Progestin may modify the effect of low-dose hormone therapy on mammographic breast density

References

• The North American Society. Amended report: NAMS advisory panel on postmenopausal hormone therapy. Menopause 2003; 10: 6–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Writing Group of the Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002; 288: 321–333
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hulley S, Grady D, Bush T, et al. Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Research Group. JAMA 1998; 280: 605–613
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grodstein F, Manson J E, Colditz G A, Willett W C, Speizer F E, Stampfer M J. A prospective, observational study of postmenopausal hormone therapy and primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Ann Intern Med 2000; 133: 933–941
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christodoulakos G E, Lambrinoudaki I V, Panoulis C P, Papadias C A, Kouskouni E E, Creatsas G C. Effect of hormone replacement therapy, tibolone and raloxifene on serum lipids, apolipoprotein A1, apolipoprotein B and lipoprotein(a) in Greek postmenopausal women. Gynecol Endocrinol 2004; 18: 244–257
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christodoulakos G, Lambrinoudaki I, Panoulis C, Rizos D, Coutoukos J, Creatsas G. Effect of raloxifene, estrogen and hormone replacement therapy on serum homocysteine levels in postmenopausal women. Fertil Steril 2003; 79: 455–456
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson G L, Limacher M Assaf A R, et al. Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004; 291: 1701–1712
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li C I. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and the risk of breast cancer: the view of an epidemiologist. Maturitas 2004; 49: 44–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stefanick M L, Anderson G L, Margolis K L, et al. Effects of conjugated equine estrogens on breast cancer and mammography screening in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy. JAMA 2006; 295: 1647–1657
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chlebowski R T, Hendrix S L, Langer R D, et al. Influence of estrogen plus progestin on breast cancer and mammography in healthy postmenopausal women: the Women's Health initiative randomized trial. JAMA 2003; 289: 3243–3253
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beral V, Bull D, Doll R, et al. Breast cancer and hormone replacement therapy; collaborative reanalysis of data from 51 epidemiological studies of 52705 women with breast cancer and 108411 women without breast cancer. Lancet 1997; 350: 1047–1059
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyd N F, Stone J, Martin L J, et al. The association of breast mitogens with mammographic densities. Br J Cancer 2002; 87: 876–882
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sterns E E, Zee B. Mammographic density changes in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women: is effect of hormone replacement therapy predictable. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2000; 59: 125–132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laya M B, Gallagher J C, Schreiman J S, et al. Effect of postmenopausal replacement therapy on mammographic density and parenchymal pattern. Radiology 1995; 196: 433–437
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banks E. Hormone replacement therapy and the sensitivity and specificity of breast cancer screening: a review. J Med Screen 2001; 8: 29–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warwick J, Pinney E, Warren R ML, et al. Breast density and breast cancer risk factors in a high-risk population. Breast 2003; 12: 10–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam P B, Vacek P M, Geller B M, Muss H B. The association of increased weight, body mass index, and tissue density with risk of breast carcinoma in Vermont. Cancer 2000; 89: 369–375
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutter C M, Mendelson M T, Laya M B, Seger D J, Teplin S. Changes in breast density associated with initiation, discontinuation and continuing use of hormone replacement therapy. JAMA 2001; 285: 171–176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen F-P, Cheung Y-C, Teng L-F, et al. The relationship between mammographic density and duration of hormone therapy: effects of estrogen and progestin. Hum Reprod 2005; 20: 1741–1745
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettersen P C, Raundahl J, Loog M, Nielsen M, Tankó L B, Christiansen C. Parallel assessment of the impact of different hormone replacement therapies on breast density by radiologist- and computer-based analyses of mammograms. Climacteric 2008; 11: 135–143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conner P. Breast response to menopausal hormone therapy – aspects on proliferation, apoptosis and mammographic density. Ann Med 2007; 39: 28–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otto C, Fuchs I, Altmann H, et al. Comparative analysis of the uterine and mammary gland effects of drospirenone and medroxyprogesterone acetate. Endocrinology 2008; 149: 3952–3959
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greendale G A, Reboussin B A, Slone S, et al. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and change in mammographic density. J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95: 30–37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christodoulakos G, Lambrinoudaki I, Panoulis K, et al. The effect of various regimens of hormone replacement therapy on mammographic breast density. Maturitas 2003; 45: 109–118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundstrom E, Wilczek B, von Palffy Z, et al. Mammographic breast density during hormone replacement therapy: differences according to treatment. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999; 181: 348–352
