The effects of short-term hormone replacement therapy on long-term bone mineral density

References

• Cauley J A, Robbins J, Chen Z, et al. Effects of estrogen plus progestin on risk of fracture and bone mineral density: the Women's Health Initiative randomized trial. JAMA 2003; 290: 1729–1738
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossouw J E, Anderson G L, Prentice R L, et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002; 288: 321–333
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ott S M. Long-term safety of bisphosphonates. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90: 1897–1899
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenspan S L, Emkey R D, Bone H G, et al. Significant differential effects of alendronate, estrogen, or combination therapy on the rate of bone loss after discontinuation of treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 2002; 137: 875–883
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purdie D W, Steel S A, Howey S, Doherty S M. The technical and logistical feasibility of population densitometry using DXA and directed HRT intervention: a 2-year prospective study. Osteoporos Int 1996; 6(Suppl 3)31–36
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Steel S A, Albertazzi P, Howarth E M, Purdie D W. Factors affecting long-term adherence to hormone replacement therapy after screening for osteoporosis. Climacteric 2003; 6: 96–103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagger Y Z, Tanko L B, Alexandersen P, et al. Two to three years of hormone replacement treatment in healthy women have long-term preventive effects on bone mass and osteoporotic fractures: the PERF study. Bone 2004; 34: 728–735
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black D M, Schwartz A V, Ensrud K E, et al. Effects of continuing or stopping alendronate after 5 years of treatment: the Fracture Intervention Trial Long Term Extension (FLEX). JAMA 2006; 296: 2927–2938
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bone H G, Hosking D, Devogelaer J P, et al. Ten years' experience with alendronate for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 1189–1199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Migliorati C A, Siegel M A, Elting L S. Bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis: a long-term complication of bisphosphonate treatment. Lancet Oncol 2006; 7: 508–514
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woo S B, Hellstein J W, Kalmar J R. Systematic review: bisphosphonates and osteonecrosis of the jaws. Ann Intern Med 2006; 144: 753–761
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odvina C V, Zerwekh J E, Rao D S, Maalouf N, Gottschalk F A, Pak C Y. Severely suppressed bone turnover: a potential complication of alendronate therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90: 1294–1301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mashiba T, Turner C H, Hirano T, Forwood M R, Johnston C C, Burr D B. Effects of suppressed bone turnover by bisphosphonates on microdamage accumulation and biomechanical properties in clinically relevant skeletal sites in beagles. Bone 2001; 28: 524–531
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delmas P D, Ensrud K E, Adachi J D, et al. Efficacy of raloxifene on vertebral fracture risk reduction in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: four-year results from a randomized clinical trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87: 3609–3617
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Shahi R, Vousden C, Warlow C. Bias from requiring explicit consent from all participants in observational research: prospective, population based study. BMJ 2005; 33: 942–945
   Google Scholar
• Junghans C, Feder G, Hemingway H, Timmis A, Jones M. Recruiting patients to medical research: double blind randomised trial of ‘opt-in’ versus ‘opt-out’ strategies. BMJ 2005; 331: 940–942
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravn P, Cizza G, Bjarnason N H, et al. Low body mass index is an important risk factor for low bone mass and increased bone loss in early postmenopausal women. Early Postmenopausal Intervention Cohort (EPIC) study group. J Bone Miner Res 1999; 14: 1622–1627
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Law M R, Hackshaw A K. A meta-analysis of cigarette smoking, bone mineral density and risk of hip fracture: recognition of a major effect. BMJ 1997; 315: 841–846
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson R D, Wactawski-Wende J, LaCroix A Z, et al. Effects of conjugated equine estrogen on risk of fractures and BMD in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized trial. J Bone Miner Res 2006; 21: 817–828
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson G L, Limacher M, Assaf A R, et al. Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004; 291: 1701–1712
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar