90
Views
14
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original

Risk of cardiovascular disease in relation to the use of combined postmenopausal hormone therapy: detection bias and resolution of discrepant findings in two Women's Health Initiative studies

Pages 416-420 | Published online: 03 Jul 2009

References

  • Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women. Principal results in the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002; 288: 321–333
  • Manson J E, Hsia J, Johnson K C, et al. Estrogen plus progestin and the risk of coronary heart disease. N Engl Med J 2003; 349: 523–534
  • Meade T W, Vickers M R. HRT and cardiovascular disease. J Epidemiol Biostat 1999; 4: 165–190
  • Prentice R L, Langer R, Stefanik M L, et al. Combined postmenopausal hormone therapy and cardiovascular disease: toward resolving the discrepancy between observational studies and the Women's Health Initiative clinical trial. Am J Epidemiol 2005; 162: 404–414
  • Curb D, McTiernan A, Heckbert S R, et al. Outcomes ascertainment and adjudication in the Women's Health Initiative. Ann Epidemiol 2003; 13(Suppl)S122–S128
  • Wassertheil-Smoller S, Hendrix S, Limacher M, et al. Effect of estrogen plus progestin on stroke in postmenopausal women: Women's Health Initiative. JAMA 2003; 289: 2673–2684
  • Cushman M, Kuller L H, Prentice R L, et al. Estrogen plus progestin and risk of venous thrombosis. JAMA 2004; 292: 1573–1580
  • Petitti D B, Freedman D A. Invited commentary; how far can epidemiologists get with statistical adjustment?. Am J Epidemiol 2005; 162: 415–418
  • Prentice R L, Langer R, Anderson G, Barad D. Response to “How far can epidemiologists get with statistical adjustment?. Am J Epidemiol 2005; 162: 419–420
  • Shapiro S. Risks of estrogen plus progestin therapy: a sensitivity analysis of findings in the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. Climacteric 2003; 5: 302–310
  • Shapiro S. Adverse neoplastic and cardiovascular outcomes of HRT. The validity of the evidence. Endocrine 2004; 24(Suppl)203–210
  • Garbe E, Suissa S. Issues to debate on the Women's Health Study. Hormone replacement therapy and acute coronary outcomes: methodological issues between randomized and observational studies. Hum Reprod 2004; 19: 8–13
  • Chlebowski R T, Hendrix Sl, Langer R D, et al. Influence of estrogen plus progestin on breast cancer mamography in healthy postmenopausal women: the Women's Health Initiative randomized trial. JAMA 2003; 289: 3243–3253
  • Hulley S, Grady D, Bush T, et al. Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Research Group. JAMA 1998; 280: 605–613
  • Castellsague J, Perez Gutthann S, Garcia Rodriguez L A. Recent epidemiological studies of the association between hormone replacement therapy and venous thromboembolism. A review. Pharmacoepidemiology 1998; 18: 117–123

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.