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofling M, Hirschberg A, Skoog L, Tani E, Hagerstrom T, von Schoultz B. Testosterone inhibits estrogen/progestogen-induced breast cell proliferation in postmenopausal women. Menopause 2007; 14: 183–190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conner P, Christow A, Kersemaekers W, et al. Breast cell proliferation in postmenopausal women during HRT evaluated through fine needle aspiration cytology. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2003; 78: 159–165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conner P, Christow A, Kersemaekers W, et al. A comparative study of breast cell proliferation during hormone replacement therapy: effects of tibolone and continuous combined estrogen–progestogen treatment. Climacteric 2004; 7: 50–58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christodoulakos G, Lambrinoudaki I, Vourtsi A, et al. The effect of low dose hormone therapy on mammographic breast density. Maturitas 2006; 54: 78–85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Persson I, Thurfjell E, Holmberg L. Effect of estrogen and estrogen–progestin replacement regimens on mammographic breast parenchymal density. J Clin Oncol 1997; 15: 3201–3207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufmann Z, Garstin W IH, Hayes R, Michell M J, Baum M. The mammographic parenchymal patterns of women on hormonal replacement therapy. Clin Radiol 1991; 43: 389–392
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilicdag E B, Bagis T, Pourbagher A, et al. Hormone replacement therapy and mammographic density. Int J Gynecol Obstet 2004; 86: 56–58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conner P, Svane G, Azavedo E, et al. Mammographic breast density, hormones and growth factors during continuous combined hormone therapy. Fertil Steril 2004; 81: 1617–1623
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundström E, Christow A, Svane G, et al. Effects of tibolone and a continuous combined HRT regimen on mammographic breast density. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002; 186: 717–722
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nahas-Neto J, De Luca L, Griva B, et al. Evaluation of mammographic density and 99mTc-sestamibi scintmammographic uptake in postmenopausal women on hormone replacement therapy. Maturitas 2006; 53: 97–106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundstrom E, Wilczek B, von Palffy Z, Soderquist G, von Schoultz B. Mammographic breast density during hormone replacement therapy: effects of continuous combination, unopposed transdermal and low-potency estrogen regimens. Climacteric 2001; 4: 42–48
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Junkermann H, von Holst T, Lang E, et al. Influence of different HRT regimens on mammographic density. Maturitas 2005; 50: 105–110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colacurci N, Fornaro F, De Franciscis P, Mele D, Palermo M, delVecchio W. Effects of a short-term suspension of hormone replacement therapy on mammographic density. Fertil Steril 2001; 76: 451–455
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warren R. Hormones and mammographic breast density. Maturitas 2004; 49: 67–78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greendale G A, Reboussin B A, Sie A, et al. Effects of estrogen and estrogen–progestin on mammographic parenchymal density. Ann Intern Med 1999; 130: 262–269
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McTiernan A, Martin C F, Peck J D, et al. Estrogen plus progestin use and mammographic density in postmenopausal women: Women's Health Initiative randomized trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005; 97: 1366–1376
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tjonneland A, Christensen J, Thomsen B L, et al. Hormone replacement therapy in relation to breast carcinoma incidence rate ratios: a prospective Danish cohort study. Cancer 2004; 100: 2328–2337
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sitruk-Ware R. Pharmacology of different progestogens: the special case of drospirenone. Climacteric 2005; 8(Suppl 3)4–12
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Conneely O M, Lydon J P. Progesterone receptors in reproduction: functional impact of the A and B isoforms. Steroids 2000; 65: 571–577
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franke H R, Vermes I. Differential effects of progestogens on breast cancer cell lines. Maturitas 2003; 46(Suppl 1)S55–S58
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sitruk-Ware R, Plu-Bureau G. Exogenous progestagens and the human breast. Maturitas 2004; 49: 58–66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seeger H, Mueck A O, Lippert T H. Effect of norethisterone acetate on estrogen metabolism in postmenopausal women. Horm Metab Res 2000; 32: 436–439
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foidart J M, Faustmann T. Advances in hormone replacement therapy: weight benefits of drospirenone, a 17α-spirolactone-derived progestogen. Gynecol Endocrinol 2007; 23: 692–699
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Druckmann R. Progestin and their effects on the breast. Maturitas 2003; 46(Suppl 1)S59–S69
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bitzer J, Kenemans P, O. Mueck A. FSD Education Group. Breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women using testosterone in combination with hormone replacement therapy. Maturitas 2008; 59: 209–218
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Speroff L. The meaning of mammographic breast density in users of postmenopausal hormone therapy. Maturitas 2002; 41: 171–175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guthrie J, Milne R, Hopper J, Cawson J, Dennerstein L, Burger H. Mammographic densities during the menopausal transition: longitudinal study of Australian-born women. Menopause 2007; 14: 208–215
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyd N F, Guo H, Martin L, et al. Mammographic density and the risk and detection of breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2007; 356: 227–236
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCormack V A, dos Santos Silva I. Breast density and parenchymal patterns as markers of breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006; 15: 1159–1169
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyd N F, Dite G S, Stone J, et al. Heritability of mammographic density, a risk factor for breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2002; 347: 886–894
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar