, Mares D, Bruni A, et al. Antifungal activity of 5 new synthetic compounds vs. Trichophyton rubrum and Epidermophyton floccosum. Mycopathologia 2002; 153: 129–132
   Google Scholar
• Mares D, Romagnoli C, Sacchetti G, et al. Morphological study of Trichophyton rubrum: ultrastructural findings after treatment with 4-amino-3-methyl-1-phenylpyrazolo-(3,4-c)isothiazole. Med Mycol 1998; 36: 379–385
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borgers M, Van de Ven MA. Degenerative changes in fungi after itraconazole treatment. Rev Infect Dis 1987; 9(Suppl. 1)S33–S42
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gad F, Zahra T, Francis KP, et al. Targeted photodynamic therapy of established soft-tissue infections in mice. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2004; 3: 451–458
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambrechts SA, Demidova TN, Aalders MC, et al. Photodynamic therapy for Staphylococcus aureus infected burn wounds in mice. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2005; 4: 503–509
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zurita J, Hay RJ. Adherence of dermatophyte microconidia and arthroconidia to human keratinocytes in vitro. J Invest Dermatol 1987; 89: 529–534
   Google Scholar
• Vazquez R, Riesco JM, Pascual AM. Dermatophyte morphology: a scanning electron microscopy study. Scanning Microscopy 1999; 4: 363–374
   Google Scholar
• Bibel DJ, Crumrine DA, Yee K, et al. Development of arthrospores of Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Infect Immun 1977; 15: 958–971
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Osumi M. Dynamics of cell wall formation from Trichophyton mentagrophytes protoplast]. Nippon Ishinkin Gakkai Zasshi 1998; 39: 151–159
   Google Scholar
• Wosten HA, de Vocht ML. Hydrophobins, the fungal coat unravelled. Biochim Biophys Acta 2000; 1469: 79–86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma H, Snook LA, Kaminskyj SG, et al. Surface ultrastructure and elasticity in growing tips and mature regions of Aspergillus hyphae describe wall maturation. Microbiology 2005; 151: 3679–3688
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dynesen J, Nielsen J. Branching is coordinated with mitosis in growing hyphae of Aspergillus nidulans. Fungal Genet Biol 2003; 40: 15–24
   Google Scholar