REFERENCES

  • Abel, E. L., & Kruger, M. L. (2005). Educational attainment and suicide rates in the United States. Psychological Reports, 97(1), 25–28. doi:10.2466/pr0.97.1.25-28
  • Acosta, F. J., Navarro, S., Cabrera, B., Ramallo-Fariña, Y., & Martínez, N. (2020). Painful insight vs. Usable insight in schizophrenia. Do they have different influences on suicidal behavior? Schizophrenia Research, 220, 147–154. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2020.03.042
  • Amador, X. F., & David, A. S. (1998). Insight and psychosis. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
  • August, S. M., Kiwanuka, J. N., McMahon, R. P., & Gold, J. M. (2012). The MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB): Clinical and cognitive correlates. Schizophrenia Research, 134(1), 76–82. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2011.10.015
  • Ayesa-Arriola, R., Terán, J. M. P., Moríñigo, J. D. L., Rivero, M. C., Setién-Suero, E., Al-Halabi, S., … Crespo-Facorro, B. (2018). The dynamic relationship between insight and suicidal behavior in first episode psychosis patients over 3-year follow-up. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 28(10), 1161–1172. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.05.005
  • Belvederi Murri, M., Respino, M., Innamorati, M., Cervetti, A., Calcagno, P., Pompili, M., … Amore, M. (2015). Is good insight associated with depression among patients with schizophrenia? Systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Research, 162(1–3), 234–247. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2015.01.003
  • Berardelli, I., Innamorati, M., Sarubbi, S., Rogante, E., Erbuto, D., Pisa, E. D., … Pompili, M. (2021). Are demoralization and insight involved in suicide risk? An observational study on psychiatric inpatients. Psychopathology, 54, 127–135. doi:10.1159/000515056
  • Berge, M., & Ranney, M. (2005). Self-esteem and stigma among persons with schizophrenia: Implications for mental health. Care Management Journals, 6(3), 139–144.
  • Bornheimer, L. A., Wojtalik, J. A., Li, J., Cobia, D., & Smith, M. J. (2021). Suicidal ideation in first-episode psychosis: Considerations for depression, positive symptoms, clinical insight, and cognition. Schizophrenia Research, 228, 298–304. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2020.12.025
  • Bourgeois, M., Swendsen, J., Young, F., Amador, X., Pini, S., Cassano, G. B., … Meltzer, H. Y. (2004). Awareness of disorder and suicide risk in the treatment of schizophrenia: Results of the international suicide prevention trial. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 1494–1496.
  • Brandt, J. (1991). The Hopkins verbal learning test: Development of a new memory test with six equivalent forms. Clinical Neuropsychologist, 5, 125–142.
  • Cavelti, M., Rüsch, N., & Vauth, R. (2014). Is living with psychosis demoralizing?: Insight, self-stigma, and clinical outcome among people with schizophrenia across 1 year. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 202(7), 521–529. doi:10.1097/NMD.0000000000000160
  • Chu, C., Buchman-Schmitt, J. M., Stanley, I. H., Hom, M. A., Tucker, R. P., Hagan, C. R., … Joiner, T. E. Jr. (2017). The interpersonal theory of suicide: A systematic review and meta-analysis of a decade of cross-national research. Psychological Bulletin, 143(12), 1313. doi:10.1037/bul0000123
  • Costanza, A., Amerio, A., Aguglia, A., Serafini, G., & Amore, M. (2020). Meaning in life and demoralization constructs in light of the interpersonal theory of suicide: A trans-theoretical hypothesis for a cross-sectional study. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 13, 855–858. doi:10.2147/PRBM.S279829
  • Davis, B. J., Lysaker, P. H., Salyers, M. P., & Minor, K. S. (2020). The insight paradox in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis of the relationship between clinical insight and quality of life. Schizophrenia Research, 223, 9–17. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2020.07.017
  • Delaney, C., McGrane, J., Cummings, E., Morris, D. W., Tropea, D., Gill, M., … Donohoe, G. (2012). Preserved cognitive function is associated with suicidal ideation and single suicide attempts in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 140(1), 232–236. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2012.06.017
  • Dell, C. A., Harrold, B., & Dell, T. (2008). Test Review: Wilkinson, G. S., & Robertson, G. J. (2006). Wide Range Achievement Test—Fourth Edition. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources. WRAT4 Introductory Kit (includes manual, 25 test/response forms [blue and green], and accompanying test materials): $243.00. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 52(1), 57–60. doi:10.1177/0034355208320076
  • Dickinson, D., Ramsey, M. E., & Gold, J. M. (2007). Overlooking the obvious: A meta-analytic comparison of digit symbol coding tasks and other cognitive measures in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64(5), 532–542. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.5.532
  • Dickinson, D., Zaidman, S. R., Giangrande, E. J., Eisenberg, D. P., Gregory, M. D., & Berman, K. F. (2020). Distinct polygenic score profiles in schizophrenia subgroups with different trajectories of cognitive development. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 177(4), 298–307. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.19050527
  • Drake, R., Whitaker, A., Gates, C., & Cotton, P. (1985). Suicide among schizophrenics: A review. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 26(1), 90–100. doi:10.1016/0010-440X(85)90053-7
  • Fantino, B., & Moore, N. (2009). The self-reported Montgomery–Åsberg depression rating scale is a useful evaluative tool in major depressive disorder. BMC psychiatry, 9, 1–6.
  • Geyer, M. A., & Gross, G. (Eds.). (2012). Novel antischizophrenia treatments. Heidelberg: Springer.
  • Gold, J. M., Carpenter, C., Randolph, C., Goldberg, T. E., & Weinberger, D. R. (1997). Auditory working memory and Wisconsin card sorting test performance in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54(2), 159–165. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830140071013
  • Goldstein, G., Shemansky, W. J., & Allen, D. N. (2005). Cognitive function in schizoaffective disorder and clinical subtypes of schizophrenia. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20(2), 153–159. doi:10.1016/j.acn.2004.03.008
  • Gunnell, D., Magnusson, P. K. E., & Rasmussen, F. (2005). Low intelligence test scores in 18 year old men and risk of suicide: Cohort study. BMJ (Clinical Research ed.), 330(7484), 167. doi:10.1136/bmj.38310.473565.8F
  • Hayes, A. F. (2013). The PROCESS macro for SPSS and SAS (version 2.13) [Software].
  • Iqbal, Z., Birchwood, M., Chadwick, P., & Trower, P. (2000). Cognitive approach to depression and suicidal thinking in psychosis 7.
  • Johnstone, B., Hexum, C. L., & Ashkanazi, G. (1995). Extent of cognitive decline in traumatic brain injury based on estimates of premorbid intelligence. Brain Injury, 9(4), 377–384. doi:10.3109/02699059509005777
  • Johnstone, B., & Wilhelm, K. L. (1996). The longitudinal stability of the WRAT-R reading subtest: Is it an appropriate estimate of premorbid intelligence? Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 2(4), 282–285. doi:10.1017/S1355617700001296
  • Joiner, T. (2005). Why people die by suicide. Harvard University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvjghv2f
  • Kay, S. R., Fiszbein, A., & Opler, L. A. (1987). The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 13(2), 261–276.
  • Kim, C.-H., Jayathilake, K., & Meltzer, H. Y. (2003). Hopelessness, neurocognitive function, and insight in schizophrenia: Relationship to suicidal behavior. Schizophrenia Research, 60(1), 71–80. doi:10.1016/S0920-9964(02)00310-9
  • Lieberman, A., Rogers, M. L., Graham, A., & Joiner, T. E. (2021). Examining correlates of suicidal ideation between those with and without psychosis in a psychiatric inpatient sample. Journal of Affective Disorders, 294, 254–260.
  • Lysaker, P. H., Roe, D., & Yanos, P. T. (2006). Toward understanding the insight paradox: Internalized stigma moderates the association between insight and social functioning, hope, and self-esteem among people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 33(1), 192–199. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbl016
  • Lysaker, P. H., Vohs, J., Hillis, J. D., Kukla, M., Popolo, R., Salvatore, G., & Dimaggio, G. (2013). Poor insight into schizophrenia: Contributing factors, consequences and emerging treatment approaches. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 13(7), 785–793. doi:10.1586/14737175.2013.811150
  • Michel, P., Baumstarck, K., Auquier, P., Amador, X., Dumas, R., Fernandez, J., … Boyer, L. (2013). Psychometric properties of the abbreviated version of the scale to assess unawareness in mental disorder in schizophrenia. BMC Psychiatry, 13(1), 229. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-13-229
  • Mintz, A. R., Dobson, K. S., & Romney, D. M. (2003). Insight in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Research, 61(1), 75–88. doi:10.1016/S0920-9964(02)00316-X
  • Misdrahi, D., Denard, S., Swendsen, J., Jaussent, I., & Courtet, P. (2014). Depression in schizophrenia: The influence of the different dimensions of insight. Psychiatry Research, 216(1), 12–16. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.01.039
  • Nangle, J.-M., Clarke, S., Morris, D. W., Schwaiger, S., McGhee, K. A., Kenny, N., … Donohoe, G. (2006). Neurocognition and suicidal behaviour in an Irish population with major psychotic disorders. Schizophrenia Research, 85(1–3), 196–200. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2006.03.035
  • Neumann, N. U., & Schulte, R. M. (1989). Montgomery and Asberg Depression Rating Scale. Deutsche Fassung. Erlangen: Perimed Fachbuch Verlagsgesellschaft.
