References
- Riggs B L, Melton L J, III. Involutional osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 1986; 314: 1676–1686
- Riggs B L, Melton L J, III. The prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 620–627
- Gotfredsen A, Nilas L, Riis B J, Thomsen K, Christiansen C. Bone changes occurring spontaneously and caused by oestrogen in early postmenopausal women: a local or generalized phenomenon?. Br Med J 1986; 292: 1098–1100
- Richelson L S, Wahner H W, Melton L J, Riggs B L. Relative contributions of aging and estrogen deficiency to postmenopausal bone loss. N Engl J Med 1984; 311: 1273–1275
- Nilas L, Christiansen C. The pathophysiology of peri- and postmenopausal bone loss. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1989; 96: 580–587
- Nordin B EC, Need A G, Bridges A, Horowitz M. Relative contributions of years since menopause, age, and weight to vertebral density in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992; 74: 20–23
- Gambacciani M, Spinetti A, de Simone L, et al. The relative contributions of menopause and aging to postmenopausal vertebral osteopenia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993; 77: 1148–1151
- Brincat M, Moniz C F, Studd J W, Darby A J, Magos A, Cooper D. Sex hormones and skin collagen content in postmenopausal women. Br Med J 1983; 287: 1337–1338
- Brincat M, Moniz C F, Studd J WW, et al. The long term effects of the menopause and of administration of sex hormones on skin collagen and skin thickness. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1985; 99: 256–299
- Wiqvist I, Linde A. Hormonal influence on glycosaminoglycans synthesis in uterine connective tissue of term pregnant women. Hum Reprod 1987; 2: 177–182
- Larking P W, McDonald B W, Taylor M L, Kirkland A D. Urine glycosaminoglycans in a reference population with effects of age, body surface area and postmenopausal status. Biochem Med Metab Biol 1987; 37: 246–254
- Carranco A, Reyes R, Huacuja L, Guzman A, Delgado N M. Human urinary glycosaminoglycans as accurate method for ovulation detection. Int J Fertil 1992; 37: 209–213
- Brown M, Tsaltas T. Studies on the permeability of the intervertebral disc during skeletal maturation. Spine 1976; 1: 240
- Boos N, Weissbach S, Rohrbach H, Weiler C, Spratt K F, Nerlich A G. Classification of age related changes in lumbar intervertebral disk. Spine 2002; 27: 2631–2644
- Pfirrmann C W, Metzdorf A, Elfering A, Hodler J, Boos N. Effect of aging and degeneration on disc volume and shape: a quantitative study in asymptomatic volunteers. J Orthop Res 2006; 24: 1086–1094
- Urban J, Maroudas A, Bayliss M T, Dillon J. Swelling pressures of proteoglycans at the concentrations found in cartilaginous tissues. Biorheology 1979; 16: 447–464
- Nerlich A, Scleicher E, Boos N. Immunohistological markers for age-related changes in lumbar spine. Spine 1997; 22: 2781–2795
- Urban J, Roberts S. Degeneration of the intervertebral disc. Arthritis Res Ther 2003; 5: 120–130
- Shirado O, Kaneda K, Tadano S, Ishikawa H, McAfee P C, Warden K E. Influence of disc degeneration on mechanism of thoracolumbar burst fractures. Spine 1992; 17: 286–292
- Dai L. The relationship between vertebral body deformity and disc degeneration in lumbar spine of the senile. Eur Spine J 1998; 7: 40–44
- Sornay-Rendu E, Munoz F, Duboeuf F, Delmas P D. Disc space narrowing is associated with an increased vertebral fracture risk in postmenopausal women: The OFELY Study. J Bone Miner Res 2004; 19: 1994–1999
- Muscat Baron Y, Brincat M, Galea R, Calleja N. Intervertebral disc height in treated and untreated overweight postmenopausal women. Hum Reprod 2005; 20: 3566–3570
- Gruber H E, Yamaguchi D, Ingram J, et al. Expression and localisation of the estrogen receptor beta in annulus cells of the human intervertebral disc and the mitogenic effect of 17beta-estradiol. Musc Skel Disorder 2002; 3: 4
- Rossouw J E, Anderson G L, Prentice R L, et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002; 288: 321–333
- Anderson G L, Limacher M, Assaf A R, et al. Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004; 291: 1701–1712
- Genazzani A R, Gambacciani M, Schneider H PG, Christiansen C. Postmenopausal osteoporosis: therapeutic options. Climacteric 2005; 8: 99–109
- Sturdee D W, MacLennan A H. Prevention of osteoporosis is still a valid aim for hormone therapy. Climacteric 2005; 8: 97–98