Suggested reading
General
- Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progesterone in healthy post-menopausal women. JAMA 2002; 288: 321–333
- Million Women Study Collaborators. Breast cancer and hormone replacement therapy in the Million Women Study. Lancet 2003; 362: 419–427
- Anderson G L, Judd H L, Kaunitz A M, , for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators, et al. Effects of estrogen plus progestin on gynecologic cancers and associated diagnostic procedures. JAMA 2003; 290: 1739–1748
Exercise
- Asikainen T M, Kukkonen-Harjula K, Miilunpalo S. Exercise for health for early postmenopausal women. A systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Sports Med 2004; 34: 753–778
- Warburton D ER, Nicol C W, Bredin S SD. Health benefits of physical activity. CMAJ 2006; 174: 801–809
Hormones and breast cancer
- Russo J, Lareef M H, Balogh G, Guo S, Russo I H. Estrogen and its metabolites are carcinogenic in human breast epithelial cells. J Steroid Biochem Molec Biol 2003; 87: 1–25
- Kuhl H. Is the elevated breast cancer risk observed in the WHI study an artifact?. Climacteric 2004; 7: 319–323
- Fournier A, Berrino F, Riboli E, Avenel V, Clavel-Chapelon F. Breast cancer risk in relation to different types of hormone replacement therapy in the E3N-EPIC cohort. Int J Cancer 2005; 114: 448–454
- Anderson G L, Chlebowski R T, Roussouw J E, et al. Prior hormone therapy and breast cancer risk in The Women's Health Initiative randomized trial of estrogen and progestin. Maturitas 2006; 5: 103–115
- Garcia-Closas M, Sherman M, Brinton L. Clarifying breast cancer risks associated with menopausal hormone therapy. Lancet Oncol 2006; 7: 885–886
- Russo J, Fernandez S V, Russo P A, et al. 17 beta estradiol induces transformation and tumorigenesis in human breast epithelial cells. FASEB J 2006; 20: 1622–1634
- Stefanick M L, Anderson G L, Margolis K L, et al. Effects of conjugated equine estrogens on breast cancer and mammography screening in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy. JAMA 2006; 295: 1647–1657
Endometrial safety and bleeding
- Wiederpass E. Risk of endometrial cancer following estrogen replacement with and without progestins. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999; 91: 1131–1137
- Lethaby A, Suckling J, Barlow D H, et al. Hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women: endometrial hyperplasia and irregular bleeding. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004; 3, CD000402
Route of administration and timing of initiation
- Cicinelli E, de Ziegler D, Bulletti C, Matteo M G, Schonauer L M, Galantino P. Direct transport of progesterone from vagina to uterus. Obstet Gynecol 2000; 95: 403–406
- Maruo T, Mishell D R, Ben-Chetrit A, Hochner-Celnikier D, Hamada A L, Nash H A. Vaginal rings delivering progesterone and estradiol may be a new method of hormone replacement therapy. Fertil Steril 2002; 78: 1010–1016
- Riphagen F E. Intrauterine application of progestins in hormone replacement therapy: a review. Climacteric 2000; 3: 199–211
New products and regimens since 2003
- White W B, Hanes V, Chauhan V, Pitt B. Effects of a new HT, drospirenone and 17β-estradiol, in postmenopausal women with hypertension. Hypertension 2006; 48: 246–253
- Panay N, Ylikorkala O, Archer D F, et al. Ultra-low-dose estradiol and norethisterone acetate: effective menopause symptom relief. Climacteric 2007; 10: 120–131
Androgens
- Davison S L, Bell R, Donath S, Montalto J G, Davis S R. Androgen levels in adult females: changes with age, menopause, and oophorectomy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90: 3847–3853
- Burger H G, Papalia M. A clinical update on female androgen insufficiency – testosterone testing and treatment in women presenting with low sexual desire. Sexual Health 2006; 3: 73–78
Urogynecology
- Teleman P M, Lidfeldt J, Nerbrand C, Samsioe G, Mattiasson A, WHILA study group. Overactive bladder: prevalence, risk factors and relation to stress incontinence in middle-aged women. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2004; 111: 600–604
- Monz B, Pons M E, Hampel C, Hunskaar S, Quail D, Samsioe G, Sykes D, Wagg A, Papanicolaou S. Patient-reported impact of urinary incontinence – results from treatment seeking women in 14 European countries. Maturitas 2005; 52(Suppl 2)S24–S34
Cognition and cognitive aging
- Henderson V W, Dudley E C, Guthrie J R, Burger H G, Dennerstein L. Estrogen exposures and memory at midlife: a population-based study of women. Neurology 2003; 60: 1369–1371
- Resnick S M, Maki P M, Rapp S R, et al. Effects of combination estrogen plus progestin hormone treatment on cognition and affect. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91: 1802–1810
Alzheimer's disease
- Shumaker S A, Legault C, Kuller L, et al. Conjugated equine estrogens and incidence of probable dementia and mild cognitive impairment in postmenopausal women: Women's Health Initiative Memory Study. JAMA 2004; 291: 2947–2958