  • Nuechterlein, K. H., Green, M. F., Kern, R. S., Baade, L. E., Barch, D. M., Cohen, J. D., … Marder, S. R. (2008). The MATRICS consensus cognitive battery, part 1: Test selection, reliability, and validity. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165(2), 203–213. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07010042
  • Oei, T. P. S., Sawang, S., Goh, Y. W., & Mukhtar, F. (2013). Using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 21 (DASS-21) across cultures. International Journal of Psychology, 48(6), 1018–1029. doi:10.1080/00207594.2012.755535
  • O’Toole, B. I., & Cantor, C. (1995). Suicide risk factors among Australian Vietnam era draftees. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 25(4), 475–488. doi:10.1111/j.1943-278X.1995.tb00240.x
  • Phillips, J. A., & Hempstead, K. (2017). Differences in U.S. suicide rates by educational attainment, 2000–2014. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 53(4), e123–e130. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2017.04.010
  • Posner, K., Brown, G. K., Stanley, B., Brent, D. A., Yershova, K. V., Oquendo, M. A., … Mann, J. J. (2011). The Columbia–suicide severity rating scale: Initial validity and internal consistency findings from three multisite studies with adolescents and adults. American Journal of Psychiatry, 168(12), 1266–1277. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.10111704
  • Sheehan, D. V., Lecrubier, Y., Sheehan, K. H., Amorim, P., Janavs, J., Weiller, E., … Dunbar GC (1998). The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): The development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59, 22–33.
  • Snyder, C. R., Harris, C., Anderson, J. R., Holleran, S. A., Irving, L. M., & Sigmon, S. X. (1991). The will and the ways: Development and validation of an individual-differences measure of hope. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 570–585.
  • Spreen, O., & Strauss, E. (1991). A compendium of neuropsychological tests—Administration, norms, and commentary. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Teo, D. C. H., Suárez, L., & Oei, T. P. S. (2018). Validation of the interpersonal needs questionnaire of young male adults in Singapore. PLoS One, 13(6), e0198839. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0198839
  • Tombaugh, T. (2004). Trail making Test A and B: Normative data stratified by age and education. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 19(2), 203–214. doi:10.1016/S0887-6177(03)00039-8
  • Tsang, H. W. H., Fung, K. M. T., & Chung, R. C. K. (2010). Self-stigma and stages of change as predictors of treatment adherence of individuals with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 180(1), 10–15.
  • Valiente, C., Provencio, M., Espinosa, R., Chaves, C., & Fuentenebro, F. (2011). Predictors of subjective well-being in patients with paranoid symptoms: Is insight necessarily advantageous? Psychiatry Research, 189(2), 190–194. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.02.018
  • Van Orden, K. A., Cukrowicz, K. C., Witte, T. K., & Joiner, T. E. Jr. (2012). Thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness: Construct validity and psychometric properties of the Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire. Psychological Assessment, 24(1), 197–215. doi:10.1037/a0025358
  • Villa, J., Pinkham, A. E., Kaufmann, C. N., Granholm, E., Harvey, P. D., & Depp, C. A. (2018). Interpersonal beliefs related to suicide and facial emotion processing in psychotic disorders. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 100, 107–112. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.02.016
  • Wechsler, D. (1997). WAIS-III administration and scoring manual (3rd ed.). San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
  • Wechsler, D. (1999). Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI). San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
  • Wilkinson, G. S., & Robertson, G. J. (2006). WRAT 4: Wide range achievement test. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
  • Young, R. C., Biggs, J. T., Ziegler, V. E., & Meyer, D. A. (1978). A rating scale for mania: reliability, validity and sensitivity. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 133(5), 429–435.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.