References
- Zouboulis C C, Boschnakow A. Chronological ageing and photoaging of the human sebaceous gland. Clin Exp Dermatol 2001; 26: 600–607
- Kligman A M, Koblenzer C. Demographics and psychological implications for the aging population. Dermatol Clin 1997; 15: 549–553
- Brincat M P. Hormone replacement therapy and the skin. Maturitas 2000; 35: 107–117
- Raine-Fenning N J, Brincat M P, Muscat-Baron Y. Skin aging and menopause: implications for treatment. Am J Clin Dermatol 2003; 4: 371–378
- Schmidt J B, Lindmaier A, Spona J. Hormone receptors in pubic skin of premenopausal and postmenopausal females. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1990; 30: 97–100
- Savvas M, Bishop J, Laurent G, Watson N, Studd J. Type III collagen content in the skin of postmenopausal women receiving oestradiol and testosterone implants. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1993; 100: 154–156
- Shuster S, Black M, McVitie E. The influence of age and sex on skin thickness, skin collagen and density. Br J Dermatol 1985; 93: 639–643
- Holland E F, Studd J W, Mansell J P, Leather A T, Bailey A J. Changes in collagen composition and cross-links in bone and skin of osteoporotic postmenopausal women treated with percutaneous estradiol implants. Obstet Gynecol 1994; 83: 180–183
- Dunn L B, Damesyn M, Moore A A, Reuben D B, Greendale G A. Does estrogen prevent skin aging? Results from the first national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES I). Arch Dermatol 1997; 133: 339–342
- Sator P-G, Schmidt J B, Sator M O, Huber J C, Hoenigsmann H. The influence of hormone replacement therapy on skin aging. A pilot study. Maturitas 2001; 39: 43–55
- Oikarinen A. Systemic estrogens have no conclusive beneficial effect on human skin connective tissue. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2000; 79: 250–254
- Callens A, Vaillant L, Lecomte P, Berson M, Gall Y, Lorette G. Does hormonal skin aging exist? A study of the influence of different hormone therapy regimes on the skin of postmenopausal women using non-invasive measurement techniques. Dermatology 1996; 193: 289–294
- Sator P-G, Schmidt J B, Hönigsmann H. Objective assessment of photoaging effects using high-frequency ultrasound in PUVA-treated psoriasis patients. Br J Dermatol 2002; 147: 291–298
- Sumino H, Ichikawa S, Abe M, Endo Y, Ishikawa O, Kurabayashi M. Effects of aging, menopause, and hormone replacement therapy on forearm skin elasticity in women. J Am Geriatr Soc 2004; 52: 945–949
- Tsukahara K, Nakagawa H, Moriwaki S, et al. Ovariectomy is sufficient to accelerate spontaneous skin aging and to stimulate ultraviolet irradiation-induced photoaging of murine skin. Br J Dermatol 2004; 151: 984–994
- Braverman I M, Fonferko E. Studies in cutaneous aging. I. The elastic fiber network. J Invest Dermatol 1982; 78: 434–443
- Pochi P E, Kligman A M. The effects of androgens and estrogens on human sebaceous glands. J Invest Dermatol 1962; 39: 139–155
- Pierard G E. The quandary of climacteric skin aging. Dermatology 1996; 193: 273–274
- Grosman N, Heridbey E, Schon J. The effect of estrogenic treatment on the acid mucopolysaccharide pattern in the skin of mice. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 1971; 30: 458–464
- Jemec G BE, Serup J. Short-term effects of topical 17β-oestradiol on human postmenopausal skin. Maturitas 1989; 11: 229–234
- Punnonen R, Rauramo L. Effect of estrogen therapy on climacteric symptoms and tissue changes. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1974; 53: 267–269
- Brincat M, Moniz C J, Studd J WW, et al. Long-term effects of menopause and sex hormones on skin thickness. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1985; 92: 256–259
- Brincat M P, Muscat Baron Y, Galea R. Estrogens and the skin. Climacteric 2005; 8: 110–123
- Haapasaari K-M, Raudakoki T, Kailloinen M, et al. Systemic therapy with estrogen or estrogen with progestin has no effect on skin collagen in postmenopausal women. Maturitas 1997; 27: 153–162
- Punnonen R. On the effect of castration and peroral estrogen therapy on the skin. Acta Obstet Scand Suppl 1971; 9(Suppl 9)32
- Urano R, Sakabe K, Seiki K, Ohkido M. Female sex hormone stimulates cultured human keratinocyte proliferation and its RNA and protein-synthetic activities. J Dermatol Sci 1995; 9: 176–184
- Ashcroft G S, Dodsworth J, Van Boxtel E, et al. Estrogen accelerates cutaneous wound healing associated with an increase in TGF-beta1 levels. Nat Med 1997; 3: 1209–1215
- Kanda N, Watanabe S. 17β-Estradiol stimulates the growth of human keratinocytes by inducing cyclin D2 expression. J Invest Dermatol 2004; 123: 319–328
- Rossouw J E, Anderson G L, Prentice R L, et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002; 288: 321–333
- Beral V. Million Women Study Collaborators. Breast cancer and hormone replacement therapy in the Million Women Study. Lancet 2003; 362: 419–427