Hysteroscopy in postmenopause: from diagnosis to the management of intrauterine pathologies

References

• Vitale SG, Capriglione S, Zito G, et al. Management of endometrial, ovarian and cervical cancer in the elderly: current approach to a challenging condition. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2019;299:299–315
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bettocchi S, Ceci O, Vicino M, Marello F, Impedovo L, Selvaggi L. Diagnostic inadequacy of dilatation and curettage. Fertil Steril 2001;75:803–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luerti M, Vitagliano A, Di Spiezio Sardo A, et al. Effectiveness of hysteroscopic techniques for endometrial polyp removal: The Italian Multicenter Trial. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2019;26:1169–76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Null DB, Weiland CM, Camlibel AR. Postmenopausal bleeding-first steps in the workup. J Fam Pract 2012;61:597–604
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghoubara A, Sundar S, Ewies AA. Predictors of malignancy in endometrial polyps: study of 421 women with postmenopausal bleeding. Climacteric 2018;21:82–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lortet-Tieulent J, Ferlay J, Bray F, Jemal A. International patterns and trends in endometrial cancer incidence, 1978–2013. J Natl Cancer Inst 2018;110:354–61
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Astrup K, Olivarius NF. Frequency of spontaneously occurring postmenopausal bleeding in the general population. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2004;83:203–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dijkhuizen FP, Brolmann HA, Potters AE, Bongers MY, Heinz AP. The accuracy of transvaginal ultrasonography in the diagnosis of endometrial abnormalities. Obstet Gynecol 1996;87:345–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emanuel M, Verdel M, Wamsteker K, Lammes F. An audit of true prevalence of intrauterine pathology: the hysteroscopic findings, controled for patient selection in 1202 patients with abnormal uterine bleeding. Gynecol Endosc 1995;4:237–41
   Google Scholar
• Breijer MC, Timmermans A, van Doorn HC, Mol BW, Opmeer BC. Diagnostic strategies for postmenopausal bleeding. Obstet Gynecol Int 2010;2010:1–5
   Google Scholar
• Smith PP, O’Connor S, Gupta J, Clark TJ. Recurrent postmenopausal bleeding: a prospective cohort study. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2014;21:799–803
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tofiloska V, Velik-Stefanovska V, Dimitrov G. The connection between the endometrial thickness and the risk of endometrial malignancy in postmenopausal women. OAMJMS 2019;7:2263–6
   Google Scholar
• Neven P, Vernaeve H. Guidelines for monitoring patients taking tamoxifen treatment. Drug Saf 2000;22:1–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American College of Obstetrics and Gynecologists. Tamoxifen and uterine cancer. Committee opinion No. 601. Obstet Gynecol 2014;123:1394–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Capmas P, Pourcelot AG, Giral E, Fedida D, Fernandez H. Office hysteroscopy: a report of 2402 cases. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris) 2016;45:445–50
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• RCOG Green-top Guideline No. 59 – 2011. Hysteroscopy, Best Practice in Outpatient
   Google Scholar
• Giorda G, Scarabelli C, Franceschi S, Campagnutta E. Feasibility and pain control in outpatient hysteroscopy in postmenopausal women: a randomized trial. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2000;79:593–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith PP, Kolhe S, O’Connor S, Clark TJ. Vaginoscopy against standard treatment: a randomised controlled trial. BJOG 2019;126:891–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bettocchi S, Nappi L, Ceci O, Pontrelli G, Pinto L, Selvaggi L. Hysteroscopy and menopause: past and future. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2005;17:366–75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitale SG, Bruni S, Chiofalo B, Riemma G, Lasmar RB. Updates in office hysteroscopy: a practical decalogue to perform a correct procedure. Updates Surg 2020 Feb 1. Epub ahead of print
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garuti G, Mirra M, Luerti M. Hysteroscopic view in atypical endometrial hyperplasias: a correlation with pathologic findings on hysterectomy specimens. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2006;13:325–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zola FE, Nogueira AA, de Andrade JM, dos Reis FJC. Hysteroscopic appearance of malignant and benign endometrial lesions: a case-control study. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2007;275:49–52
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bettocchi S, Di Venere R, Pansini N, et al. Endometrial biopsies using small-diameter hysteroscopes and 5F instruments: how can we obtain enough material for a correct histologic diagnosis? J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 2002;9:290–2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sarkar P, Mikhail E, Schickler R, Plosker S, Imudia AN. Optimal order of successive office hysteroscopy and endometrial biopsy for the evaluation of abnormal uterine bleeding: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2017;130:565–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nappi C, Di Spiezio Sardo A. State-of-the-Art Hysteroscopic Approaches to Pathologies of the Genital Tract. Tuttlingen: EndoPress; 2014