- Henderson V W. Estrogen-containing hormone therapy and Alzheimer's disease risk: understanding discrepant inferences from observational and experimental research. Neuroscience 2006; 138: 1031–1039
Osteoporosis
- Kanis J A, Black D, Cooper C, et al. A new approach to the development of assessment guidelines for osteoporosis. A position paper of the IOF and NOF. Osteoporos Int 2002; 13: 527–536
- Bagger Y Z, Tanko L B, Alexandersen P, et al. Two to three years of hormone replacement therapy in healthy women have long-term prevention effects on bone mass and osteoporotic fractures: the PERF study. Bone 2004; 34: 728–731
- Delmas P D, Rizzoli R, Cooper C, Reginster J Y. Treatment of patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis is worthwhile. The position of the International Osteoporosis Foundation. Osteoporos Int 2005; 16: 1–5
- Lindsay R, Gallagher J C, Kleerekoper M, et al. Bone response to treatment with lower dosages of conjugated estrogens with and without medroxyprogesterone acetate in early postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int 2005; 4: 372–379
- Boonen S, Lips P, Bouillon R, Bischoff-Ferrari H A, Vanderschueren D, Haentjens P. Need for additional calcium to reduce the risk of hip fracture with vitamin D supplementation: evidence from a comparative meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92: 1415–1423
- Komulainen M H, Kroger H, Tuppurainen M T, et al. HRT and Vit D in prevention of non-vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women; a 5 year randomized trial. Maturitas 1998; 31: 45–54
Coagulation
- Straczek C, Oger E, Yon de Jonage-Canonico M B, , Estrogen and Thromboembolism Risk (ESTHER) Study Group, et al. Prothrombotic mutations, hormone therapy, and venous thromboembolism among postmenopausal women: impact of the route of estrogen administration. Circulation 2005; 112: 3495–3500
- Kluft C, Jespersen J, de Maat M PM, Bladbjerg E -M, Skouby S O. Effect of genomics on venous thrombosis: relation to sex steroids. Menopausal Med 2006; 13: 1–5
- Canonico M, Oger E, Plu-Bureau G, et al. Estrogen and Thromboembolism Risk (ESTHER) Study Group. Hormone therapy and venous thromboembolism among postmenopausal women: impact of the route of estrogen administration and progestogens: The ESTHER Study. Circulation 2007; 115: 840–845
Gender-specific characteristics of atherosclerosis in menopausal women
- Pyorala K, Lehto S, De Bacquer D, , EUROASPIRE I and II Groups, et al. Risk factor management in diabetic and non-diabetic patients with coronary heart disease. Findings from the EUROASPIRE I AND II surveys. Diabetologia 2004; 47: 1257–1265
- Stramba-Badiale M, Fox K M, Priori S G, et al. Cardiovascular diseases in women: a statement from the policy conference of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2006; 27: 994–1005
Menopause and stroke
- Arana A, Varas C, Gonzalez-Perez A, et al. Hormone therapy and cerebrovascular events: a population-based nested case-control study. Menopause 2006; 13: 1–7
- Bushnell C D, Hurn P, Colton C, et al. Advancing the study of stroke in women: summary and recommendations for future research from an NINDS-Sponsored Multidisciplinary Working Group. Stroke 2006; 37: 2387–2399
Postmenopausal hormones and coronary artery disease
- Hsia J, Langer R D, Manson J E, et al. Conjugated equine estrogens and coronary heart disease: the Women's Health Initiative. Arch Intern Med 2006; 166: 357–365
- Prentice R L, Langer R D, Stefanick M L, et al. Combined analysis of Women's Health Initiative observational and clinical trial data on postmenopausal hormone treatment and cardiovascular disease. Am J Epidemiol 2006; 163: 589–599
- Grodstein F, Manson J E, Stampfer M J. Hormone therapy and coronary heart disease: the role of time since menopause and age at hormone initiation. J Women's Health 2006; 15: 35–44
- Salpeter S R, Walsh J M, Greyber E, Salpeter E E. Coronary heart disease events associated with hormone therapy in younger and older women. A meta-analysis. J Gen Intern Med 2006; 21: 363–366
Non-hormonal therapy
- Nedrow A, Miller J, Walker M, Nygren P, Huffman L H, Nelson H D. Complementary and alternative therapies for the management of menopause-related symptoms: a systematic evidence review. Arch Intern Med 2006; 166: 1453–1465
- Nelson H D, Vesco K K, Haney E, et al. Nonhormonal therapies for menopausal hot flashes: systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2006; 295: 2057–2071
New attitudes to sexuality in the menopause
- Basson R. Introduction to Special Issue on Women's sexuality and outline of assessment of sexual problems. Menopause 2004; 11: 709–713
- Hayes R, Dennerstein L. The impact of aging on sexual function and sexual dysfunction in women: a review of population-based studies. J Sex Med 2005; 2: 317–330
- Genazzani A R, Gambacciani M, Simoncini T. Menopause and aging, quality of life and sexuality. IMS Statement following 6th IMS Workshop, Pisa, December 2006. Climacteric 2007; 10: 88–96