References
- Ridker PM, Manson JE, Buring JE, et al. Homocysteine and risk of cardiovascular disease among postmenopausal women. JAMA 1999; 281:1817–21
- Wald DS, Law M, Morris JK. Homocysteine and cardiovascular disease: evidence on causality from a meta-analysis. BMJ 2002;325:1–7
- Hackam DG, Anand SS. Emerging risk factors for atherosclerotic vascular disease. A critical review of the evidence. JAMA 2003;290:932–40
- Selhub J, Jacques PF, Wilson PWF, et al. Vitamin status and intake as primary determinants of homocysteinemia in an elderly population. JAMA 1993;270:2693–8
- Homocysteine Lowering Trialists' Collabora-tion. Lowering blood homocysteine with folic acid based supplements: meta-analysis of rando-mized trials. BMJ 1998;316:894–8
- Lobo A, Naso A, Arheart K, et al. Reduction of homocysteine levels in coronary artery disease by low-dose folic acid combined with vitamins B6 and B12. Am J Cardiol 1999;83:821–5
- Morris M, Jacques P, Selhub J, et al. Total homocysteine and estrogen status indicators in the Third National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey. Am J Epidemiol 2000; 152:140–8
- Wouters MG, Moorees MT, van der Mooren MJ, et al. Plasma homocysteine and menopausal status. Eur J Clin Invest 1995;11:801–5
- Walsh BW, Paul S, Wild RA, et al. The effects of hormone replacement therapy and raloxifene on C-reactive protein and homocysteine in healthy postmenopausal women: a randomized, con-trolled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85: 214
- Ventura P, Cagnacci A, Malmusi S, et al. Continuous combined hormone replacement therapy with oral 17f3-estradiol and norethister-one acetate improves homocysteine metabolism in postmenopausal women. Menopause 2001; 8:252–8
- Somekawa Y, Kobayashi K, Tomura S, et al. Effects of hormone replacement therapy and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase poly-morphism on plasma folate and homocysteine levels in postmenopausal women. Fertil Steril 2002;77:481–6
- Christodoulakos G, Lambrinoudaki I, Panoulis C, et al. Effect of raloxifene, estrogen, and hormone replacement therapy on serum homo-cysteine levels in postmenopausal women. Fertil Steril 2003;79:455–6
- Chiantera V, Sarti CD, Fornaro F, et al. Long-term effects of oral and transdermal hormone replacement therapy on plasma homocysteine levels. Menopause 2003;10:286–91
- Kaleli B, Yildirim B, Demir S, et al. Effects of low-dose 17fl-estradiol plus norethisterone acet-ate and tibolone on fasting plasma homocysteine levels in postmenopausal women. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2003;82:1107–11
- Christodoulakos GE, Panoulis CPC, Lambrinou-daki IV, et al. Effect of hormone replacement therapy and tibolone on serum total homocys-teine levels in postmonopausal women. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2004;112:74–9
- Cagnacci A, Malmusi S, Zanni AL, et al. Comparison of the effect of oral and transdermal hormone therapy on fasting and postmethionine homocysteine levels. Fertil Steril 2004;81: 99–103
- Lacut K, Oger E, Abalain JH, et al. Effects of oral and transdermal 17 beta-estradiol combined with progesterone on homocysteine metabolism in postmenopausal women: a randomized pla-cebo-controlled trial. Atherosclerosis 2004;174: 173–80
- Berger PB, Herrmann RR, Dumesic DA. The effect of estrogen replacement therapy on total plasma homocysteine in healthy postmenopausal women. Mayo Clin Proc 2000;75:18–23
- Ghezzi F, Buttarelli M, Cromi A, et al. Plasma homocysteine levels after hormone therapy with and without folic acid supplementation: a randomized study. Fertil Steril 2004;82:746–8
- Evio S, Tiitinen A, Turpeinen U, et al. Failure of combination of sequential oral and transdermal estradiol plus norethisterone acetate to affect plasma homocysteine levels. Fertil Steril 2000;74:1081–3
- Smolders RGV, van der Mooren MJ, Teerlink T, et al. A randomized placebo-controlled study of the effect of transdermal vs. oral estradiol with or without gestodene on homocysteine levels. Fertil Steril 2003;79:261–7
- Marchesoni D, Driul L, Plaino L, et al. Menopause rather than estrogen modifies plas-ma homocysteine levels. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2003;81:293–7
- Mijatovic V, Netelenbos C, van der Mooren MJ, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-con-trolled study of the effects of raloxifene and conjugated equine estrogen on plasma homo-cysteine levels in healthy postmenopausal women. Fertil Steril 1998;70:1085–9
- Haas JS, Kaplan CP, Gerstenberger EP, et al. Changes in the use of hormone therapy after the publication of clinical trial results. Ann Intern Med 2004;140:184–8
- Hulley S, Grady D, Bush T, et al. Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in post-menopausal women. Heart Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Research Group. JAMA 1998;280:605–13
- Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal re-sults from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002;288: 321–33
- US Preventive Services Task Force. Postmeno-pausal hormone replacement therapy for primary prevention of chronic conditions: re-commendations and rationale. Ann Intern Med 2002;137:834–9