   Google Scholar
• Wong SF1, Luk KL, Wong AY, Tang LC. Findings in women with postmenopausal bleeding investigated with hysteroscopy. J Obstet Gynaecol 2001;21:392–5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Anastasiadis PG, Koutlaki NG, Skaphida PG, Galazios GC, Tsikouras PN, Liberis VA. Endometrial polyps: prevalence, detection, and malignant potential in women with abnormal uterine bleeding. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2000;21:180–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurman RJ, Ed. Blaustein’s Pathology of the Female Genital Tract. Berlin: Springer‐Verlag Springer‐Verlag; 1987
   Google Scholar
• For the Italian School of Minimally Invasive GynecologicaL Surgery (SiCMiG) Hysteroscopists Group. Prevalence and predictors of atypical histology in endometrial polyps removed by hysteroscopy: a secondary analysis from the SICMIG hysteroscopy trial. Facts Views Vis Obgyn 2019;11:127–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniele A, Ferrero A, Maggiorotto F, Perrini G, Volpi E, Sismondi P. Suspecting malignancy in endometrial polyps: value of hysteroscopy. Tumori 2013;99:204–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giannella L, Mfuta K, Setti T, Boselli F, Bergamini E, Cerami LB. Diagnostic accuracy of endometrial thickness for the detection of intra-uterine pathologies and appropriateness of performed hysteroscopies among asymptomatic postmenopausal women. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2014;177:29–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garuti G, Centinaio G, Luerti M. Outpatient hysteroscopic polypectomy in postmenopausal women: a comparison between mechanical and electrosurgical resection. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2008;15:595–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith PP, Middleton LJ, Connor M, Clark TJ. Hysteroscopic morcellation compared with electrical resection of endometrial polyps: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2014;123:745–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin X2, Cheng J, Ansari SH, et al. Hysteroscopic tissue removal systems for the treatment of intrauterine pathology: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Facts Views Vis Obgyn 2018;10:207–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dealberti D, Riboni F, Cosma S, et al. Feasibility and acceptability of office-based polypectomy with a 16F mini-resectoscope: a multicenter clinical study. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2016;23:418–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franchini M, Zolfanelli F, Gallorini M, Giarrè G, Fimiani R, Florio P. Hysteroscopic polypectomy in an office setting: specimen quality assessment for histopathological evaluation. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2015;189:64–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sobczuk K, Sobczuk A. New classification system of endometrial hyperplasia WHO 2014 and its clinical implications. Prz Menopauzalny 2017;16:107–11
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Armstrong AJ, Hurd WW, Elguero S, Barker NM, Zanotti KM. Diagnosis and management of endometrial hyperplasia. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2012;19:562–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Famuyide AO, Breitkopf DM, Hopkins MR, Laughlin-Tommaso SK. Asymptomatic thickened endometrium in postmenopausal women: malignancy risk. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2014;21:782–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elfayomy AK, Habib FA, Alkabalawy MA. Role of hysteroscopy in the detection of endometrial pathologies in women presenting with postmenopausal bleeding and thickened endometrium. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2012;285:839–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loiacono RM, Trojano G, Del Gaudio N, et al. Hysteroscopy as a valid tool for endometrial pathology in patients with postmenopausal bleeding or asymptomatic patients with a thickened endometrium: hysteroscopic and histological results. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2015;79:210–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Franciscis P, Riemma G, Schiattarella A, et al. Concordance between the hysteroscopic diagnosis of endometrial hyperplasia and histopathological examination. Diagnostics (Basel) 2019;9:7
   Google Scholar
• Bar-On S, Ben-David A, Rattan G, Grisaru D. Is outpatient hysteroscopy accurate for the diagnosis of endometrial pathology among perimenopausal and postmenopausal women? Menopause 2018;25:160–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garuti G, Cellani F, Garzia D, Colonnelli M, Luerti M. Accuracy of hysteroscopic diagnosis of endometrial hyperplasia: a retrospective study of 323 patients. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2005;12:247–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varma R, Soneja H, Bhatia K, et al. The effectiveness of a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) in the treatment of endometrial hyperplasia-a long-term follow-up study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2008;139:169–75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vilos GA, Oraif A, Vilos AG, Ettler H, Edris F, Abu-Rafea B. Long-term clinical outcomes following resectoscopic endometrial ablation of non-atypical endometrial hyperplasia in women with abnormal uterine bleeding. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2015;22:66–77
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lacey JV, Jr, Chia VM. Endometrial hyperplasia and the risk of progression to carcinoma. Maturitas 2009;63:39–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aune D, Navarro Rosenblatt DA, Chan DS, et al. Anthropometric factors and endometrial cancer risk: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Ann Oncol 2015;26:1635–48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore K. Endometrial cancer: is this a new disease? Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2017;37:435–42
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Luo J, Hendryx M, Manson JE, et al. Intentional weight loss and obesity-related cancer risk. JNCI Cancer Spectr 2019;3:pkz054
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lega I, Lipscombe LL. Review: diabetes, obesity and cancer – pathophysiology and clinical implications. Endocr Rev 2019;41:pii: bnz014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke MA, Long BJ, Del Mar Morillo A, Arbyn M, Bakkum-Gamez JN, Wentzensen N. Association of endometrial cancer risk with postmenopausal bleeding in women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med 2018;178:1210–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ACOG Committee Opinion No. 734: The role of transvaginal ultrasonography in evaluating the endometrium of women with postmenopausal bleeding. Obstet Gynecol 2018;131:e124–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugimoto O. Hysteroscopic diagnosis of endometrial carcinoma. A report of fifty-three cases examined at the women’s clinic of KyotoUniversity Hospital. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1975;121:105–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ørtoft G, Dueholm M, Mathiesen O, et al. Preoperative staging of endometrial cancer using TVS, MRI, and hysteroscopy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2013;92:536–45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang YN1, Zhang Y, Wang YJ, Wang LP, Duan H. Effect of hysteroscopy on the peritoneal dissemination of endometrial cancer cells: a meta-analysis. Fertil Steril 2011;96:957–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guralp O, Kushner DM. Iatrogenic transtubal spill of endometrial cancer: risk or myth. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2011;284:1209–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta A, Desai A, Bhatt S. Imaging of the endometrium: physiologic changes and diseases: women’s imaging. Radiographics 2017;37:2206–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung H, Jung JK, Kim SB, Cho EA, Um MJ. Comparative study on hysteroscopic and histologic examinations of the endometrium in postmenopausal women taking tamoxifen. J Menopausal Med 2018;24:81–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Garuti G, Grossi F, Centinaio G, Sita G, Nalli G, Luerti M. Pretreatment and prospective assessment of endometrium in menopausal women taking tamoxifen for breast cancer. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2007;132:101–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Early Breast Cancer Trialists’ Collaborative Group (EBCTCG). Aromatase inhibitors versus tamoxifen in early breast cancer: Patient-level meta-analysis of the randomised trials. Lancet 2015;386:1341–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pérez-Medina T, Salazar FJ, San-Frutos L, et al. Hysteroscopic dynamic assessment of the endometrium in patients treated with long-term tamoxifen. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2011;18:349–54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lasmar RB, Lasmar BP. The role of leiomyomas in the genesis of abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB). Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2017;40:82–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Aloysio D, Altieri P, Penacchioni P, Salgarello M, Ventura V. Bleeding patterns in recent postmenopausal outpatients with uterine myomas: comparison between two regimens of HRT. Maturitas 1998;29:261–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitale SG, Sapia F, Rapisarda AMC, et al. Hysteroscopic morcellation of submucous myomas: a systematic review. Biomed Res Int 2017;2017:1–6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loffer FJ. Hysteroscopic myomectomy in postmenopausal women. Minim Invasive Gynecol 2005;12:323–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tariq MU, Idrees R, Raheem A, Kayani N. Spectrum of histopathological findings in postmenopausal bleeding. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2015;25:794–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar